Potential preanalytical errors in whole-blood analysis: Effect of syringe sample volume on blood gas, electrolyte and lactate values

References

• Rambaldi M, Baranzoni MT, Coppolecchia P, Moschello JN, Novaco F. Blood gas and patient safety: considerations based on experience developed in accordance with the Risk Management perspective. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007; 45:774–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Batchelder PB, Raley D. Maximizing the Laboratory Setting for Testing Devices and Understanding Statistional Output in Pulse Oximetry. Anesth Analg. 2007; 105(6 suppl):S85–94.
   Google Scholar
• Risch A, Biedler A, Mertzlufft F. Preanalytical errors on the determination of arterial O(2) -partial pressure and their impact on the AaDO(2). Anaesthesist. 2000; 49:29–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NCCLS. Blood gas and pH analysis and related measurements. NCCLS document C46-A4 Wayne PA. NCCLS 2001.
   Google Scholar
• NCCLS. Procedures for the collection of arterial blood specimens. NCCLS document H11-A4. Wayne, PA. NCCLS 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas CK, Ramos JM, Agroyannis B, Kerr DNS. Blood gas analysis: effect of air bubbles in syringe and delay in estimation. Br Med J. 1982; 284:923–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuillemin WA, Gerber AU. Sources of errors in the pre-analytical phase of blood gas analysis. Scweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1995; 84:200–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahoney JJ, Harvey JA, Wong RJ, Van Kessel AL. Changes in oxygen measurement when whole blood is stored in iced plastic syringe or glass syringes. Clin Chem. 1991; 37:1244–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu EY, Baranzanji KW, Johnson RL. Source of error on A-aDO2 calculated from blood stored in plastic and glass syringes. J Appl Physiol. 1997; 82:196–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knowles T, Mullin R, Hunter J, Douce FH. Effects of syringe material, sample storage time and temperature on blood gases and oxygen saturation in arterialized human blood samples. Respir Care. 2006; 51:732–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pretto JJ, Rochford PD. Effects of sample storage time, temperature and syringe type on blood gas tensions in samples with high oxygen partial pressures. Thorax. 1994; 49:610–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiwanitkit V. Glass syringes are better than plastic for preserving arterial blood gas for oxygen partial pressure determination: an explanation based on nanomaterial composition. In J Nanomedicine. 2006; 1:223–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeenk F, Janssen J, Arends B, Harff J, van den Bosch J, Schönberger J, Postmus P. Effects of four different methods of sampling arterial blood and storage time on gas tensions and shunt calculation in the 100% oxygen test. Eur Respir J. 1997; 10:910–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toffaletti J, Ernst P, Hunt P, Abrams B. Dry electrolyte-balanced heparinised syringes evaluated for determining ionized calcium and other electrolytes in whole blood. Clin Chem. 1991; 37:1730–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopper K, Rezende ML, Haskins SC. Assessment of the dilution of blood samples with sodium heparin on blood gas, electrolyte, and lactate measurements in dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2005; 66:656–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Börner U, Müller H, Höge R, Hempelmann G. The influence of anticoagulant on acid-base status and blood-gas analysis. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1984; 28:277–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodwin NM, Schreiber MT. Effects of anticoagulants on acid-base and blood gas estimations. Crit Care Med. 1979; 7:473–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crawford AG. Liquid versus non-liquid heparinization of blood samples. Resp Ther. 1983; 5:103–5.
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison AS, Ralston SH, Dryburgh FJ, Small M, Fogelmann I. Too much heparin: possible source of error in blood gas analysis. Brit Med J. 1983; 287:1131–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ricós C, Alvarez V, Cava F, García-Lario JV, Hernández A, Jiménez CV, Minchinela J, Perich C, Simón M. Current databases on biological variation: pros, cons and progress. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1999; 59:491–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• http://westgard.com/biodatabase1.htm
   Google Scholar