621
Views
311
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Western diet and Western diseases: Some hormonal and biochemical mechanisms and associations

Pages 3-23 | Published online: 29 Mar 2011

References

  • Lea A. J. Dietary factors associated with death-rates from certain neoplasma in man. Lancet 1966; II: 332–3
  • Armstrong B., Doll R. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries with special reference to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 1975; 15: 617–31
  • Rose D. P., Boyar A. P., Wynder E. L. International comparison of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita fat consumption. Cancer 1986; 58: 2363–71
  • Smith R. L. Recorded and expected mortality among the Japanese of the United States and Hawaii, with special reference to cancer. J Natl Cane Inst 1956; 17: 459–73
  • Rose D. P. Dietary factors and breast cancer. Cancer Surveys 1986; 5: 671–87
  • Kolonel L. N. Variability in diet and its relation to risk in ethnic and migrant groups. Basic Life Sci 1988; 43: 129–35
  • Haenzel W., Kurihara M. Studies of Japanese migrants: I. Mortality from cancer and other diseases among Japanese in the United States. J Natl Canc Inst 1968; 40: 43–68
  • Staszewski J., McCall M., Stenhouse N. Cancer mortality in 1962–66 among Polish migrants to Australia. Br J Cancer 1971; 25: 599–610
  • McMichael A. J., McCall M. G., Hartshorne J. M., Woodings T. L. Patterns of gastro-intestinal cancer in European migrants to Australia: The role of dietary change. Int J Cancer 1980; 25: 431–7
  • Trowell H. C., Burkitt D. P. Western Diseases: their emergence and prevention. Edward Arnold, London 1983
  • Hayward J. L., Greenwood F. C., Glober G., Stemmerman G., Bulbrook R. D., Wang D. Y., Kumaokas S. Endocrine status in normal British, Japanese and Hawaiian-Japanese women. Europ J Cancer 1978; 143: 1221–8
  • Adlercreutz H. Diet and sex hormone metabolism. Nutrition and Toxicology, Caldwell, I. Rowland. The Telford press, New JerseyUSA 1990, in press
  • Hill M. J., Drasar B. S., Aries V., Crowther J. S., Hawksworth G., Williams R. EO. Bacteria and aetiology of cancer of large bowel. Lancet 1971; i: 95–100
  • Korpela J. Fecal neutral sterol and bile acid profiles in various dietary groups and in colorectal cancer. Thesis, Helsinki University, Mäntsälän kirjapaino 1988: 1–62 (ISBN 951–99948–3–1)
  • Ferguson L., Parry J. M. Mitotic aneuploidy as possible mechanisms for tumour promoting acitivity of bile acids. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5: 447–51
  • Kaibara N., Yurugi E., Koga S. Promoting effect of bile acids on the chemical transformation of C3H/10 T1/2 fibroblasts in vitro. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 5482–5
  • Reddy B. Bile salts and other constituents of the colon as tumor promoters. Banbury Report 7—Gastrointestinal Cancer: Endogenous factors, W. R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S. R. Tannenbaum, T. D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1981; 345–63
  • Owen R. W., Henly P. J., Thompson M. H., Hill M. J. Steroids and cancer: Faecal bile acid screening for early detection of cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem 1986; 24: 391–4
  • Owen R. W., Dodo M., Thompson M. H., Hill M. J. Fecal steroids and colorectal cancer. Nutr Cancer 1987; 9: 73–80
  • Owen R. W., Thompson M. H., Hill M. J., Wilpart M., Mainquet P., Roberfroid M. The importance of the ratio of litocholic to deoxycholic acid in large bowel carcinogenesis. Nutr Cancer 1987; 9: 67–71
  • Adlercreutz H. Does fiber-rich food containing animal lignan precursors protect against both colon and breast cancer? An extension of the “Fiber hypothesis”. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 761–4
  • Adlercreutz H., Järvenpää P. Assay of estrogens in human feces. J Steroid Biochem 1982; 17: 639–45
  • Goldin B. R., Adlercreutz H, Gorbach SL, Warram JH, Dwyer JT, L. Swenson L, Woods MN. Estrogen excretion patterns and plasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. New Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1542–7
  • Goldin B. R., Adlercreutz H., Gorbach S. L., Woods M. N., Dwyer J. T., Conlon T., Bonn E., Gershoff S. N. The relationship between estrogen levels and diets of Caucasian American and Oriental immigrant women. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44: 945–53
  • Adlercreutz H., Martin F. Biliary excretion and intestinal metabolism of progesterone and estrogens in man. J Steroid Biochem 1980; 13: 231–44
  • Adlercreutz H. Fotsis T, Bannwart C, Hämäläinen E, Bloigu, A. Ollus. Urinary estrogen profile determination in young Finnish vegetarian and omnivorous women. J Steroid Biochem 1986; 24: 289–96
  • Adlercreutz H. Diet, breast cancer and sex hormone metabolism. Ann NY Acad Sci, in press
  • Hämäläinen E., Adlercreutz H., Puska P., Pietinen P. Decrease of serum total and free testosterone during a low-fat high-fibre diet. J Steroid Biochem 1983; 18: 369–70
  • Hämäläinen E., Adlercreutz H., Puska P., Pietinen P. Diet and serum hormones in healthy men. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 459–64
  • Howie B. J., Shultz T. D. Dietary and hormonal interrelationships among vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists and nonvegetarian men. Am. J Clin Nutr 1985; 42: 127–34, 1985
  • Shultz T. D., Howie B. J. In vitro binding of steroid hormones by natural and purified fibers. Nutr Cancer 1986; 8: 141–7
  • Whitten C. G., Schultz T. D. Binding of steroid hormones in vitro by water-insoluble dietary fiber. Nutr Res 1988; 8: 1223–35
  • Adlercreutz H., Höckerstedt K., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Hämäläinen E., Fotsis T., Ollus A. Effect of dietary components, including lignans and phytoestrogens, on enterohepatic circulation and liver metabolism of estrogens and on sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG). J Steroid Biochem 1987; 27: 1135–44
  • Adlercreutz H., Höckerstedt K., Bannwart C., Hämäläinen E., Fotsis T., Bloigu S. Association between dietary fiber, urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonic phytoestrogens, and plasma non-protein bound sex hormones in relation to breast cancer. Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy, Vol. 35: Hormones and Cancer 3, F. Bresciani, R. JB King, M. E. Lippman, J-P Raynaud. Raven Press, Ltd, New York 1988; 409–12
  • Adlercreutz H., Hämäläinen E., Gorbach S. L., Goldin B. R., Woods M. N., Dwyer J. T. Diet and plasma androgens in postmenopausal vegetarian and omnivorous women and postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 433–42
  • Anderson K. E., Rosner W., Khan M. S., New M. I., Pang S., Wissel P. S., Kappas A. Diet-hormone interactions: Protein/carbohydrate ratio alters reciprocally the plasma levels of testosterone and cortisol and their respective binding globulins in man. Life Sci 1987; 40: 1761–8
  • Longcope C., Yosha S., Young R. A., Baker S., Braverman L. E. The effects of low-protein diet and testosterone on sex hormone-binding globulin capacity in male rabbits. Metabolism 1987; 36: 703–7
  • Kappas A., Anderson K. E., Conney A. H., Pantuck E. J., Fishman J. HL, Bradlow H. L. Nutrition-endocrine interactions: Induction of reciprocal changes in the delta-4–5a-reduction of testosterone and the cytochrome P-450-dependent oxidation of estradiol by dietary macronutritients in man. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1983; 80: 7646–9
  • Anderson K. E., Kappas A., Conney A. H., Bradlow H. L., Fishman J. The influence of dietary protein and carbohydrate on the principal oxidative biotransformations of estradiol in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 59: 103–7
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Höckerstedt K., Hämäläinen E., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Valtonen A., Ollus A. Diet and urinary estrogen profile in Finnish pre-menopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women and in women with breast cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988; 48(Suppl 190)189
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Höckerstedt K., Hämäläinen E., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Valtonen A., Ollus A. Diet and urinary estrogen profile in premenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women and in premenopausal women with breast cancer. J Steroid Biochem, in press
  • Adlercreutz H., Gorbach S. L., Goldin B. R., Woods M. N., Dwyer J. T., Hämäläinen E. Urinary estrogen profile in young Oriental immigrant and Finnish women. J Steroid Biochem 1989; 32S, Suppl 33
  • Adlercreutz H., Hämäläinen E., Gorbach S. L., Goldin B. R., Woods M. N. Swenson Branson L, Dwyer JT: Association of diet and sex hormones in relation to breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987; 23: 1725–6
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Heikkinen R., Dwyer J. T., Goldin B. R., Gorbach S. L., Lawson A. M., Setchell K. DR. Diet and urinary excretion of lignans in female subjects. Med Biol 1981; 59: 259–61
  • MacMahon B., Cole P., Brown J. B., Aoki K., Lin T. M., Morgan R. W., Woo N-C. Urine oestrogen profiles of Asian and North American women. Int J Cancer 1974; 14: 161–7
  • Trichopoulos D., Yen S., Brown J., Cole P., MacMahon B. The effect of westernization on urine estrogens, frequency of ovulation, and breast cancer risk. Cancer 1984; 53: 187–92
  • Gray G. E., Williams P., Gerkins V., Brown J. B., Armstrong B., Phillips R., Casagrande J. TE, Pike M. C., Henderson B. E. Diet and hormone levels in Seventh-Day Adventist teenage girls. Prev Med 1982; 11: 103–7
  • Shultz T. D., Leklem J. E. Nutritient intake and hormonal status of premenopausal vegetarian Seventh-Day Adventists and premenopausal nonvegetarians. Nutr Cancer, 4: 247–59
  • Williams C. M., Maunder K. The effect of a low-fat diet on luteal-phase prolactin and oestradiol concentrations and erythrocyte phospholipids in normal premenopausal women. Brit J Nutr 1989; 61: 651–61
  • Hill P., Garbaczewski L., Helman P., Huskisson J., Sporangisa E., Wynder E. L. Diet, lifestyle, and menstrual cycle. Am J Clin Nutr 1980; 33: 1192–8
  • Woods M. N., Gorbach S. L., Longcope C., Goldin B. R., Dwyer J. T., Morrill-LaBrode A. Low-fat, high-fiber diet and serum estrone sulfate in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1989; 49: 1179–83
  • Longcope C., Gorbach S., Goldin B., Woods M., Dwyer J., Morril A., Warram J. The effect of a low fat diet on estrogen metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 64: 1246–50
  • Musey P. I., Collins D. C., Bradlow H. L., Gould K. G., Preedy J. RK. Effect of diet on oxidation of 17β-estradiol in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1987; 65: 792–5
  • Adlercreutz H. Lignans and phytoestrogens. Possible preventive role in cancer. Frontiers of Gastrointestinal Research, P. Rozen. S. Karger, Basel 1988; 14: 165–76, 1988
  • Price K. R., Fenwick G. R. Naturally occurring oestrogens in foods. A review. Fr Add Contam 1985; 2: 73–106
  • Setchell K. DR, Adlercreutz H. Mammalian lignans and phytoestrogens. Recent studied on their formation, metabolism and biological role in health and disease. Role of the Gut Flora in Toxicity and Cancer, I. R. Rowland. Academic Press, London 1988; 315–45
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Heikkinen R., Dwyer J. T., Woods M., Goldin B. R., Gorbach S. L. Excretion of the lignans enterolactone and enterodiol and of equol in omnivorous and vegetarian women and in women with breast cancer. Lancet 1982; 11: 1295–9
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Bannwart C., Wähälä K., Mäkelä T., Brunow G., Hase T. Determination of urinary lignans and phytoestrogen metabolites, potential antiestrogens and anticarcinogens, in urine of women on various habitual diets. J Steroid Biochem, 25: 791–7
  • Hirano T., Oka K., Akiba M. Antiproliferative effects of synthetic and naturally occurring flavonoids on tumor cells of the human breast carcinoma cell line, ZR-75–1. Res Comm Chem Path Pharm 1989; 64: 69–78
  • Hirano T., Oka K., Kawashima E., Akiba M. Effects of synthetic and naturally occurring flavonoids on mitogen-induced proliferation of human peripheral-blood lymphocytes. Life Sci 1989; 45: 1407–41
  • Akiyama T., Ishida J., Nakagawa S., Ogawara H., Watanabe S., Itoh N., Shibuya M., Fukami Y. Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. J Biol Chem 1987; 262: 5592–5
  • Ogawara H., Akiyama T., Watanabe S., Ito N., Kobori M., Sedoa Y. Inhibition of tyrosine protein kinase activity by synthetic isoflavones and flavones. J Antibiotics 1989; XLI: 340–3
  • Teraoka H., Ohmura Y., Tsukada K. The nuclear matrix from rat liver is capable of phosphorylating exogenous tyrosine-containing substrates. Biochem Intern 1989; 18: 1203–10
  • Markovits J., Linassier C., Fosse P., Couprie J., Pierre J., Jacquemin-Sablon A., Saucier J-M, Le Pecq J-B, Larsen A. K. Inhibitory effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein on mammalian DNA topoisomerase II. Canc Res 1989; 49: 5111–7
  • Bannwart C., Adlercreutz H., Wähälä K., Kotiaho T., Hesso A., Brunow G., Hase T. Identification of the phyto-oestrogen 3′,7-dihydroxyisoflavan, an isomer of equol, in human urine and cow's milk. Biomed Environ Mass Spectrom 1988; 17: 1–6, 1988
  • Bannwart C., Adlercreutz H., Wähälä K., Brunow G., Hase T. Detection and identification of the plant lignans lariciresinol, isolariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol in human urine. Clin Chim Acta 1989; 180: 293–302
  • Wähälä K., Mäkelä T., Bäckström R., Brunow G., Hase T. Synthesis of the [2H]-labelled urinary lignans, enterolactone and enterodiol, and the phytoestrogen daidzein and its metabolites equol and O-desmethyl-angolensin. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans 1986; I: 95–98
  • Markarevich B. M., Clark J. H. Two binding sites for estradiol in rat uterine nuclei: Relationship to uterotropic response. Endocrinology 1979; 105: 1458–62
  • Markarevich B. M., Upchurch S., Clark J. H. Progesterone and dexamethasone antagonism of uterine growth: A role for a second nuclear binding site for estradiol in estrogen action. J Steroid Biochem 1981; 14: 125–32
  • Markarevich B. M., Roberts R. R., Alejandro M. A., Johnson G. A., Middleditch B. S., Clark J. H. Bioflavonoid interaction with rat uterine type II binding sites and cell growth inhibition. J Steroid Biochem 1988; 30: 71–8
  • Markarevich B. M., Gregory R. R., Alejandro M-A, Clark J. H., Johnson G. A., Middleditch B. S. Methyl p-hydroxyphenyllactate. An inhibitor of cell growth and proliferation and an endogenous ligand for nuclear type-II binding sites. J Biol Chem 1988; 263: 7203–10
  • Adlercreutz H., Honjo A., Higashi A., Fotsis T., Hämäläinen E., Hasegawa T., Okada H. Lignan and phytoestrogen excretion in Japanese consuming traditional diet. Scand. J Clin Lab Invest 1988; 48(Suppl 190)190
  • Adlercreutz H., Höckerstedt K., Hämäläinen E., Fotsis T., Bannwart C., Bloigu S., Wähälä K., Mäkelä T., Brunow G., Hase T. Lignan and phytoestrogen excretion in Finnish premenopausal omnivorous and vegetarian women and in women with breast cancer. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988; 48(Suppl 190)190
  • Axelson M., Sjövall J., Gustafsson B. E., Setchell K. DR. Soya—a dietary source of the non-steroidal oestrogen equol in human and animals. J Endocrinol 1984; 102: 49–56
  • Adlercreutz H., Fotsis T., Bannwart C., Mäkelä T., Wähälä K., Brunow G., Hase T. Assay of lignans and phyto-oestrogens in urine of women and in cow milk by GC/MS (SIM). Advances in Mass Spectrometry-85. Proceedings of the 10th International Mass Spectrometry Conference, J. FJ Todd. John Wiley, Chichester, Sussex 1986; 1293–4
  • Cantarelli C. Cereals as food: New technological trends and their nutritional implications. Nutritional impact of food processing. Bibl Nutr Dieta, J. C. Somogyi, H. R. Müller. Karger, Basel 1989; 43: 31–46
  • Elkik F., Gompel A., Mercier-Bodard C., Kuttenn F., Guyenne P. N., Corvol P., Mauvais-Jarvis P. Effects of percutaneous estradiol and conjugated estrogens on the level of plasma proteins and triglycerides in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynec 1982; 143: 888–92
  • Hoist J., Cajander S., Carlström K., Damber M-G, von Schoultz. A comparison of liver protein induetion in postmenopausal women during oral and percutaneous oestrogens replacement therapy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaec. 1983; 90: 355–60
  • Armstrong B. K., Brown J. B., Clarke H. T., Crooke D. K., Hähnel R., Masarei J. R., Ratajczak T. Diet and reproductive hormones: a study of vegetarian and non-vegetarian women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1981; 67: 761–7
  • Dao T. L. Metabolism of estrogens in breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1979; 560: 397–426
  • Zumoff B. Hormonal profiles in women with breast cancer (Review). Anticancer Res 1988; 8: 627–36
  • Lubin F., Wax Y., Modan B. Role of fat, animal protein, and dietary fiber in breast cancer etiology: a case-control study. J Natl Canc Inst 1986; 77: 605–12
  • Brisson J., Verreault R., Morrison A. S., Tennina S., Meyer F. Diet, mammographic features of breast tissue, and breast cancer risk. Am J Epidem 1989; 130: 14–24
  • Kolonel L. N. Hankin JH, Lee J, Chu SY, Nomura AMY, Hinds MW. Nutritient intakes in relation to cancer incidence in Hawaii. Br J Cancer 1981; 44: 332–9
  • Pryor M., Slattery M. L., Robison L. M., Egger M. Adolescent diet and breast cancer in Utah. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 2161–7
  • Willett W. C., Stamper M. J., Colditz G. A., Rosner B., Hennekens C. H., Speizer F. E. Dietary fat and the risk of breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 22–8
  • Schatzkin A., Greenwald P., Byar D. P., Clifford C. K. The dietary fat-breast cancer hypothesis is alive. JAMA 1989; 261: 3284–7
  • Prentice R. L., Pepe M., Self S. G. Dietary fat and breast cancer: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiological literature and a discussion of methodological issues. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 3147–56
  • Report from the IARC Intestinal Microecology Group. Dietary fibre, transit-time, faecal bacteria, steroids, and colon cancer in two Scandinavian populations. Lancet 1977; ii: 207–11
  • Seppänen R., Strand R., Burton R. K. Dietary patterns in Parikkala and Helsinki, Finland. Nutrition and Cancer 1982; 4: 41–9
  • Axelson M., Sjövall J., Gustafsson B. E., Setchell K. DR. Origin of lignans in mammals and identification of a precursor from plants. Nature 1982; 298: 659–60
  • van't Veer P., Dekker J. M., Lamers J. WJ, Kok F. J., Schouten E. G., Brants H. AM, Sturmans F., Hermus R. JJ. Consumption of fermented milk products and breast cancer: A case-control study in the Netherlands. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4020–3
  • Goldin B. R., Gorbach S. L. The effect of milk and Lactobacillus feeding on human intestinal bacterial enzyme activity. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 39: 756–61
  • Gorbach S. L. Estrogens, breast cancer, and intestinal flora. Rev Infect Dis 1984; 6: S85–S90
  • Barnes S., Grubbs C., Setchell K. DR. Chemoprevention by powdered soybean chips (PSC) of mammary tumors in rats. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1988; 12: 128
  • Jones L. A., Ota D. M., Jackson G. A., Jackson P. M., Kemp K., Anderson D. E., McCamant S. K., Bauman D. H. Bioavailability of estradiol as a marker for breast cancer risk assessment. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 5224–9
  • Fishman J., Schneider J., Hershcopf R. J.Bradlow H. L. Increased estrogen-16α-hydroxylase activity in women with breast and endometrial cancer. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 1077–81, 1984
  • Bradlow H. L., Hershcopf R. J., Martucci C. P., Fishman J. Estradiol 16α-hydroxylase in the mouse correlates with mammary tumor incidence and presence of murine mammary tumor virus: A possible model for the hormonal etiology of breast cancer in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) 1985; 82: 6295–9
  • Bradlow H. L., Hershcopf R. E., Fishman J. F. Oestradiol 16α-hydroxylase: a risk marker for breast cancer. Cancer Surveys 1986; 5: 573–83
  • Jasonni V. M., Bulletti C., Franceschetti F., Bonavia M., Bolelli G., Ciotti P., Flamigni C. Estrone sulphate plasma levels in postmenopausal women with and without endometrial cancer. Cancer 1984; 53: 2698–700
  • Liehr J. G., Ulubelen A. A., Strobel H. W. Cytochrome P-450-mediated redox cycling of estrogens. J Biol Chem 1986; 261: 16865–70
  • McLachlan J. A., Wong A., Degen G. H., Barrett J. C. Morphological and neoplastic transformation of Syrian hamster embryo fibroblasts by diethylstilbestrol and analogs. Cancer Res 1982; 42: 104–9
  • Epe B., Metzler M. Nature of the macromolecular binding of diethylstilbestrol to DNA and protein following oxidation by peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide. Chem-Biol Interactions 1985; 56: 351–61
  • Epe B., Hegler J., Metzler M. Site-specific covalent binding of stilbene-type and steroidal estrogens to tubulin following metabolic activation in vitro. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1271–5
  • Kalyanaraman B., Sealy R. C., Liehr J. G. Characterization of semiquinone free radicals formed from stilbene catechol estrogens. J Biol Chem 1989; 264: 11014–9
  • Wood A. W., Smith D. S., Chang R. L., Huang M-T, Conney A. H. Effects of flavonoids on the metabolism of xenobiotics. Plant flavonoids in Biology and Medicine: Biochemical, pharmacological, and structure-activity relationships, V. Cody, E. Middleton, Jr, J. B. Harborne. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York 1986; 195–210
  • Reddy B. S., Cohen L. A., McCoy G. D., Hill P., Weisburger J. H., Wynder E. L. Nutrition and its relationship to cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1980; 32: 237–345
  • Diet, nutrition and Cancer: A critical evaluation, B. S. Reddy, L. A. Cohen. CRC Press. 1986; Vol. I and II
  • Törnberg S. A., Holm L-E, Carstensen J. M. Breast cancer risk in relation to serum cholesterol, serum beta-lipoprotein, height, weight, and blood pressure. Acta Oncol 1989; 27: 31–7
  • Hsing A. W., Comstock G. W. Serum hormones and risk of subsequent prostate cancer. Am J Epidem 1989; 130: 829
  • Ota K., Misu Y. A study on latent carcinoma of the prostate in Japanese. GANN 1958; 49(Suppl)283–4
  • Breslow N. E., Chan C. W., Dhom G., Drury R. AB, Frnaks L. M., Gellei B., Lee Y. S., Lundberg S., Sparke B., Sternby N. H., Tulinius M. Latent carcinoma of prostate at autopsy in seven areas. Int J Cancer 1977; 20: 680–8
  • Yatani R., Chigusa I., Akazaki K., Stemmerman G. N., Welsh R. A., Correa P. Geographic pathology of latent prostatic cancer. Int J Cancer 1982; 29: 611–6
  • Griffiths K., Davies P., Eaton C. L., Harper M. E., Peeling W. B., Turkes A. O., Turkes A., Wilson D. W., Pierrepoint C. G. Cancer of the prostate: endocrine factors. Oxford Reviews of Reproductive Biology 1987; 9: 192–259
  • Rannikko S., Adlercreutz H. Plasma estradiol, free testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin binding capacity, and prolactin in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostatic cancer. The Prostate 1983; 4: 223–9
  • Haapiainen R., Rannikko S., Adlercreutz H., Alfthan O. Correlation of pretreatment plasma levels of estradiol and sex-hormone-binding globulin-binding capacity with clinical stage and survival of patients with prostatic cancer. The Prostate 1986; 8: 127–37
  • Adlercreutz H. The significance of intestinal microflora and diet for the metabolism and production of hormones with special reference to cancer (in Swedish). Finska Läkaresällskapets Handlingar 1985; 129: 217–25
  • Mills P. K., Beeson W. L., Phillips R. L., Fraser G. E. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle and prostate cancer in adventist men. Cancer 1989; 64: 598–604
  • Severson R. K., Nomura A. MY, Grove J. S., Stemmermann G. N. A prospective study of demographics, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 1857–60
  • Troll W., Wiesner R., Shellabarger C. J., Holtzman S., Stone J. P. Soybean diet lowers breast tumor incidence in irradiated rats. Carcinogenesis 1980; 1: 469–72
  • Lapidus L., Lindstedt G., Lundberg P-A, Bengtson C., Gredmark T. Concentrations of sex-hormonebinding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in serum in relation to cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in postmenopausal women. Clin Chem 1986; 31: 146–52
  • Hämäläinen E., Tikkanen H., Härkönen M., Näveri H., Adlercreutz H. Serum lipoproteins, sex hormones and sex hormone binding globulin in middle-aged men of different physical fitness and risk of coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 1987; 67: 155–62
  • Hämäläinen E., Adlercreutz H., Ehnholm C., Puska P. Relationships of serum lipoproteins and apoproteins to sex hormones and to the binding capacity of sex hormone binding globulin in healthy Finnish men. Metabolism 1986; 35: 535–41
  • Schaefer E., Foster D., Zech L., Lindgren F. T., Brewer H. B., Levi R. I. The effect of estrogen administration on plasma lipoprotein metabolism in premenopausal females. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 262–7
  • Clark A. Steroid delta-4-reductases: Their physiological role and significance. Steroid Biochemistry, R. Hobkirk. CRC, Fla 1979; 1–28
  • Levy R. I. Cholesterol, lipoproteins, apoproteins and heart disease: Present status and future prospects. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 653–62
  • Maciejko J. J., Holmes D. R., Kottke B. A., Zinsmeister A. R., Dinh D. M., Mao S. JT. Apolipoprotein A-I as a marker of angiographically assessed coronaryartery disease. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 385–9
  • Jong Wasvary M., Kothari H. V., Steele R. E., Gruenfeld N., Steinetz B. G. Identification of potential antiatherosclerotic/hypolipidemic agents by their effect on hepatic conversion of androst-4-ene-3,17-dione to etiocholanolone and androsterone. Atherosclerosis 1985; 54: 23–36
  • Englyst H. N., Bingham S. A., Wiggins H. S., Southgate D. AT, Seppänen R., Helms P., Anderson V., Day K. C., Choolun R., Collinson E., Cummings J. H. Nonstarch polysaccharide consumption in four Scandinavian populations. Nutr Cancer 1982; 4: 50–60
  • Sharma R. D. Isoflavones and hypercholesterolemia in rats. Lipids 1979; 14: 535–40
  • Sirtori C. R., Agradi E., Conti F., Mantero O., Gatti E. Soybean-protein diet in the treatment of type-II hyperlipoproteinemia. Lancet 1977; i: 275–7
  • Schweizer T. F., Bekhechi A. R., Koellreutter B., Reimann S., Pometta D., Bron B. A. Metabolic effects of dietary fiber from dehulled soybeans in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1983; 38: 1–11
  • Howell M. A. The association between colorectal cancer and breast cancer. J Chron Dis 1976; 29: 243–61
  • Conteas C. N., Desai T. K., Arlow F. A. Relationship of hormones and growth factors to colon cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1988; 17: 761–72
  • McMichael A. J., Potter J. D. Reproduction, endogenous and exogenous sex hormones, and colon cancer: A review and hypothesis. JNCI 1980; 65: 1201–7
  • Potter J. D., McMichael A. J. Large bowel cancer in women in relation to reproductive and hormonal factors: A case-control study. JNCI 1983; 71: 703–9
  • Alford T. C., Do H-M, Geelhoed G. W., Tsangaris N. T., Lippman M. E. Steroid hormone receptors in human colon cancers. Cancer 1979; 43: 980–4
  • Wobbes T., Beex L. VAM, Koenders A. MJ. Estrogen and progestin receptors in colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1984; 27: 591–2
  • d'Istria M., Fasano S., Catuogno F., Gaeta F., Bucci L., Benassai G., Mazzeo F., Delrio G. Androgen and progesterone receptors in colonic and rectal cancers. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29: 263–5
  • Stebbings W. SL, Farthing M. JG, Vinson G. P., North-over J. MA, Wood R. FM. Androgen receptors in rectal and colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1986; 29: 95–8
  • Stebbings W. SL, Vinson G. P., Farthing M. JG, Balkwill F., Wood R. FM. Effect of steroid hormones on human colorectal adenocarcinoma xenografts, of known steroid-receptor status, in nude mice. J Cancer Res 1989; 115: 439–44
  • Setchell K. DR, Lawson A. M., Borriello S. P., Harkness R., Gordon H., Morgan D. ML, Kirk D. N., Adlercreutz H., Anderson L. C., Axelson M. Lignan formation in man-Microbial involevement and possible roles in relation to cancer. Lancet 1981; ii: 4–7
  • Potter J. D., McMichael A. J. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: A case-control study. JNCI 1986; 76: 557–69
  • Rogers A. E., Longnecker M. P. Biology of disease. Dietary and nutritional influences on cancer: A review of epidemiologic and experimental data. Lab Invest 1988; 59: 729–59
  • Lee H. P., Gourley L., Duffy S. W., Estève J., Day N. E. Colorectal cancer and diet in an Asian population-A Case control study among Singapore Chinese. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 1007–16
  • McKeown-Eyssen G. E., Bright-See E. Dietary factors in colon cancer: International relationships. Nutr Cancer 1984; 6: 160–70
  • Jacobs L. R. Fiber and colon cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 1988; 17: 747–60
  • Heilbrun L. K., Nomura A., Hankin J. H., Stemmermann G. N. Diet and colorectal cancer with special reference to fiber intake. Int J Cancer 1989; 44: 1–6
  • Jensen O. M., MacLennan R., Wahrendorf J. Diet, bowel function, fecal characteristics, and large bowel cancer in Denmark and Finland. Nutr Cancer 1982; 4: 5–19
  • Samelson S. L., Nelson R. L., Nyhus L. M. Protective role of faecal pH in experimental colon carcinogensis. J Royal Soc Med 1985; 78: 230–3
  • Walker A. RP, Walker B. F., Walker A. J. Faecal pH, dietary fibre intake, and proneness to colon cancer in four South African populations. Br J Cancer 1986; 53: 489–95
  • Wargovich M. J., Eng V. WS, Newmark H. L., Bruce W. R. Calcium ameliorates the toxic effect of deoxycholic acid on colonic epithelium. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4: 1205–7
  • Rafter J. J., Eng V. WS, Furrer R., Medline A., Bruce W. R. Effects of calcium and pH on the mucosal damage produced by deoxycholic acid in the rat colon. Gut 1986; 27: 1320–9
  • Bruce W. R. Recent hypotheses for the origin of colon cancer. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 4237–42
  • Goldin B. R., Lombardi P., Mayhew J., Gorbach S. L. Factors that affect intestinal bacterial activity: Implications for colon carcinogensis. Banbury report 7—Gastrointestinal cancer: Endogenous factors, W. R. Bruce, P. Correa, M. Lipkin, S. R. Tannenbaum, T. D. Wilkins. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 1981; 41–57
  • Trudel J. L., Senterman M. K., Brown R. A. The fat/fiber antagonism in experimental colon carcinogensis. Surgery 1983; 94: 691–6
  • Galloway D. J., Owen R. W., Jarrett F., Boyle P., Hill M. J., George W. D. Experimental colorectal cancer: the relationship of diet and faecal bile acid concentration to tumour induction. Br J Surg 1986; 73: 233–7
  • Reddy B. S., Maeura Y., Wayman M. Effect of dietary corn bran and autohydrolyzed lignin on 3,2′-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-induced intestinal carcinogensis in male F344 rats. JNCI 1983; 71: 419–23
  • Temple N. J., Basu T. K. Dietary fibre and the mouse colon: Its influence on luminal pH, reducing activity and bile acid binding. Cancer Lett 1988; 41: 111–8
  • Korpela J. T., Adlercreutz H., Turunen M. J. Fecal free and conjugated bile acids and neutral sterols in vegetarians, omnivores, and patients with colorectal cancer. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988; 23: 277–83
  • Eastwood M. A., Elton R. A., Smith J. H. Long-term effect of wholemeal bread on stool weight, transit time, fecal bile acids, fats, and neutral sterols. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 343–9
  • Powles J. W., Williams D. RR. Trends in bowel cancer in selected countries in relation to wartime changes in flour milling. Nutr Cancer 1984; 6: 41–8
  • Jouin H., Baumann R., Derlon A., Varra A., Calderoli H., Jaeck D., Weill-Bousson M., Weill J-P. Is there an increased incidence of adenomatous polyps in breast cancer patients?. Cancer 1989; 63: 599–603
  • Stemmerman G. N., Heilbrun L. K., Nomura A., Yano K., Hayashi T. Adenomatous polyps and atherosclerosis: An autopsy study of Japanese men in Hawaii. Int J Cancer 1986; 38: 789–94
  • Wilpart M., Mainguet P., Maskens A., Roberfroid M. Mutagenicity of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine towards Salmonella typhimurium, co-mutagenic effect of secondary biliary acids. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4: 45–8
  • Jenkins D. JA, Jenkins A. L., Rao A. V., Thompson L. U. Cancer risk: Possible protective role of high carbohydrate high fiber diets. Am J Gastroent 1986; 81: 931–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.