816
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Feature

Updates in the management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

, &
Pages 758-770 | Received 04 Jun 2015, Accepted 14 Aug 2015, Published online: 31 Aug 2015

References

  • Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of COPD, global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD). 2015. Available from http://www.goldcopd.org/
  • Qaseem A , Wilt TJ , Weinberger SE , Hanania NA , Criner G , van der Molen T , et al. Diagnosis and management of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a clinical practice guideline update from the American college of physicians, American college of chest physicians, American thoracic society, and European respiratory society. Ann Intern Med 2011;155:179–91
  • World Health Organization (WHO) . Burden of COPD. World Heal Organ Who. Available from http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/burden/en/index.html. Last accessed 21 June 2013
  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults — United States. 2011. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6146a2.htm. Last accessed 2 July 2013
  • Salvi SS , Barnes PJ . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in non-smokers. Lancet 2009;374:733–43
  • Mannino DM , Buist AS . Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet 2007;370:765–73
  • Halbert RJ , Natoli JL , Gano A , Badamgarav E , Buist AS , Mannino DM . Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2006;28:523–32
  • Wier LM , Elixhauser A , Pfuntner A , Au DH . Overview of hospitalizations among patients with COPD, 2008: Statistical Brief #106. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs. Vol Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US) 2006. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53969/. Last accessed 12 October 2013
  • Hogg JC . Pathophysiology of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 2004;364:709–21
  • MacNee W . Pathology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology. BMJ 2006;332:1202–4
  • Anthonisen NR , Connett JE , Kiley JP , Altose MD , Bailey WC , Buist AS , et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. the lung health study. JAMA 1994;272:1497–505
  • Willemse BWM , Postma DS , Timens W , ten Hacken NH . The impact of smoking cessation on respiratory symptoms, lung function, airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Eur Respir J 2004;23:464–76
  • Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2004;328:1490
  • Bestall J , Paul E , Garrod R , Garnham R , Jones P , Wedzicha J . Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999;54:581–6
  • Jones PW . Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001;56:880–7
  • Jones PW , Harding G , Berry P , Wiklund I , Chen W-H , Leidy NK . Development and first validation of the COPD assessment test. Eur Respir J 2009;34:648–54
  • Jones PW . COPD assessment test -- rationale, development, validation and performance. COPD 2013;10:269–71
  • Connors AF Jr , Dawson NV , Thomas C , Harrell FE Jr , Desbiens N , Fulkerson WJ , et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (study to understand prognoses and preferences for outcomes and risks of treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;154:959–67
  • Mannino DM , Thorn D , Swensen A , Holguin F . Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD. Eur Respir J 2008;32:962–9
  • Agusti A , Calverley PMA , Celli B , Coxson HO , Edwards LD , Lomas DA , et al. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Res 2010;11:122
  • In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone. An 85-day multicenter trial. COMBIVENT inhalation aerosol study group. Chest 1994;105:1411–19
  • Datta D , Vitale A , Lahiri B , ZuWallack R . An evaluation of nebulized levalbuterol in stable COPD. Chest 2003;124:844–9
  • Appleton S , Jones T , Poole P , Pilotto L , Adams R , Lasserson TJ , et al. Ipratropium bromide versus short acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD001387
  • Vogelmeier C , Hederer B , Glaab T , Schmidt H , Rutten-van Mölken MP , Beeh KM , et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1093–103
  • Decramer ML , Chapman KR , Dahl R , Frith P , Devouassoux G , Fritscher C , et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:524–33
  • Gershon A , Croxford R , To T , Stanbrook MB , Upshur R , Sanchez-Romeu P , Stukel T . Comparison of inhaled long-acting beta-agonist and anticholinergic effectiveness in older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:583–92
  • Hawkins NM , Petrie MC , Macdonald MR , Jhund PS , Fabbri LM , Wikstrand J , McMurray JJ . Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease the quandary of Beta-blockers and Beta-agonists. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57:2127–38
  • Afonso ASM , Verhamme KMC , Stricker BHC , Sturkenboom MCJM , Brusselle GGO . Inhaled anticholinergic drugs and risk of acute urinary retention. Bju Int 2011;107:1265–72
  • Dolovich MB , Ahrens RC , Hess DR , Anderson P , Dhand R , Rau JL , et al. Device selection and outcomes of aerosol therapy: Evidence-based guidelines: American College of Chest Physicians/American College of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology. Chest 2005;127:335–71
  • Barrons R , Pegram A , Borries A . Inhaler device selection: special considerations in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Heal-Syst Pharm 2011;68:1221–32
  • Calverley PMA , Anderson JA , Celli B , Ferguson GT , Jenkins C , Jones PW , et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007;356:775–89
  • Tashkin DP , Fabbri LM . Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents. Respir Res 2010;11:149
  • Larsson K , Janson C , Lisspers K , Jørgensen L , Stratelis G , Telg G , et al. Combination of budesonide/formoterol more effective than fluticasone/salmeterol in preventing exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the PATHOS study. J Intern Med 2013;273:584–94
  • Buhl R , Dunn LJ , Disdier C , Lassen C , Amos C , Henley M , et al. Blinded 12-week comparison of once-daily indacaterol and tiotropium in COPD. Eur Respir J 2011;38:797–803
  • Korn S , Kerwin E , Atis S , Amos C , Owen R , Lassen C ; INSIST study group . Indacaterol once-daily provides superior efficacy to salmeterol twice-daily in COPD: a 12-week study. Respir Med 2011;105:719–26
  • Koch A , Pizzichini E , Hamilton A , Hart L , Korducki L , De Salvo MC , Paggiaro P . Lung function efficacy and symptomatic benefit of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat® versus placebo and formoterol twice daily in patients with GOLD 2–4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014;9:697–714
  • Kornmann O , Dahl R , Centanni S , Dogra A , Owen R , Lassen C , et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus twice-daily salmeterol for COPD: a placebo-controlled comparison. Eur Respir J 2011;37:273–9
  • Disse B , Speck GA , Rominger KL , Witek TJ , Hammer R . Tiotropium (Spiriva): mechanistical considerations and clinical profile in obstructive lung disease. Life Sci 1999;64:457–64
  • Tashkin DP , Celli B , Senn S , Burkhart D , Kesten S , Menjoge S , Decramer M . A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1543–54
  • Beasley R , Singh S , Loke YK , Enright P , Furberg CD . Call for worldwide withdrawal of tiotropium Respimat mist inhaler. BMJ 2012;345:e7390
  • Wise RA , Anzueto A , Cotton D , Dahl R , Devins T , Disse B , et al. Tiotropium respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1491–501
  • Trivedi R , Richard N , Mehta R , Church A . Umeclidinium in patients with COPD: a randomised, placebo-controlled study. Eur Respir J 2014;43:72–81
  • Rennard SI , Scanlon PD , Ferguson GT , Rekeda L , Maurer BT , Garcia Gil E , Caracta CF . ACCORD COPD II: a randomized clinical trial to evaluate the 12-week efficacy and safety of twice-daily aclidinium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Clin Drug Investig 2013;33:893–904
  • Jones PW , Singh D , Bateman ED , Agusti A , Lamarca R , de Miquel G , et al. Efficacy and safety of twice-daily aclidinium bromide in COPD patients: the ATTAIN study. Eur Respir J 2012;40:830–6
  • Beier J , Kirsten A-M , Mróz R , Segarra R , Chuecos F , Caracta C , Gil EG . Efficacy and safety of aclidinium bromide compared with placebo and tiotropium in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from a 6-week, randomized, controlled Phase IIIb study. COPD 2013;10:511–22
  • D’Urzo A , Ferguson GT , van Noord JA , Hirata K , Martin C , Horton R , et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily NVA237 in patients with moderate-to-severe COPD: the GLOW1 trial. Respir Res 2011;12:156
  • Kerwin E , Hébert J , Gallagher N , Martin C , Overend T , Alagappan VK , et al. Efficacy and safety of NVA237 versus placebo and tiotropium in patients with COPD: the GLOW2 study. Eur Respir J 2012;40:1106–14
  • Beeh KM , Singh D , Di Scala L , Drollmann A . Once-daily NVA237 improves exercise tolerance from the first dose in patients with COPD: the GLOW3 trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012;7:503–13
  • Cazzola M , Molimard M . The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010;23:257–67
  • Anoro Ellipta [prescribing information] GlaxoSmithKline. Research Triangle Park, NC; 2014; Available from https://www.gsksource.com/gskprm/htdocs/documents/ANORO-ELLIPTA-PI-MG.PDF [ Last accessed 11 November 2014
  • Tashkin DP , Ferguson GT . Combination bronchodilator therapy in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2013;14:49
  • Donohue JF , Maleki-Yazdi MR , Kilbride S , Mehta R , Kalberg C , Church A . Efficacy and safety of once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 mcg in COPD. Respir Med 2013;107:1538–46
  • Celli B , Crater G , Kilbride S , Mehta R , Tabberer M , Kalberg C , Church A . Once-daily umeclidinium/vilanterol 125/25 mcg in COPD: a randomized, controlled study. Chest 2014;145:981–91
  • Decramer M , Anzueto A , Kerwin E , Kaelin T , Richard N , Crater G , et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium plus vilanterol versus tiotropium, vilanterol, or umeclidinium monotherapies over 24 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two multicentre, blinded, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:472–86
  • Bateman ED , Ferguson GT , Barnes N , Gallagher N , Green Y , Henley M , Banerji D . Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 versus single bronchodilator therapy: the SHINE study. Eur Respir J 2013;42:1484–94
  • Mahler DA , Decramer M , D’Urzo A , Worth H , White T , Alagappan VK , et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study. Eur Respir J 2014;43:1599–609
  • Wedzicha JA , Decramer M , Ficker JH , Niewoehner DE , Sandström T , Taylor AF , et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:199–209
  • Vincken W , Aumann J , Chen H , Henley M , McBryan D , Goyal P . Efficacy and safety of coadministration of once-daily indacaterol and glycopyrronium versus indacaterol alone in COPD patients: the GLOW6 study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2014;9:215–28
  • Vogelmeier CF , Bateman ED , Pallante J , Alagappan VK , D’Andrea P , Chen H , Banerji D . Efficacy and safety of once-daily QVA149 compared with twice-daily salmeterol–fluticasone in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (ILLUMINATE): a randomised, double-blind, parallel group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:51–60
  • Gartlehner G , Hansen RA , Carson SS , Lohr KN . Efficacy and safety of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis of health outcomes. Ann Fam Med 2006;4:253–62
  • Loke YK , Cavallazzi R , Singh S . Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax 2011;66:699–708
  • Magnussen H , Disse B , Rodriguez-Roisin R , Kirsten A , Watz H , Tetzlaff K , et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1285–94
  • Van der Valk P , Monninkhof E , van der Palen J , Zielhuis G , van Herwaarden C . Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1358–63
  • Wedzicha JA , Calverley PMA , Seemungal TA , Hagan G , Ansari Z , Stockley RA ; INSPIRE Investigators . The prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations by salmeterol/fluticasone propionate or tiotropium bromide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;177:19–26
  • Drummond MB , Dasenbrook EC , Pitz MW , Murphy DJ , Fan E . Inhaled corticosteroids in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:2407–16
  • Nannini LJ , Poole P , Milan SJ , Holmes R , Normansell R . Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist in one inhaler versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;11:CD003794
  • Aaron SD , Vandemheen KL , Fergusson D , Maltais F , Bourbeau J , Goldstein R , et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:545–55
  • Welte T , Miravitlles M , Hernandez P , Eriksson G , Peterson S , Polanowski T , Kessler R . Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009;180:741–50
  • Short PM , Williamson PA , Elder DHJ , Lipworth SIW , Schembri S , Lipworth BJ . The impact of tiotropium on mortality and exacerbations when added to inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta-agonist therapy in COPD. Chest 2012;141:81–6
  • Zhou Y , Wang X , Zeng X , Qiu R , Xie J , Liu S , et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirol Carlton Vic 2006;11:603–10
  • Barnes PJ . Theophylline for COPD. Thorax 2006;61:742–4
  • Forest Laboratories, Inc . Daliresp (Roflumilast) [Prescribing Information]© 2013. 2011; Available from . http://www.frx.com/pi/Daliresp_pi.pdf [ Last accessed 26 June 2013
  • Calverley PMA , Rabe KF , Goehring U-M , Kristiansen S , Fabbri LM , Martinez FJ , et al. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009;374:685–94
  • Rabe KF , Bateman ED , O’Donnell D , Witte S , Bredenbröker D , Bethke TD . Roflumilast--an oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:563–71
  • Fabbri LM , Calverley PMA , Izquierdo-Alonso JL , Bundschuh DS , Brose M , Martinez FJ , et al. Roflumilast in moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with long-acting bronchodilators: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009;374:695–703
  • Albert RK , Connett J , Bailey WC , Casaburi R , Cooper JA Jr , Criner GJ , et al. Azithromycin for Prevention of Exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011;365:689–98
  • Seemungal TAR , Wilkinson TMA , Hurst JR , Perera WR , Sapsford RJ , Wedzicha JA . Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008;178:1139–47
  • López-Boado YS , Rubin BK . Macrolides as immunomodulatory medications for the therapy of chronic lung diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2008;8:286–91
  • Ray WA , Murray KT , Hall K , Arbogast PG , Stein CM . Azithromycin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death. N Engl J Med 2012;366:1881–90
  • Stoller JK , Panos RJ , Krachman S , Doherty DE , Make B . Oxygen therapy for patients with COPD. Chest 2010;138:179–87
  • Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. nocturnal oxygen therapy trial group. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:391–8
  • Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Report of the medical research council working party. Lancet 1981;1:681–6
  • Berry MJ , Rejeski WJ , Adair NE , Zaccaro D . Exercise rehabilitation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:1248–53
  • Finnerty JP , Keeping I , Bullough I , Jones J . The effectiveness of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2001;119:1705–10
  • Green R , Singh S , Williams J , Morgan M . A randomised controlled trial of four weeks versus seven weeks of pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001;56:143–5
  • Lacasse Y , Goldstein R , Lasserson TJ , Martin S . Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD003793
  • Ries AL , Bauldoff GS , Carlin BW , Casaburi R , Emery CF , Mahler DA , et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: joint ACCP/AACVPR evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2007;131:4S–42S
  • Bridges CB , Harper SA , Fukuda K , Uyeki TM , Cox NJ , Singleton JA ; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices . Prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2003;52:1–34
  • Poole PJ , Chacko E , Wood-Baker RWB , Cates CJ . Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006:CD002733
  • Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 1997;46:1–24
  • Tomczyk S , Bennett NM , Stoecker C , Gierke R , Moore MR , Whitney CG , et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged> 65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014;63:822–5
  • Panel TU and DG. Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2008
  • Jorenby DE , Leischow SJ , Nides MA , Rennard SI , Johnston JA , Hughes AR , et al. A Controlled trial of sustained-release bupropion, a nicotine patch, or both for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1999;340:685–91
  • Lancaster T , Stead L , Silagy C , Sowden A . Effectiveness of interventions to help people stop smoking: findings from the Cochrane Library. BMJ 2000;321:355–8
  • Henningfield JE , Fant RV , Buchhalter AR , Stitzer ML . Pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence. CA Cancer J Clin 2005;55:281–99
  • Hays JT , McFadden DD , Ebbert JO . Pharmacologic agents for tobacco dependence treatment: 2011 update. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012;14:85–92
  • Gonzales D , Rennard SI , Nides M , Oncken C , Azoulay S , Billing CB , et al. Varenicline, an alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:47–55
  • Tashkin DP , Rennard S , Hays JT , Ma W , Lawrence D , Lee TC . Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2011;139:591–9
  • West R , Zatonski W , Cedzynska M , Lewandowska D , Pazik J , Aveyard P , Stapleton J . Placebo-controlled trial of cytisine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1193–200
  • Walker N , Howe C , Glover M , McRobbie H , Barnes J , Nosa V , et al. Cytisine versus nicotine for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 2014;371:2353–62
  • Ramsey SD , Hobbs FDR . Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, risk factors, and outcome trials. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006;3:635–40
  • Rice KL , Dewan N , Bloomfield HE , Grill J , Schult TM , Nelson DB , et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:890–6
  • Decramer M , Rutten-Van Mölken M , Dekhuijzen PN , Troosters T , van Herwaarden C , Pellegrino R , et al. Effects of N-acetylcysteine on outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Bronchitis Randomized on NAC Cost-Utility Study, BRONCUS): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1552–60
  • Zheng J-P , Kang J , Huang S-G , Chen P , Yao WZ , Yang L , et al. Effect of carbocisteine on acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PEACE Study): a randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 2008;371:2013–18
  • Zheng J-P , Wen F-Q , Bai C-X , Wan HY , Kang J , Chen P , et al. Twice daily N-acetylcysteine 600 mg for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PANTHEON): a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:187–94
  • Stey C , Steurer J , Bachmann S , Medici TC , Tramer MR . The effect of oral N-acetylcysteine in chronic bronchitis: A quantitative systematic review. Eur Respir J 2000;16:253–62
  • Poole P , Black PN . Mucolytic agents for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010:CD001287
  • Tse HN , Raiteri L , Wong KY , Yee KS , Ng LY , Wai KY , et al. High-dose N-acetylcysteine in stable COPD: the 1-year, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled HIACE study. Chest 2013;144:106–18
  • Wielders PLML , Ludwig-Sengpiel A , Locantore N , Baggen S , Chan R , Riley JH . A new class of bronchodilator improves lung function in COPD: a trial with GSK961081. Eur Respir J 2013;42:972–81
  • Cazzola M , Lopez-Campos J-L , Puente-Maestu L . The MABA approach: a new option to improve bronchodilator therapy. Eur Respir J 2013;42:885–7
  • Franciosi LG , Diamant Z , Banner KH , Zuiker R , Morelli N , Kamerling IM , et al. Efficacy and safety of RPL554, a dual PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitor, in healthy volunteers and in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: findings from four clinical trials. Lancet Respir Med 2013;1:714–27
  • MacNee W , Allan RJ , Jones I , De Salvo MC , Tan LF . Efficacy and safety of the oral p38 inhibitor PH-797804 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised clinical trial. Thorax 2013;68:738–45
  • Watz H , Barnacle H , Hartley BF , Chan R . Efficacy and safety of the p38 MAPK inhibitor losmapimod for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:63–72
  • A randomized trial comparing lung-volume–reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2059–73
  • Sciurba FC , Ernst A , Herth FJF , Strange C , Criner GJ , Marquette CH , et al. A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1233–44

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.