Recognizing and minimizing hypoglycemia: The need for individualized care

References

• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group. Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Goff DCJr, Bigger JT, Buse JB, Simons-Morton DG, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358:2545–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:3169–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiel SA, Dixon T, Mann R, Jameson K. Hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2008;25:245–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez JM, Annunziata K, Bailey RA, Rupnow MF, Morisky DE. Impact of hypoglycemia on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their quality of life, work productivity, and medication adherence. Patient Prefer Adherence 2014;8:683–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, Cryer P, Dagogo-Jack S, Fish L, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1384–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis TM, Brown SG, Jacobs IG, Bulsara M, Bruce DG, Davis WA. Determinants of severe hypoglycemia complicating type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle diabetes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:2240–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram K, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Carstensen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Thorsteinsson B. Frequency and risk factors of severe hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional survey. Diabet Med 2006;23:750–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ORIGIN Trial Investigators. Mellbin LG, Rydén L, Riddle MC, Probstfield J, Rosenstock J, Díaz R, et al. Does hypoglycaemia increase the risk of cardiovascular events? A report from the ORIGIN trial. Eur Heart J 2013;34:3137–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow E, Bernjak A, Williams S, Fawdry RA, Hibbert S, Freeman J, et al. Risk of cardiac arrhythmias during hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes 2014;63:1738–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu PF, Sung SH, Cheng HM, Yeh JS, Liu WL, Chan WL, et al. Association of clinical symptomatic hypoglycemia with cardiovascular events and total mortality in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:894–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy RG, Van Houten HK, Ziegenfuss JY, Shah ND, Wermers RA, Smith SA. Increased mortality of patients with diabetes reporting severe hypoglycemia. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1897–901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitmer RA, Karter AJ, Yaffe K, Quesenberry CPJr, Selby JV. Hypoglycemic episodes and risk of dementia in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2009;301:1565–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaffe K, Falvey CM, Hamilton N, Harris TB, Simonsick EM, Strotmeyer ES, et al. Association between hypoglycemia and dementia in a biracial cohort of older adults with diabetes mellitus. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:1300–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorovitch JE, Macaulay D, Diener M, Yan Y, Wu EQ, Gruenberger JB, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia and accident risk in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with non-insulin antidiabetes drugs. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15:335–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Lorber D, Anderson J, Hirsch I, Kohrman DB, Marrero DG, Songer TJ, et al. Diabetes and driving. Diabetes Care 2014;37:S97–S103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geelhoed-Duijvestijn PH, Pedersen-Bjergaard U, Weitgasser R, Lahtela J, Jensen MM, Östenson CG. Effects of patient-reported non-severe hypoglycemia on healthcare resource use, work-time loss, and wellbeing in insulin-treated patients with diabetes in seven European countries. J Med Econ 2013;16:1453–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez-Guisasola F, Yin DD, Nocea G, Qiu Y, Mavros P. Association of hypoglycemic symptoms with patients’ rating of their health-related quality of life state: a cross sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010;8:86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brod M, Wolden M, Christensen T, Bushnell DM. A nine country study of the burden of non-severe nocturnal hypoglycaemic events on diabetes management and daily function. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013;15:546–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolucci A, Kovacs Burns K, Holt RI, Comaschi M, Hermanns N, Ishii H, et al. Diabetes Attitudes, Wishes and Needs second study (DAWN2™): cross-national benchmarking of diabetes-related psychosocial outcomes for people with diabetes. Diabet Med 2013;30:767–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis WD, Diago-Cabezudo JI, Madec-Hily A, Aslam A. Medical resource use, disturbance of daily life and burden of hypoglycemia in insulin-treated patients with diabetes: results from a European online survey. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2013;13:123–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currie CJ, Morgan CL, Poole CD, Sharplin P, Lammert M, McEwan P. Multivariate models of health-related utility and the fear of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1523–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter LA, Yale J-F, Chiasson J-L, Harris S, Kleinstiver P, Sauriol L. Assessment of the impact of fear of hypoglycemic episodes on glycemic and hypoglycemia management. Can J Diabetes 2005;29:186–92
   Google Scholar
• Brod M, Rana A, Barnett AH. Adherence patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes on basal insulin analogues: missed, mistimed and reduced doses. Curr Med Res Opin 2012;28:1933–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild D, von Maltzahn R, Brohan E, Christensen T, Clauson P, Gonder-Frederick L. A critical review of the literature on fear of hypoglycemia in diabetes: implications for diabetes management and patient education. Patient Educ Couns 2007;68:10–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie L, Wei W, Pan C, Baser O. Real-world rates, predictors, and associated costs of hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin glargine: results of a pooled analysis of six retrospective observational studies. J Med Econ 2013;16:1137–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ward A, Alvarez P, Vo L, Martin S. Direct medical costs of complications of diabetes in the United States: estimates for event-year and annual state costs (USD 2012). J Med Econ 2014;17:176–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quilliam BJ, Simeone JC, Ozbay AB, Kogut SJ. The incidence and costs of hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Am J Manag Care 2011;17:673–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brod M, Christensen T, Thomsen TL, Bushnell DM. The impact of non-severe hypoglycemic events on work productivity and diabetes management. Value Health 2011;14:665–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Hypoglycaemia Study Group. Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration. Diabetologia 2007;50:1140–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leese GP, Wang J, Broomhall J, Kelly P, Marsden A, Morrison W, et al. Frequency of severe hypoglycemia requiring emergency treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a population-based study of health service resource use. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1176–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, Blonde L, Bloomgarden ZT, Bush MA, et al. AACE/ACE comprehensive diabetes management algorithm 2015. Endocr Pract 2015;21:438–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett WL, Maruthur NM, Singh S, Segal JB, Wilson LM, Chatterjee R, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of medications for type 2 diabetes: an update including new drugs and 2-drug combinations. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:602–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vue MH, Setter SM. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 1: drug-induced hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectr 2011;24:171–7
   Google Scholar
• Matyka K, Evans M, Lomas J, Cranston I, Macdonald I, Amiel SA. Altered hierarchy of protective responses against severe hypoglycemia in normal aging in healthy men. Diabetes Care 1997;20:135–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alagiakrishnan K, Mereu L. Approach to managing hypoglycemia in elderly patients with diabetes. Postgrad Med 2010;122:129–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Wang Y, Inzucchi SE, Minges K, Karter AJ, et al. National trends in US hospital admissions for hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia among Medicare beneficiaries, 1999 to 2011. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:1116–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman MS, Briscoe VJ, Clark N, Florez H, Haas LB, Halter JB, et al. Diabetes in older adults: a consensus report. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:2342–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschöpe D, Bramlage P, Binz C, Krekler M, Deeg E, Gitt AK. Incidence and predictors of hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes - an analysis of the prospective DiaRegis registry. BMC Endocr Disord 2012;12:23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Frier BM, Ellis JD, Donnan PT, Durrant R, et al. Frequency and predictors of hypoglycaemia in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabet Med 2005;22:749–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson JN, Allen KV, Deary IJ, Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: frequency, symptoms and impaired awareness. Diabet Med 2003;20:1016–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The DCCT Research Group. Epidemiology of severe hypoglycemia in the diabetes control and complications trial. Am J Med 1991;90:450–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryer PE, Davis SN, Shamoon H. Hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1902–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigal RJ, Kenny GP, Wasserman DH, Castaneda-Sceppa CC, White RD. Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1433–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frier BM. Hypoglycaemia in diabetes mellitus: epidemiology and clinical implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014;10:711–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Zoysa N, Rogers H, Stadler M, Gianfrancesco C, Beveridge S, Britneff E, et al. A psychoeducational program to restore hypoglycemia awareness: the DAFNE-HART pilot study. Diabetes Care 2014;37:863–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2015. Diabetes Care 2015;38:S5–S85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail-Beigi F, Moghissi E, Tiktin M, Hirsch IB, Inzucchi SE, Genuth S. Individualizing glycemic targets in type 2 diabetes mellitus: implications of recent clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:554–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monami M, Dicembrini I, Kundisova L, Zannoni S, Nreu B, Mannucci E. A meta-analysis of the hypoglycaemic risk in randomized controlled trials with sulphonylureas in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2014;16:833–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowler MJ. Diabetes treatment: oral agents. Clin Diabetes 2010;28:132–6
   Google Scholar
• Dailey G, Aurand L, Stewart J, Ameer B, Zhou R. Comparison of three algorithms for initiation and titration of insulin glargine in insulin-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes 2014;6:176–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fowler MJ. Diabetes treatment, part 3: insulin and incretins. Clin Diabetes 2008;26:35–9
   Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:140–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerci B, Sauvanet JP. Subcutaneous insulin: pharmacokinetic variability and glycemic variability. Diabetes Metab 2005;31:4S7–4S24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Insulin administration. Diabetes Care 2004;27:S106–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Hypoglycemia? Low Blood Glucose? Low Blood Sugar? Clin Diabetes 2012;30:38
   Google Scholar
• Brunton SA. Nocturnal hypoglycemia: answering the challenge with long-acting insulin analogs. MedGenMed 2007;9:38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin EM. Self-monitoring of blood glucose: the basics. Clin Diabetes 2002;20:45–7
   Google Scholar
• Fournier JP, Azoulay L, Yin H, Montastruc JL, Suissa S. Tramadol use and the risk of hospitalization for hypoglycemia in patients with noncancer pain. JAMA Intern Med 2015;175:186–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White JRJr. The contribution of medications to hypoglycemia unawareness. Diabetes Spectr 2007;20:77–80
   Google Scholar
• Farmer A, Balman E, Gadsby R, Moffatt J, Cradock S, McEwen L, et al. Frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: association with hypoglycaemic events. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:3097–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allemann S, Houriet C, Diem P, Stettler C. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2009;25:2903–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, Hinnen DA, Parkin CG, Jelsovsky Z, et al. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, noninsulin-treated type 2 diabetes: results from the Structured Testing Program study. Diabetes Care 2011;34:262–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins TC, Bode BW, Garg SK, Grunberger G, Hirsch IB, Jovanovič L, et al. Statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Consensus Panel on continuous glucose monitoring. Endocr Pract 2010;16:730–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz G, Strain GW, Rodriguez M, Roman SH. Influence of an interdisciplinary diabetes specialist team on short-term outcomes of diabetes at a community health center. Endocr Pract 1998;4:27–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar