Reviewing treatments and outcomes in the evolving landscape of ulcerative colitis

References

• Ordás I, Eckmann L, Talamini M, et al. Ulcerative colitis. Lancet. 2012;380:1606–1619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrinton LJ, Liu L, Lafata JE, et al. Estimation of the period prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among nine health plans using computerized diagnoses and outpatient pharmacy dispensings. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:451–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappelman MD, Moore KR, Allen JK, et al. Recent trends in the prevalence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in a commercially insured US population. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58:519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrinton LJ, Liu L, Lewis JD, et al. Incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a Northern California managed care organization, 1996-2002. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:1998–2006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillson E, Dybicz S, Waters HC, et al. Health care expenditures in ulcerative colitis: the perspective of a self-insured employer. J Occup Environ Med. 2008;50:969–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou JK, Kramer JR, Richardson P, et al. The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease among US veterans: a national cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1059–1064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus CG, Loftus EV Jr., Harmsen WS, et al. Update on the incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1940-2000. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13:254–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivashankar R, Tremaine WJ, Harmsen WS, et al. Incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in Olmsted County, Minnesota from 1970 through 2010 [published online ahead of print November 14, 2016. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monstad I, Hovde O, Solberg IC, et al. Clinical course and prognosis in ulcerative colitis: results from population-based and observational studies. Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27:95–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farmer RG, Easley KA, Rankin GB. Clinical patterns, natural history, and progression of ulcerative colitis. A long-term follow-up of 1116 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1137–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bitton A. Medical management of ulcerative proctitis, proctosigmoiditis, and left-sided colitis. Semin Gastrointest Dis. 2001;12:263–274.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a working party of the 2005 Montreal world congress of gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol. 2005;19:5A–36A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; final report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1955;2:1041–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. a randomized study. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1625–1629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland LR, Martin F, Greer S, et al. 5-aminosalicylic acid enema in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis, proctosigmoiditis, and proctitis. Gastroenterology. 1987;92:1894–1898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachmilewitz D. Coated mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) versus sulphasalazine in the treatment of active ulcerative colitis: a randomised trial. BMJ. 1989;298:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Bosworth B, Zakko S, et al. Budesonide foam induces remission in patients with mild-moderate ulcerative proctitis and ulcerative proctosigmoiditis. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:740–750.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel CA, Whitman CB, Spiegel BM, et al. Development of an index to define overall disease severity in IBD [published online ahead of print October 25, 2016. Gut. 2016. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devlen J, Beusterien K, Yen L, et al. The burden of inflammatory bowel disease: a patient-reported qualitative analysis and development of a conceptual model. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:545–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen R, Skup M, Ozbay AB, et al. Direct and indirect healthcare resource utilization and costs associated with ulcerative colitis in a privately-insured employed population in the US. J Med Econ. 2015;18:447–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg IC, Lygren I, Jahnsen J, et al. Clinical course during the first 10 years of ulcerative colitis: results from a population-based inception cohort (IBSEN Study). Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:431–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:501–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert CS, Dignass AU, Lindgren S, et al. Combined oral and rectal mesalazine for the treatment of mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis: rapid symptom resolution and improvements in quality of life. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane S, Lu F, Kornbluth A, et al. Controversies in mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:796–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Panés J, Sandborn WJ, et al. Defining disease severity in inflammatory bowel diseases: current and future directions. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;14:348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzuoli S, Guglielmi FW, Antonelli E, et al. Definition and evaluation of mucosal healing in clinical practice. Dig Liver Dis. 2013;45:969–977.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakarai A, Kato J, Hiraoka S, et al. Prognosis of ulcerative colitis differs between patients with complete and partial mucosal healing, which can be predicted from the platelet count. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:18367–18374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, et al. Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1194–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frøslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, et al. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:412–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laharie D, Filippi J, Roblin X, et al. Impact of mucosal healing on long-term outcomes in ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab: a multicenter experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:998–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theede K, Kiszka-Kanowitz M, Nordgaard-Lassen I, et al. The impact of endoscopic inflammation and mucosal healing on health-related quality of life in ulcerative colitis patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2015;9:625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loew BJ, Siegel CA. Foam preparations for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Curr Drug Deliv. 2012;9:338–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibold F, Fournier N, Beglinger C, et al. Topical therapy is underused in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JK, Thabane M, Steinhart AH, et al. Rectal 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;1:CD004115.
   Google Scholar
• Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis. 2012;6:991–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campieri M, De Franchis R, Bianchi Porro G, et al. Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid) suppositories in the treatment of ulcerative proctitis or distal proctosigmoiditis. A randomized controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1990;25:663–668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M, Nishino H, Sameshima Y, et al. Randomised clinical trial: evaluation of the efficacy of mesalazine (mesalamine) suppos-itories in patients with ulcerative colitis and active rectal inflammation – a placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;38:264–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flourié B, Hagege H, Tucat G, et al. Randomised clinical trial: once- vs. twice-daily prolonged-release mesalazine for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013;37:767–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito H, Iida M, Matsumoto T, et al. Direct comparison of two different mesalamine formulations for the induction of remission in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, randomized study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2010;16:1567–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdi M, DeMicco M, Sninsky C, et al. A double-blind comparison of oral versus rectal mesalamine versus combination therapy in the treatment of distal ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92:1867–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marteau P, Probert CS, Lindgren S, et al. Combined oral and enema treatment with Pentasa (mesalazine) is superior to oral therapy alone in patients with extensive mild/moderate active ulcerative colitis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study. Gut. 2005;54:960–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Hanauer S, Lichtenstein GR, et al. Early symptomatic response and mucosal healing with mesalazine rectal suspension therapy in active distal ulcerative colitis–additional results from two controlled studies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011;34:747–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda K, Moss AC. Update on the management of ulcerative colitis: treatment and maintenance approaches focused on MMX® mesal-amine. Clin Pharmacol. 2012;4:41–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ford AC, Achkar JP, Khan KJ, et al. Efficacy of 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:601–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Parker CE, Bhanji T, et al. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;4:CD000543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AC, Khan KJ, Achkar JP, et al. Efficacy of oral vs. topical, or combined oral and topical 5-aminosalicylates, in ulcerative colitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelove SC, Hambling MH. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with local hydrocortisone hemisuccinate sodium; a report on a controlled therapeutic trial. Br Med J. 1958;2:1072–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regueiro M, Loftus EV Jr., Steinhart AH, et al. Clinical guidelines for the medical management of left-sided ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: summary statement. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:972–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall JK, Irvine EJ. Rectal corticosteroids versus alternative treatments in ulcerative colitis: a meta-analysis. Gut. 1997;40:775–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattsand R. Overview of newer glucocorticosteroid preparations for inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 1990;4:407–414.
   Google Scholar
• Edsbäcker S, Larsson P, Wollmer P. Gut delivery of budesonide, a locally active corticosteroid, from plain and controlled-release capsules. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002;14:1357–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edsbäcker S, Bengtsson B, Larsson P, et al. A pharmacoscintigraphic evaluation of oral budesonide given as controlled-release (Entocort) capsules. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;17:525–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond A, Andus T, Gierend M, et al. Controlled, open, randomized multicenter trial comparing the effects of treatment on quality of life, safety and efficacy of budesonide foam and betamethasone enemas in patients with active distal ulcerative colitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:1345–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cassan C, Fiorino G, Danese S. Second-generation corticosteroids for the treatment of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: more effective and less side effects? Dig Dis. 2012;30:368–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prantera C, Marconi S. Glucocorticosteroids in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and approaches to minimizing systemic activity. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2013;6:137–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansky G, Bühler H, Stamm B, et al. Treatment of distal ulcerative colitis with beclomethasone enemas: high therapeutic efficacy without endocrine side effects. A prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1987;30:288–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern Z, Sold O, Baratz M, et al. A controlled trial of beclomethasone versus betamethasone enemas in distal ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1991;13:38–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner M, Vogelsang H, Greinwald R, et al. Colonic spread and serum pharmacokinetics of budesonide foam in patients with mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22:463–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salix Pharmaceuticals. Uceris® (budesonide) rectal foam [package insert]. Raleigh (NC): Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gross V, Bar-Meir S, Lavy A, et al. Budesonide foam versus budesonide enema in active ulcerative proctitis and proctosigmoiditis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:303–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Travis S, Moro L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX® extended-release tablets induce remission in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the CORE I study. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:1218–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Travis SP, Danese S, Kupcinskas L, et al. Once-daily budesonide MMX in active, mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: results from the randomised CORE II study. Gut. 2014;63:433–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Haens GR, Kovács A, Vergauwe P, et al. Clinical trial: preliminary efficacy and safety study of a new budesonide-MMX® 9 mg extended-release tablets in patients with active left-sided ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2010;4:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naganuma M, Aoyama N, Suzuki Y, et al. Twice-daily budesonide 2-mg foam induces complete mucosal healing in patients with distal ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:828–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Daperno M. Topical therapy in ulcerative colitis: always a bridesmaid but never a bride? Gastroenterology. 2015;148:701–704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezzio C, Fasci-Spurio F, Vigano C, et al. The problem of adherence to therapy in ulcerative colitis and the potential utility of multi-matrix system (MMX) technology. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;11:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelove SC, Watkinson G, Draper G. Comparison of corticosteroid and sulphasalazine therapy in ulcerative colitis. Br Med J. 1962;2:1708–1711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennard-Jones JE, Longmore AJ, Newell AC, et al. An assessment of prednisone, salazopyrin, and topical hydrocortisone hemisuccinate used as out-patient treatment for ulcerative colitis. Gut. 1960;1:217–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salix Pharmaceuticals. Uceris (budesonide) extended release tablets, for oral use [package insert]. Raleigh (NC): Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Brunner M, Ziegler S, Di Stefano AF, et al. Gastrointestinal transit, release and plasma pharmacokinetics of a new oral budesonide formulation. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006;61:31–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danese S, Siegel CA, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Review article: integrating budesonide-MMX into treatment algorithms for mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:1095–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manguso F, Bennato R, Lombardi G, et al. Efficacy and safety of oral beclomethasone dipropionate in ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2016;11:e0166455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes T, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Marin-Jimenez I, et al. Oral locally active steroids in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7:183–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao X, Li N, Ren Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of beclomethasone dipropionate versus 5-aminosalicylic acid in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2016;11:e0160500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sood R, Ansari S, Clark T, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of azathioprine in ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;9:191–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paoluzi OA, Pica R, Marcheggiano A, et al. Azathioprine or methotrexate in the treatment of patients with steroid-dependent or steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis: results of an open-label study on efficacy and tolerability in inducing and maintaining remission. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1751–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timmer A, McDonald JW, Tsoulis DJ, et al. Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD000478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreijne JE, Seinen ML, Wilhelm AJ, et al. Routinely established skewed thiopurine metabolism leads to a strikingly high rate of early therapeutic failure in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Ther Drug Monit. 2015;37:797–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantzaris GJ. Thiopurines and methotrexate use in IBD patients in a biologic era. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2017;15:84–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaparro M, Ordas I, Cabre E, et al. Safety of thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: long-term follow-up study of 3931 patients. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1404–1410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbonnel F, Colombel JF, Filippi J, et al. Methotrexate is not superior to placebo for inducing steroid-free remission, but induces steroid-free clinical remission in a larger proportion of patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;150:380–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chande N, Wang Y, Mac Donald JK, et al. Methotrexate for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;8:CD006618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Mac Donald JK, Vandermeer B, et al. Methotrexate for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;8:CD007560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fausel R, Afzali A. Biologics in the management of ulcerative colitis - comparative safety and efficacy of TNF-alpha antagonists. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2015;11:63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen J, Coskun M, Soendergaard C, et al. Inflammatory pathways of importance for management of inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:64–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelczar P, Witkowski M, Perez LG, et al. A pathogenic role for T cell-derived IL-22BP in inflammatory bowel disease. Science. 2016;354:358–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Hommes DW, et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2011;60:780–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, van Assche G, Reinisch W, et al. Adalimumab induces and maintains clinical remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:257–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Ghosh S, et al. Four-year maintenance treatment with adalimumab in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: data from ULTRA 1, 2, and 3. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109:1771–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf D, D’Haens G, Sandborn WJ, et al. Escalation to weekly dosing recaptures response in adalimumab-treated patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:486–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab induces clinical response and remission in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Marano C, et al. Subcutaneous golimumab maintains clinical response in patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:96–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2462–2476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarur AJ, Abreu MT, Deshpande AR, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:3475–3484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:601–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungar B, Chowers Y, Yavzori M, et al. The temporal evolution of antidrug antibodies in patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab. Gut. 2014;63:1258–1264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Long-term infliximab maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: the ACT-1 and −2 extension studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:201–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy SK, Greenberg GR, Croitoru K, et al. Extent of early clinical response to infliximab predicts long-term treatment success in active ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21:2090–2096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson PR, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ, et al. Maintenance of efficacy and continuing safety of golimumab for active ulcerative colitis: PURSUIT-SC maintenance study extension through 1 year. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2016;7:e168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panes J, Perry M, Granger DN. Leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion: avenues for therapeutic intervention. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;126:537–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean LP, Shea-Donohue T, Cross RK. Vedolizumab for the treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Immunotherapy. 2012;4:883–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soler D, Chapman T, Yang LL, et al. The binding specificity and selective antagonism of vedolizumab, an anti-α4β7 integrin therapeutic antibody in development for inflammatory bowel diseases. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2009;330:864–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh A, Fox I, Leach T, et al. Long-term clinical experience with vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1691–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands B, Dubinsky S, Vermeire S, et al. Effects of increased vedolizumab dosing frequency on clinical remission and response in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease [Abstract P-098]. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:S67.
   Google Scholar
• Feagan BG, Rutgeerts P, Sands BE, et al. Vedolizumab as induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:699–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amiot A, Grimaud JC, Peyrin-Biroulet L, et al. Effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab induction therapy for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:1593–1601 e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sands BE, Rutgeerts P, et al. The safety of vedolizumab for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Gut. 2017;66(5):839–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1841–1845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen RD, Stein R, Hanauer SB. Intravenous cyclosporin in ulcerative colitis: a five-year experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:1587–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheifetz AS, Stern J, Garud S, et al. Cyclosporine is safe and effective in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45:107–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts J, D’Haens G, Zeegers M, et al. Long-term outcome of treatment with intravenous cyclosporin in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2004;10:73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Assche G, D’Haens G, Noman M, et al. Randomized, double-blind comparison of 4 mg/kg versus 2 mg/kg intravenous cyclo-sporine in severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1025–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy SK, Steinhart AH, Tinmouth J, et al. Impact of gastroenterologist care on health outcomes of hospitalised ulcerative colitis patients. Gut. 2012;61:1410–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sands BE, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ, et al. Infliximab in the treatment of severe, steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis: a pilot study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001;7:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarnerot G, Hertervig E, Friis-Liby I, et al. Infliximab as rescue therapy in severe to moderately severe ulcerative colitis: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2005;128:1805–1811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chey WY, Hussain A, Ryan C, et al. Infliximab for refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:2373–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probert CS, Hearing SD, Schreiber S, et al. Infliximab in moderately severe glucocorticoid resistant ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2003;52:998–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bressler B, Law JK, Al Nahdi SN, et al. The use of infliximab for treatment of hospitalized patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008;22:937–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al. Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380:1909–1915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordas I, Feagan BG, Sandborn WJ. Therapeutic drug monitoring of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:1079–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasanmade AA, Adedokun OJ, Olson A, et al. Serum albumin concentration: a predictive factor of infliximab pharmacokinetics and clinical response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010;48:297–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandse JF, van den Brink GR, Wildenberg ME, et al. Loss of infliximab into feces is associated with lack of response to therapy in patients with severe ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2015;149:350–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarur AJ, Jain A, Sussman DA, et al. The association of tissue anti-TNF drug levels with serological and endoscopic disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease: the ATLAS study. Gut. 2016;65:249–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson DJ, Heetun ZS, Redmond CE, et al. An accelerated infliximab induction regimen reduces the need for early colectomy in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:330–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedokun OJ, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. Association between serum concentration of infliximab and efficacy in adult patients with ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;147:1296–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohl JL, Sobba K. Indications and options for surgery in ulcerative colitis. Surg Clin North Am. 2015;95:1211–1232, vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrew RE, Messaris E. Update on medical and surgical options for patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis: what is new? World J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;8:598–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Buck van Overstraeten A, Wolthuis AM, Vermeire S, et al. Long-term functional outcome after ileal pouch anal anastomosis in 191 patients with ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1261–1266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo G, Maurizio C, Maria LP, et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis 20 years later: is it still a good surgical option for patients with ulcerative colitis? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016;31:1835–1843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazio VW, Kiran RP, Remzi FH, et al. Ileal pouch anal anastomosis: analysis of outcome and quality of life in 3707 patients. Ann Surg. 2013;257:679–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zittan E, Ma GW, Wong-Chong N, et al. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis: a Canadian institution’s experience. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2017;32:281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Germain A, Patel AS, et al. Systematic review: outcomes and post-operative complications following colectomy for ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44:807–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorgun E, Remzi FH, Goldberg JM, et al. Fertility is reduced after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis: a study of 300 patients. Surgery. 2004;136:795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajaratnam SG, Eglinton TW, Hider P, et al. Impact of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis on female fertility: meta-analysis and systematic review. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:1365–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban L, Tata LJ, Humes DJ, et al. Decreased fertility rates in 9639 women diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease: a United Kingdom population-based cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;42:855–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharadwaj S, Philpott JR, Barber MD, et al. Women’s health issues after ileal pouch surgery. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:2470–2482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson P, Richard C, Ravid A, et al. Female infertility after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis. Dis Colon Rectum. 2004;47:1119–1126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, et al. Selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease (STRIDE): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1324–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouguen G, Levesque BG, Pola S, et al. Feasibility of endoscopic assessment and treating to target to achieve mucosal healing in ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:231–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr., et al. 2015 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;68:1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Suray N, Salleron J, Vernier-Massouille G, et al. Close monitoring of CRP and fecal calprotectin levels to predict relapse in Crohn’s disease patients. A sub-analysis of the STORI study. Presented at: 2012 Congress of the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organization, Barcelona, Spain, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Sipponen T, Kolho KL. Fecal calprotectin in diagnosis and clinical assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:74–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin DT, Huo D, Kinnucan JA, et al. Inflammation is an independent risk factor for colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis: a case-control study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:1601–1608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, Feagan BG, et al. Colectomy rate comparison after treatment of ulcerative colitis with placebo or infliximab. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1250–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grinspan A, Kornbluth A. Positioning therapy for ulcerative colitis. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2015;17:29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papamichael K, Rivals-Lerebours O, Billiet T, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with ulcerative colitis and primary non-response to infliximab. J Crohns Colitis. 2016;10:1015–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar