13,042
Views
96
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Feature

Community-acquired pneumonia: An overview

Pages 607-615 | Received 13 Feb 2015, Accepted 15 Jul 2015, Published online: 29 Jul 2015

References

  • Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liyu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture-positive pneumonia. Chest 2005;128:3854–62
  • American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388
  • Ewig S, Welte T, Chastre J, Torres A. Rethinking the concepts of community-acquired pneumonia and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Lancet Infec Dis 2010;10:279–87
  • Chalmers JD, Rother C, Salih W, Ewig S. Healthcare-associated pneumonia does not accurately identify potentially resistant pathogens: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:330–9
  • File TM, Marrie TJ. Burden of community-acquired pneumonia in North American adults. Prostgrad Med 2010;122:130
  • Marrie TJ, Huang JQ. Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in Edmonton, Alberta: an emergency department-based study. Can Respir J 2005;12:139
  • Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009;64:iii1–55
  • Mandell LA, Wunderink RC, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al. Infectious diseases society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:S27–72
  • Marrie T. Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and microbiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Available from www.uptodate.com. Last accessed 23 October 2014
  • Johansson N, Kalin M, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Giske CG, Hedlund J. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: increased microbiological yield with new diagnostic methods. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:220
  • Lieberman D, Shimoni A, Shemer-Avni Y, Keren-Naos A, Shtainberg R, Lieberman D. Respiratory viruses in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2010;138:811
  • Jartti T, Jartti L, Peltola V, Waris M, Ruuskanen O. Identification of respiratory viruses in asymptomatic subjects: asymptomatic respiratory viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:1103
  • Wunderink RG, Waterer GW. Community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014;370:543–51
  • Pavia AT. What is the role of respiratory viruses in community-acquired pneumonia?: What is the best therapy for influenza and other viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013;27:157–75
  • Torres A, Peetermans WE, Viegi G, Blasi F. Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults in Europe: a literature review. Thorax 2013;68:1057–65
  • Remington LT, Sligl W. Community-acquired pneumonia. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2014;20:215–24
  • Kaplan V, Clermont G, Griffin MF, Kasal J, Watson RS, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC. Pneumonia: still the old man’s friend? Arch Intern Med 2003;163:317–23
  • Musher DM, Rueda AM, Kaka AS, Mapara SM. The association between pneumococcal pneumonia and acute cardiac events. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:158–65
  • Reynolds HY. Pulmonary host defenses. Chest 1989;95:2235–305
  • Mason RJ, Greene K, Voelker DR. Surfactant protein A and surfactant protein D in health and disease. Am J Physiol 1998;275:L1–13
  • Lawson PR, Reid KB. The roles of surfactant proteins A and D innate immunity. Immunol Rev 2000;173:66–78
  • Donowitz GR. Acute Pneumonia. In Bennet D, editor. Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 7th Edition. Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. 64;891–916
  • Chaudhuri N, Whyte M, Sabroe I. Reducing the toll of inflammatory lung disease. Chest 2007;131:1550–6
  • Sligl WI, Marrie TJ. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Clin 2013;29:563–601
  • Waterer GW, Kessler LA, Wunderink RG. Delayed administration of antibiotics and atypical presentation in community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2006;130:11–15
  • Metlay JP, Kapoor WN, Fine MJ. Does this patient have community-acquired pneumonia? Diagnosing pneumonia by history and physical examination. JAMA 1997;278:1440
  • Metlay JP, Fine MJ. Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 2003;138:109
  • Gilbert D, Spellberg Bartlett JG. Recommendations for diagnostic studies in respiratory tract infections (position paper of the Infectious Diseases Society of America). Clin Infect Dis 2010
  • Bartlett JG. Diagnostic tests for agents of community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infec Dis 2011;52:S296
  • Bartlett JG. Diagnostic approach to community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Available from www.uptodate.com
  • Musher DM, McKenzie SO. Infections due to Staphylococcus aureus. Medicine 1977;56:383–409
  • Sorde R, Falco V, Lowak M. Usefulness of pneumococcal urinary antigen detection in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia to guide antimicrobial therapy. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:166
  • Yu VL, Plouffe JF, Pastoris MC, Stout JE, Schousboe M, Widmer A, et al. Distribution of Legionella species and serogroups isolated by culture in patients with sporadic community-acquired legionellosis: an international collaborative survey. J Infect Dis 2002;186:127
  • Poritz MA, Blaschke AJ, Byington CL, Meyers L, Nilsson K, Jones DE, et al. FilmArray, an automated nested multiplex PCR system for multi-pathogen detection: development and application to respiratory tract infection. PLoS One 2011;6:e26047
  • Chartrand C, Leeflang MM, Minion J, Brewer T, Pai M. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:500–11
  • Christ-Craine M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Müller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, et al. Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:84
  • Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Tamm M, Bouadma L, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;9:CD007498
  • Schuetz P, Chiappa V, Matthias B, Greenwald JL. Procalcitonin algorithms for antibiotic therapy decisions. Arch Intern Med 2011;171:1322
  • Boussekey N, Leroy O, Alfandari S, Devos P, Georges H, Guery B. Procalcitonin kinetics in the prognosis of severe community-acquired pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2006;32:469
  • Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yearly DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243–50
  • Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377–82
  • Albrich W, Dusemund F, Ruegger K, Christ-Crain M, Zimmerli W, Bregenzer T, et al. Enhancement of CURB65 score with proadrenomedullin (CURB65-A) for outcome prediction in lower respiratory tract infections: Derivation of a clinical algorithm. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:112
  • File TM. Antibiotic studies for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Available from www.uptodate.com
  • MIC Interpretive Standards for S. pneumonia. Clin Laborat Stand Inst (CLSI) 2008;28:123
  • Weinstein MP, Klugman KP, Jones RN. Rationale for revised penicillin susceptibility breakpoints versus Streptococcus pneumonia: coping with antimicrobial susceptibility in an era of resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48:1596
  • Corso A, Severina EP, Petruk VF. Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumonia isolate causing respiratory disease in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 1998;4:325
  • Shortridge VD, Doem GV, Brueggemann AB, Beyer JM, Flamm RK. Prevalence of macrolide resistance mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumonia isolates from a multicenter antibiotic resistance surveillance study conducted in the United State in 1994-1995. Clin Infec Dis 1999;29:1186
  • Okada T, Morozumi M, Tajima T, Hasegawa M, Sakata H, Ohnari S, et al. Rapid effectiveness of minocycline or doxycycline against macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumonia infection in a 2011 outbreak among Japanese children. Clin Infec Dis 2012;55:1642–9
  • Caballero JD, Del Campo R, Mate MD, Gálvez M, Rodríguez-Domínguez M, Cantón R, et al. First report of macrolide resistance in a mycoplasma pneumonia isolate causing community-acquired pneumonia in Spain. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014;58:1265–6
  • Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD, Daum RS. Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1050–8
  • Deresinski S. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: an evolutionary, epidemiologic and therapeutic odyssey. Clin Infec Dis 2005;40:562–73
  • Sicot N, Khanafer N, Meyssonnier V, Dumitrescu O, Tristan A, Bes M, et al. Methicillin resistance is not a predictor of severity in community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing pneumonia: results of a prospective observational study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013;19:E142–8
  • File TM, Wilcox MH, Stein GE. Summary of ceftaroline fosamil clinical trial studies and clinical safety. Clin Infec Dis 2012;55:S173
  • Hawkey PM. Mechanisms of quinolone action and microbial response. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51:29–35
  • Mandell LA, Marrie TJ, Grossman RF, Chow AW, Hyland RH. Canadian guidelines for the initial management of community-acquired pneumonia: an evidence-based update by the Canadian infectious diseases society and the Canadian Thoracic Society. The Canadian Pneumonia Working Group. Clin Infec Dis 2000;31:383
  • Spindler C, Strlin K, Eriksson L, Hjerdt-Goscinski G, Holmberg H, Lidman C, et al. Swedish guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults – Swedish Society of Infectious Diseases 2012. Scand J Infect Dis 2012;44:885–902
  • Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, Gorordo I, Ortega M, Idoiaga I, Bilbao A. Improvement of process of care and outcomes after implementing a guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia: a controlled before and after design study. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:955–63
  • Dean NC, Silver MP, Bateman KA, James B, Hadlock CJ, Hale D. Decreased mortality after implementation of a treatment guidelines for community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2001;110:451–7
  • Gleason P, Meehan T, Fine J, Galusha DH, Fine MJ. Associations between initial antimicrobial therapy and medical outcomes for hospitalized elderly patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2562–72
  • Houck PM, MacLehose RF, Niederman MS, Lowery JK. Empiric antibiotic therapy and mortality among Medicare pneumonia inpatients in 10 westerns states: 1993, 1995 and 1997. Chest 2001;119:1420
  • Brown RB, Iannini P, Gross P, Kunkel M. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on clinical outcomes in community acquired pneumonia: analysis of a hospital claims-made database. Chest 2003;123:1503–11
  • Vazquez E, Mensa J, Martinez J, Marcos MA, Puig J, Ortega M, Torres A. Lower mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia treated with a macrolide plus a beta-lactam agent versus a beta-lactam agent alone. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005;24:190–5
  • Nie W, Li B, Xiu Q. Beta-lactam/macrolide dual therapy versus beta-lactam monotherapy for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014;69:1441–6
  • Garin N, Genne D, Carballo S, Chuard C, Eich G, Hugli O, et al. Beta-lactam monotherapy vs beta-lactam macrolide combination therapy in moderately severe community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized non-inferiority trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1894–901
  • Postma D, Cornelis H, va Werkhoven M, Thijsen SF, Hoepelman AI, Kluytmans JA, et al. Antibiotic treatment strategies for community-acquired pneumonia. N Eng J Med 2015;372:1312
  • Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, Smith LG, Tennenberg AM, Khashab MM, et al. High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneumonia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infec Dis 2003;37:752–60
  • Musher D, Thorner AR. Community-acquired Pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1619–28
  • Flore AE, Fry A, Shay D, Gubareva L, Bresee JS, Uyeki TM; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Antiviral agents for the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza – recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2011;60:1
  • Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Macrolides beyond the conventional antimicrobials: a class of potent immunomodulators. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008;31:12–20
  • Amsden GW. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides – an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55:10–21
  • Kudoh S, Azuma A, Yamamoto M, Izumi T, Ando M. Improvement of survival in patients with diffuse pan-bronchiolitis treated with low dose erythromycin. Am H Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1829–32
  • Khan AR, Riaz M, Abdulhak AA, Al-Tannir MA, Garbati MA, Erwin PJ, et al. The role of statins in prevention and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e52929
  • Blum CA, Nigro N, Matthias B, Schuetz P, Ullmer E, Suter-Widmer I, et al. Adjunct prednisone therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a multicenter, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:1511–18
  • Torres A, Sibila O, Ferrer M, Polverino E, Menendez R, Mensa J, et al. Effect of corticosteroids on treatment failure among hospitalized patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia and high inflammatory response: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015;313:677–86
  • Wunderink RG, Mandell LA. Adjunctive therapy in community-acquired pneumonia. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2012;33:311–18
  • Johnstone J, Mandell LA. Guidelines and quality measures: do they improve outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia? Infect Dis Clin North Am 2013;27:71–86
  • Musher DM, Sampath R, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. The potential role for protein-conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in adults: what is the supporting evidence? Clin Infect Dis 2011;52:633–40
  • Griffin MR, Zhu Y, Moore MR, Whitney CG, Grijalva CG. U.S. Hospitalizations for pneumonia after a decade of pneumococcal vaccination. N Engl J Med 2013;369:155–63
  • Hicks L, Harrison L, Flannery B, Hadler JL, Schaffner W, Craig AS, et al. Incidence of pneumococcal disease due to non-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) serotypes in the United States during the era of widespread PCV7 vaccination, 1998-2004. J Infect Dis 2007;196:1346–54
  • Pilishvili T, Lexau C, Farley MM, Hadler J, Harrison LH, Bennett NM, et al. Sustained reductions in invasive pneumococcal disease in the era of conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2010;201:32
  • Musher D. Editorial Commentary: Should 13-valent protein-conjugate pneumococcal vaccine be used routinely in adults? Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:265
  • Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ, Bresee JS, Cox NJ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP) – United States, 2014–15 Influenza Season. MMWR 2014;63:691–7
  • Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, Glerke R, Moore MR, Whitney CG, et al. Use of PCV-13 and PTSV-23 vaccine among adults aged 65 and older. MMWR 2014;63:822–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.