Human anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies interfering in immunometric assays

References

• Jerne N. K. Towards a network theory of the immune system. Ann Immunol (Paris) 1974; 125C: 373–89
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waaler E. On the occurrence of a factor in human serum activating the specific agglutination of sheep blood corpuscles. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand Section B 1940; 17: 172–88
   Google Scholar
• Pike R. M., Sulkin S. E., Coggeshall H. C. Serological reactions in rheumatoid arthritis. II. Concerning the nature of the factor in rheumatoid arthritis serum responsible for increased agglutination of sensitized sheep erythrocytes. J Immunol 1949; 63: 448–63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Artandi S. E., Calame K. L., Morrison S. L., Bonagura V. R. Monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factors bind IgG at a discontinuous epitope comprised of amino acid loops from heavy‐chain constant‐region domains 2 and 3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 94–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardella F. A., Teller D. C., Barber C. V., Mannik M. IgG rheumatoid factors and staphylococcal protein A bind to a common molecular site on IgG. J Exp Med 1985; 162: 1811–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houssien D. A., Jonsson T., Davies E., Scott D. L. Rheumatoid factor isotypes, disease activity and the outcome of rheumatoid arthritis: comparative effects of different antigens. Scand J Rheumatol 1998; 27: 46–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fehr T., Bachmann M. F., Bucher E., Kalinke U., Di Padova F. E., Lang A. B. Role of repetitive antigen patterns for induction of antibodies against antibodies. J Exp Med 1997; 185: 1785–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Snick J. L., Van Roost E., Markowetz B., Cambiaso C. L., Masson P. L. Enhancement by IgM rheumatoid factor of in vitro ingestion by macrophages and in vivo clearance of aggregated IgG or antigen‐antibody complexes. Eur J Immunol 1978; 8: 279–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roosnek E., Lanzavecchia A. Efficient and selective presentation of antigen‐antibody complexes by rheumatoid factor B cells. J Exp Med 1991; 173: 487–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madi N., Steiger G., Estreicher J., Schifferli J. A. Defective immune adherence and elimination of hepatitis B surface antigen/antibody complexes in patients with mixed essential cryoglobulinemia type II. J Immunol 1991; 147: 495–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schaardenburg D., Lagaay A. M., Otten H. G., Breedveld F. C. The relation between class‐specific serum rheumatoid factors and age in the general population. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 546–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Korpilahde T., Heliovaara M., Kaipiainen‐Seppanen O., Knekt P., Aho K. Regional differences in Finland in the prevalence of rheumatoid factor in the presence and absence of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 353–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F., Cathey M. A., Roberts F. K. The latex test revisited. Rheumatoid factor testing in 8287 rheumatic disease patients. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 951–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halldorsdottir H. D., Jonsson T., Thorsteinsson J., Valdimarsson H. A prospective study on the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis among people with persistent increase of rheumatoid factor. Ann Rheum Dis 2000; 59: 149–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielen M. M., van Schaardenburg D., Reesink H. W., van de Stadt R. J., van der Horst‐Bruinsma I. E., de Koning M. H. Specific autoantibodies precede the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis: a study of serial measurements in blood donors. Arthritis Rheum 2004; 50: 380–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe F. The effect of smoking on clinical, laboratory, and radiographic status in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 630–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolt P., Bengtsson C., Nordmark B., Lindblad S., Lundberg I., Klareskog L. Quantification of the influence of cigarette smoking on rheumatoid arthritis: results from a population‐based case‐control study, using incident cases. Ann Rheum Dis 2003; 62: 835–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpilahde T., Heliovaara M., Knekt P., Marniemi J., Aromaa A., Aho K. Smoking history and serum cotinine and thiocyanate concentrations as determinants of rheumatoid factor in non‐rheumatoid subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004; 43: 1424–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngblood K., Fruchter L., Ding G., Lopez J., Bonagura V., Davidson A. Rheumatoid factors from the peripheral blood of two patients with rheumatoid arthritis are genetically heterogeneous and somatically mutated. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 852–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randen I., Brown D., Thompson K. M., Hughes‐Jones N., Pascual V., Victor K. Clonally related IgM rheumatoid factors undergo affinity maturation in the rheumatoid synovial tissue. J Immunol 1992; 148: 3296–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch W. J., Reparon‐Schuijt C. C., Hamstra H. J., van Kooten C., Logtenberg T., Breedveld F. C. Human IgG Fc‐binding phage antibodies constructed from synovial fluid CD38+ B cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis show the imprints of an antigen‐dependent process of somatic hypermutation and clonal selection. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131: 364–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Esch W. J., Reparon‐Schuijt C. C., Hamstra H. J., van Kooten C., Logtenberg T., Breedveld F. C. Polyreactivity of human IgG Fc‐binding phage antibodies constructed from synovial fluid CD38+ B cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2002; 19: 241–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual V., Victor K., Randen I., Thompson K., Natvig J. B., Capra J. D. IgM rheumatoid factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis derive from a diverse array of germline immunoglobulin genes and display little evidence of somatic variation. J Rheumatol 1992; Suppl 32: 50–3
   Google Scholar
• Bonagura V. R., Artandi S. E., Davidson A., Randen I., Agostino N., Thompson K. Mapping studies reveal unique epitopes on IgG recognized by rheumatoid arthritis‐derived monoclonal rheumatoid factors. J Immunol 1993; 151: 3840–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura M., Burastero S. E., Notkins A. L., Casal P. Human monoclonal rheumatoid factor‐like antibodies from CD5 (Leu‐1)+ B cells are polyreactive. J Immunol 1988; 140: 4180–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bijlsma J. W., Plater‐Zyberk C., Mumford P., Maini R. N. Lack of natural antibodies in rheumatic diseases. Rheumatol Int 1990; 10: 107–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris L. J., Skaletsky E., McPherson A. Crystallographic structure of an intact IgG1 monoclonal antibody. J Mol Biol 1998; 275: 861–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda K., Yamaguchi Y., Kato K., Takahashi N., Shimada I., Arata Y. Pairing of oligosaccharides in the Fc region of immunoglobulin G. FEBS Lett 2000; 473: 349–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parekh R. B., Dwek R. A., Sutton B. J., Fernandes D. L., Leung A., Stanworth D. Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG. Nature 1985; 316: 452–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alavi A., Axford J. S., Pool A. J. Serum galactosyltransferase isoform changes in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004; 31: 1513–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhotra R., Wormald M. R., Rudd P. M., Fischer P. B., Dwek R. A., Sim R. B. Glycosylation changes of IgG associated with rheumatoid arthritis can activate complement via the mannose‐binding protein. Nat Med 1995; 1: 237–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soltys A. J., Hay F. C., Bond A., Axford J. S., Jones M. G., Randen I. The binding of synovial tissue‐derived human monoclonal immunoglobulin M rheumatoid factor to immunoglobulin G preparations of differing galactose content. Scand J Immunol 1994; 40: 135–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay F. C., Jones M. G., Bond A., Soltys A. J. Rheumatoid factors and complex formation. The role of light‐chain framework sequences and glycosylation. Clin Orthop 1991; 54–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das H., Atsumi T., Fukushima Y., Shibuya H., Ito K., Yamada Y. Diagnostic value of antiagalactosyl IgG antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2004; 23: 218–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rook G. A., Steele J., Brealey R., Whyte A., Isenberg D., Sumar N. Changes in IgG glycoform levels are associated with remission of arthritis during pregnancy. J Autoimmun 1991; 4: 779–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams P. J., Rademacher T. W. Analysis of murine IgG isotype galactosylation in collagen‐induced arthritis. Scand J Immunol 1996; 44: 381–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim R. B., Tsiftsoglou S. A. Proteases of the complement system. Biochem Soc Trans 2004; 32: 21–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baatrup G., Svehag S. E., Jensenius J. C. The attachment of serum‐ and plasma‐derived C3 to solid‐phase immune aggregates and its relation to complement‐mediated solubilization of immune complexes. Scand J Immunol 1986; 23: 397–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Børmer O. P. Interference of complement with the binding of carcinoembryonic antigen to solid‐phase monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Methods 1989; 121: 85–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos A., Bouwman L. H., Gijlswijk‐Janssen D. J., Faber‐Krol M. C., Stahl G. L., Daha M. R. Human IgA activates the complement system via the mannan‐binding lectin pathway. J Immunol 2001; 167: 2861–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roos A., Bouwman L. H., Munoz J., Zuiverloon T., Faber‐Krol M. C., Fallaux‐van den Houten F. C. Functional characterization of the lectin pathway of complement in human serum. Mol Immunol 2003; 39: 655–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato R., Matsushita M., Miyata M., Sato Y., Kasukawa R., Fujita T. Substances reactive with mannose‐binding protein (MBP) in sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Fukushima J Med Sci 1997; 43: 99–111
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nauta A. J., Castellano G., Xu W., Woltman A. M., Borrias M. C., Daha M. R. Opsonization with C1q and mannose‐binding lectin targets apoptotic cells to dendritic cells. J Immunol 2004; 173: 3044–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pascual M., Perrin L., Giostra E., Schifferli J. A. Hepatitis C virus in patients with cryoglobulinemia type II. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 569–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sansonno D., Lauletta G., Nisi L., Gatti P., Pesola F., Pansini N. Non‐enveloped HCV core protein as constitutive antigen of cold‐precipitable immune complexes in type II mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 133: 275–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone M. J., Fedak J. E. Studies on monoclonal antibodies. II. Immune complex (IgM‐IgG) cryoglobulinemia: the mechanism of cryoprecipitation. J Immunol 1974; 113: 1377–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight G. B., Agnello V., Bonagura V., Barnes J. L., Panka D. J., Zhang Q. X. Human rheumatoid factor cross‐idiotypes. IV. Studies on WA XId‐positive IgM without rheumatoid factor activity provide evidence that the WA XId is not unique to rheumatoid factors and is distinct from the 17.109 and G6 XIds. J Exp Med 1993; 178: 1903–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Courtenay‐Luck N. S., Epenetos A. A., Winearls C. G., Ritter M. A. Preexisting human anti‐murine immunoglobulin reactivity due to polyclonal rheumatoid factors. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 4520–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennig C., Rink L., Fagin U., Jabs W. J., Kirchner H. The influence of naturally occurring heterophilic anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies on direct measurement of serum proteins using sandwich ELISAs. J Immunol Methods 2000; 235: 71–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe S. J., Turner C., Heath A., Feavers I., Vatn I., Natvig J. B. Clonal Analysis of a human antimouse antibody (HAMA) response. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57: 85–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerner J., Olsen K. H., Børmer O. P., Nustad K. Human heterophilic antibodies display specificity for murine IgG subclasses. Clin Biochem 2005; 38: 465–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kricka L. J. Human anti‐animal antibody interferences in immunological assays. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 942–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscato L. M., Stuart M. C. Heterophilic antibodies: a problem for all immunoassays. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 27–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson S. S., Miller J. J. Towards a better understanding of heterophile (and the like) antibody interference with modern immunoassays. Clin Chim Acta 2002; 325: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter H. J., Polesky H. F., Holland P. V. False positive tests for hepatitis‐associated antigen in blood donors caused by antibodies to ruminant serum proteins. J Immunol 1972; 108: 358–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kricka L. J. Interferences in immunoassay: still a threat. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 1037–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boscato L. M., Stuart M. C. Incidence and specificity of interference in two‐site immunoassays. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 1491–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan I. V., Levinson S. S. When is a heterophile antibody not a heterophile antibody? When is it an antibody against a specific immunogen?. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 616–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy R. C., Ryan F. J., McKenzie C. M. Interference in immunoenzymometric assays caused by IgM anti‐mouse IgG antibodies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988; 112: 901–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conry R. M., Khazaeli M. B., LoBuglio A. F. Lack of T‐cell immunity in humans with preexisting anti‐mouse immunoglobulin reactivity. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 6979–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey G., Lisi P. J., Schroeder T. J. The incidence of antibody formation to OKT3 consequent to its use in organ transplantation. Transplantation 1995; 60: 151–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turpeinen U., Lehtovirta P., Alfthan H., Stenman U. H. Interference by human anti‐mouse antibodies in CA 125 assay after immunoscintigraphy: anti‐idiotypic antibodies not neutralized by mouse IgG but removed by chromatography. Clin Chem 1990; 36: 1333–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haisma H. J., Moseley K. R., Battaile A., Griffiths T. C., Knapp R. C. Distribution and pharmacokinetics of radiolabeled monoclonal antibody OC 125 after intravenous and intraperitoneal administration in gynecologic tumors. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159: 843–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman R. O., Shawler D. L., McCallister T. J., Halpern S. E. Human anti‐mouse antibody response in cancer patients following single low‐dose injections of radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Biother 1994; 9: 17–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lind P., Lechner P., Arian‐Schad K., Klimpfinger M., Cesnik H., Kammerhuber F. Anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen immunoscintigraphy (technetium‐99m‐monoclonal antibody BW 431/26) and serum CEA levels in patients with suspected primary and recurrent colorectal carcinoma. J Nucl Med 1991; 32: 1319–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legouffe E., Liautard J., Gaillard J. P., Rossi J. F., Wijdenes J., Bataille R. Human anti‐mouse antibody response to the injection of murine monoclonal antibodies against IL‐6. Clin Exp Immunol 1994; 98: 323–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeNardo G. L., Mirick G. R., Kroger L. A., Bradt B. M., Lamborn K. R., DeNardo S. J. Characterization of human IgG antimouse antibody in patients with B‐cell malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 4013S–21S
   Google Scholar
• Shawler D. L., Bartholomew R. M., Smith L. M., Dillman R. O. Human immune response to multiple injections of murine monoclonal IgG. J Immunol 1985; 135: 1530–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dillman R. O., Shawler D. L., Dillman J. B., Royston I. Therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma with T101 monoclonal antibody. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 881–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton A. N., Mintzer D., Cordon‐Cardo C., Welt S., Fliegel B., Vadhan S. Mouse monoclonal IgG3 antibody detecting GD3 ganglioside: a phase I trial in patients with malignant melanoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985; 82: 1242–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoBuglio A. F., Saleh M. N., Lee J., Khazaeli M. B., Carrano R., Holden H. Phase I trial of multiple large doses of murine monoclonal antibody CO17‐1A. I. Clinical aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 932–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajorin D. F., Chapman P. B., Wong G. Y., Cody B. V., Cordon‐Cardo C., Dantes L. Treatment with high dose mouse monoclonal (anti‐GD3) antibody R24 in patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 1992; 2: 355–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradt B. M., DeNardo S. J., Mirick G. R., DeNardo G. L. Documentation of idiotypic cascade after Lym‐1 radioimmunotherapy in a patient with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: basis for extended survival?. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 4007S–12S
   Google Scholar
• Fagerberg J., Frodin J. E., Wigzell H., Mellstedt H. Induction of an immune network cascade in cancer patients treated with monoclonal antibodies (ab1). I. May induction of ab1‐reactive T cells and anti‐anti‐idiotypic antibodies (ab3) lead to tumor regression after mAb therapy?. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1993; 37: 264–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma S. K., Bagshawe K. D., Melton R. G., Sherwood R. F. Human immune response to monoclonal antibody‐enzyme conjugates in ADEPT pilot clinical trial. Cell Biophys 1992; 21: 109–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baum R. P., Niesen A., Hertel A., Nancy A., Hess H., Donnerstag B. Activating anti‐idiotypic human anti‐mouse antibodies for immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 73: 1121–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond E. A., Yowell R. L., Greenwood J., Hartung L., Renlund D., Wittwer C. Prevention of adverse clinical outcome by monitoring of cardiac transplant patients for murine monoclonal CD3 antibody (OKT3) sensitization. Transplantation 1993; 55: 1061–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moseley K. R., Knapp R. C., Haisma H. J. An assay for the detection of human anti‐murine immunoglobulins in the presence of CA125 antigen. J Immunol Methods 1988; 106: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinsberg J., Schmolling J., Ackermann D. A simple and sensitive assay for determination of human anti‐idiotypic anti‐B72.3 antibodies, which is not affected by the presence of tumour‐associated glycoprotein 72. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1996; 34: 237–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAMA Survey Group. Survey of methods for measuring human anti‐mouse antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1993; 215: 153–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HAMA Survey Group. Interlaboratory survey of methods for measuring human anti‐mouse antibodies. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 172–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimball J. A., Norman D. J., Shield C. F., Schroeder T. J., Lisi P., Garovoy M. The OKT3 Antibody response study: a multicentre study of human anti‐mouse antibody (HAMA) production following OKT3 use in solid organ transplantation. Transpl Immunol 1995; 3: 212–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frengen J., Kierulf B., Schmid R., Lindmo T., Nustad K. Demonstration and minimization of serum interference in flow cytometric two‐site immunoassays. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 420–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail A. A., Walker P. L., Barth J. H., Lewandowski K. C., Jones R., Burr W. A. Wrong biochemistry results: two case reports and observational study in 5310 patients on potentially misleading thyroid‐stimulating hormone and gonadotropin immunoassay results. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 2023–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson R. J., Jackson A. P., Langlois N. Circulating antibodies to mouse monoclonal immunoglobulins in normal subjects: incidence, species specificity, and effects on a two‐site assay for creatine kinase‐MB isoenzyme. Clin Chem 1986; 32: 476–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins B. R., Saueracker G. C., Dawkins R. L., Davey M. G., O'Connor K. J. Population study of heterophile antibodies. Vox Sang 1980; 39: 339–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward G., McKinnon L., Badrick T., Hickman P. E. Heterophilic antibodies remain a problem for the immunoassay laboratory. Am J Clin Pathol 1997; 108: 417–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail A. A., Walker P. L., Cawood M. L., Barth J. H. Interference in immunoassay is an underestimated problem. Ann Clin Biochem 2002; 39: 366–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail A. A. A radical approach is needed to eliminate interference from endogenous antibodies in immunoassays. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 25–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerner J., Børmer O. P., Nustad K. The war on heterophilic antibody interference. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 9–11
   Google Scholar
• Jones G. R., Giannopoulos P. A method for routine detection of heterophile antibody interference in the Abbott AxSYM hCG assay. Pathology 2004; 36: 364–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csako G., Weintraub B. D., Zweig M. H. The potency of immunoglobulin G fragments for inhibition of interference caused by anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies in a monoclonal immunoradiometric assay for thyrotropin. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 1481–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaidya H. C., Beatty B. G. Eliminating interference from heterophilic antibodies in a two‐site immunoassay for creatine kinase MB by using F(ab′)2 conjugate and polyclonal mouse IgG. Clin Chem 1992; 38: 1737–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenz H., Mossner E., Stock W., Roder A., Haug H., McCarthy R. C. Reagent and method for determination of a polyvalent substance using an immunoaggregate. 1990; 16: 40–54
   Google Scholar
• Bjerner J., Nustad K., Norum L. F., Olsen K. H., Børmer O. P. Immunometric assay interference: incidence and prevention. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 613–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinsberg J. Interferences with two‐site immunoassays by human anti‐mouse antibodies formed by patients treated with monoclonal antibodies: comparison of different blocking reagents. Clin Chem 1998; 44: 1742–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson A., Mellstedt H. Chicken antibodies: a tool to avoid interference by human anti‐mouse antibodies in ELISA after in vivo treatment with murine monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma 1992; 11: 33–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeNardo G. L., Bradt B. M., Mirick G. R., DeNardo S. J. Human antiglobulin response to foreign antibodies: therapeutic benefit?. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2003; 52: 309–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroki M., Matsumoto Y., Arakawa F., Haruno M., Murakami M., Kuwahara M. Reducing interference from heterophilic antibodies in a two‐site immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by using a human/mouse chimeric antibody to CEA as the tracer. J Immunol Methods 1995; 180: 81–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson M., Ronnmark J., Arestrom I., Nygren P. A., Ahlborg N. Inclusion of a non‐immunoglobulin binding protein in two‐site ELISA for quantification of human serum proteins without interference by heterophilic serum antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2003; 283: 225–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren D. J., Bjerner J., Paus E., Børmer O. P., Nustad K. Use of an in vivo biotinylated single‐chain antibody as capture reagent in an immunometric assay to decrease the incidence of interference from heterophilic antibodies. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 830–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefta L. J., Neumaier M., Shively J. E. Kinetic and affinity constants of epitope specific anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) monoclonal antibodies for CEA and engineered CEA domain constructs. Immunotechnology 1998; 4: 49–57
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delgado C., Pedley R. B., Herraez A., Boden R., Boden J. A., Keep P. A. Enhanced tumour specificity of an anti‐carcinoembryonic antigen F(ab′) fragment by polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification. Br J Cancer 1996; 73: 175–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjerner J., Olsen K. H., Børmer O. P., Nustad K. Testing and validating a homogeneous immunometric assay for interference. Clin Chem Lab Med 2004; 42: 208–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazin H., Preaudat M., Trinquet E., Mathis G. Homogeneous time resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer using rare earth cryptates as a tool for probing molecular interactions in biology. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2001; 57: 2197–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primus F. J., Kelley E. A., Hansen H. J., Goldenberg D. M. “Sandwich”‐type immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in patients receiving murine monoclonal antibodies for diagnosis and therapy. Clin Chem 1988; 34: 261–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen H. J., LaFontaine G., Newman E. S., Schwartz M. K., Malkin A., Mojzisik K. Solving the problem of antibody interference in commercial “sandwich”‐type immunoassays of carcinoembryonic antigen. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 146–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madry N., Auerbach B., Schelp C. Measures to overcome HAMA interferences in immunoassays. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 2883–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinsberg J. Interference by human antibodies with tumor marker assays. Hybridoma 1995; 14: 205–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martins T. B., Pasi B. M., Litwin C. M., Hill H. R. Heterophile antibody interference in a multiplexed fluorescent microsphere immunoassay for quantitation of cytokines in human serum. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2004; 11: 325–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinsberg J., Nocke W. Falsely low results in CA 125 determination due to anti‐idiotypic antibodies induced by infusion of [131I]F(ab′)2 fragments of the OC125 antibody. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31: 323–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frodin J. E., Lefvert A. K., Mellstedt H. The clinical significance of HAMA in patients treated with mouse monoclonal antibodies. Cell Biophys 1992; 21: 153–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole L. A., Butler S. Detection of hCG in trophoblastic disease. The USA hCG reference service experience. J Reprod Med 2002; 47: 433–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preissner C. M., O'kane D. J., Singh R. J., Morris J. C., Grebe S. K. Phantoms in the assay tube: heterophile antibody interferences in serum thyroglobulin assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 3069–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preissner C. M., Dodge L. A., O'kane D. J., Singh R. J., Grebe S. K. Prevalence of heterophilic antibody interference in eight automated tumor marker immunoassays. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 208–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanlian S. A., Smith H. O., Cole L. A. Persistent low levels of human chorionic gonadotropin: a premalignant gestational trophoblastic disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188: 1254–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar