Patients with atherosclerosis may have increased circulating levels of 27‐hydroxycholesterol and cholestenoic acid

References

• Andersson S., Davis D. L., Dahlbäck H., Jörnvall H., Russell D. W Cloning, structure, and expression of the mitochondrial cytochrome P‐450 sterol 26‐hydroxylase, a bile biosynthetic enzyme. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 8222–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkhem I., Andersson O., Diczfalusy U., Sevastik B., Xiu R‐J., Duan C. Atherosclerosis and sterol 27‐hydroxylase: evidence for a role of this enzyme in elimination of cholesterol from human macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 8592–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisby M., Nilsson J., Kostulas V., Björkhem I., Diczfalusy U. Localization of sterol 27‐hydroxylase immuno‐reactivity in human atherosclerotic plaques. Biochim Biophys Acta 1997; 1344: 278–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkhem I. Mechanism of degradation of the steroid side chain in the formation of bile acids. J Lipid Res 1992; 33: 455–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkhem I., Muri‐Boberg K. Inborn errors in bile acid biosynthesis and storage of sterols other than cholesterol. The metabolic basis of inherited diseases, C. R Scriver, A. L Beaudet, W. S Sly, D Valee. McGraw‐Hill, New York, NY 1994; 2073–100
   Google Scholar
• Rosen H., Reshef A., Maeda N., Lippoldt A., Shpizen S., Triger L. Markedly reduced bile acid synthesis but maintained levels of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites in mice with disrupted sterol 27‐hydroxylase gene. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 14805–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund E., Andersson O., Zhang J., Babiker A., Ahlborg G., Diczfalusy U. Importance of a novel oxidative mechanism for elimination of intracellular cholesterol in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 208–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duane W. C., Javitt N. B. 27‐Hydroxychloesterol production in normal human subjects. J Lipid Res 1999; 40: 1194–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiker A., Andersson O., Lindblom D., van der Linden J., Wiklund B., Lütjohann D. Elimination of cholesterol as cholestenoic acid in human lung by sterol 27‐hydroxylase: evidence that most of this steroid in the circulation is of pulmonary origin. Lipid Res 1999; 40: 1417–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaney S., Hassan M., Sakinis A., Lutjohann D., Von Bergmann K., Wennmalm Å. Evidence that the major oxysterols in human circulation originate from distinct pools of cholesterol: a stable isotope study. J Lipid Res 2001; 42: 70–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Javitt N. B. Biologic role(s) of the 25(R),26‐hydroxycholesterol metabolic pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000; 1529: 136–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shanahan C. M., Carpenter K. L., Cary N. R. A potential role for 27‐hydroxylase in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2001; 154: 269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harik‐Khan R., Holmes R. P. Estimation of 26‐hydroxycholesterol in serum by high‐performance liquid chromatography and measurement in patients with atherosclerosis. J Steroid Biochem 1990; 36: 351–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dzeletovic S., Breuer O., Lund E., Diczfalusy U. Determination of cholesterol oxidation products in human plasma by isotope dilution‐mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1995; 225: 73–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babiker A., Andersson O., Lund E., Xiu R‐J., Deeb S., Reshef A. Elimination of cholesterol in macrophages and endothelial cells by the sterol 27‐hydroxylase mechanism. Comparison with high density lipoprotein‐mediated reverse cholesterol transport. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 26253–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salonen J. T., Nyyssönen K., Salonen R., Porkkala‐Sarataho E., Tuomainen T. P., Diczfalusy U. Lipoprotein oxidation and progression of carotid atherosclerosis. Circulation 1997; 95: 840–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell K., Schwartz M., O'Conell N. C., Lund E. G., Davis D. L., Lathe R. Identification of a new inborn error of in bile acid synthesis: mutation of the oxysterol 7 alpha‐hydroxlase gene causes severe neonatal liver disease. J Clin Invest 1998; 102: 1690–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axelson M., Shoda J., Sjövall J., Toll A., Wikvall K. Cholesterol is converted to 7α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐4‐cholestenoic acid in liver mitochondria. Evidence for mitochondrial sterol 7α‐hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 1701–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shoda J., Toll A., Axelson M., Pieper F., Wikvall K., Sjövall J. Formation of 7α‐ and 7β‐hydroxylated bile acid precursors from 27‐hydroxycholesterol in human liver microsomes and mitochondria. Hepatology 1993; 17: 395–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Björkhem I., Nyberg B., Einarsson K. 7α‐hydroxylation of 27‐hydroxycholesterol in human liver microsomes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1992; 1128: 73–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasan S., Kushwaha R. S. Differences in 27‐hydroxycholesterol concentrations in plasma and liver of baboons with high and low responses to dietary cholesterol and fat. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 20: 299–302
   Google Scholar
• Twisk J., Hoekman M. F., Mager W. H., Moorman A. F., deBoer P. A., Scheja L. Heterogeneous expression of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase and sterol 27‐hydroxylase genes in the rat liver lobulus. J Clin Invest 1995; 95: 1235–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vlahcevic Z. R., Jairath S. K., Heuman D. M., Stravitz R. T., Hylemon P. B., Avadhani N. G. Transcriptional regulation of hepatic sterol 27‐hydroxylase by bile acids. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: 646–52
   Google Scholar
• Björkhem I., Gustafsson J. Mitochondrial ω‐hydroxylation of cholesterol side chain. J Biol Chem 1974; 249: 2528–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björkhem I., Axen E., Wikvall K., Rudling M., Angelin B., Einarsson K. There is little or no coordinate regulation of sterol 27‐hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase in man. Proc XIV International Bile Acid Meeting, Freiburg, October 22–24, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Kushwaha R. S., Guntupalli B., Jackson E. M., McGill H. J. Effect of estrogen and progesterone on the expression of hepatic and extrahepatic sterol 27‐hydroxylase in baboons (Papio sp). Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 1088–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar