Value of routine clinical tests in predicting the development of infected pancreatic necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis

References

• Yousaf M, McCallion K, Diamond T. Management of severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 407–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toouli J, Brooke-Smith M, Bassi C, Carr-Locke D, Telford J, Freeny P, et al. Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17 Suppl: S15–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karimgani I, Porter KA, Langevin RE, Banks PA. Prognostic factors in sterile pancreatic necrosis. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1636–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Zidan FM, Bonham MJ, Windsor JA. Severity of acute pancreatitis: a multivariate analysis of oxidative stress markers and modified Glasgow criteria. Br J Surg 2000; 87: 1019–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triester SL, Kowdley KV. Prognostic factors in acute pancreatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 34: 167–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaji S, Takada T, Kawarada Y, Hirata K, Mayumi T, Yoshida M, et al. Jpn Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: surgical management. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2006; 13: 48–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balthazar EJ, Freeny PC, van Sonnenberg E. Imaging and intervention in acute pancreatitis. Radiology 1994; 193: 297–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley EL III (1993) . A clinically based classification system for acute pancreatitis. Summary of the International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, Ga, 11–13 September, 1992. Arch Surg ;128:586–90.
   Google Scholar
• Beger HG, Rau B, Mayer J, Pralle U. Natural course of acute pancreatitis. World J Surg 1997; 21: 130–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley EL III, Allen K. A prospective longitudinal study of observation versus surgical intervention in the management of necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1991; 161: 19–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattner DW, Legermate DA, Lee MJ, Mueller PR, Warshaw AL. Early surgical debridement of symptomatic pancreatic necrosis is beneficial irrespective of infection. Am J Surg 1992; 163: 105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloor B, Muller CA, Worni M, Martignoni ME, Uhl W, Buchler MW. Late mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 2001; 88: 975–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhl W, Warshaw A, Imrie C, Bassi C, McKay CJ, Lankisch PG, et al. IAP guidelines for the surgical management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2002; 2: 565–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. Prognosis in acute organ-system failure. Ann Surg 1985; 202: 685–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Heath DI, Imrie CW. Prediction of outcome in acute pancreatitis: a comparative study of APACHE II, clinical assessment and multiple factor scoring systems. Br J Surg 1990; 77: 1260–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranson JH. Etiological and prognostic factors in human acute pancreatitis: a review. Am J Gastroenterol 1982; 77: 633–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranson JH, Balthazar E, Caccavale R, Cooper M. Computed tomography and the prediction of pancreatic abscess in acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1985; 201: 656–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pezzilli R, Billi P, Miniero R, Fiocchi M, Cappelletti O, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Serum interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and beta 2-microglobulin in early assessment of severity of acute pancreatitis. Comparison with serum C-reactive protein. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 2341–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Gut 2005;54 Suppl 3iii:1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks PA, Gerzof SG, Langevin RE, Silverman SG, Sica GT, Hughes MD. CT-guided aspiration of suspected pancreatic infection: bacteriology and clinical outcome. Int J Pancreatol 1995; 18: 265–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerzof SG, Banks PA, Robbins AH, Johnson WC, Spechler SJ, Wetzner SM, et al. Early diagnosis of pancreatic infection by computed tomography-guided aspiration. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 1315–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rau B, Pralle U, Mayer JM, Beger HG. Role of ultrasonographically guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of infected pancreatic necrosis. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 179–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchler MW, Gloor B, Muller CA, Friess H, Seiler CA, Uhl W. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis: treatment strategy according to the status of infection. Ann Surg 2000; 232: 619–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gloor B, Muller CA, Worni M, Stahel PF, Redaelli C, Uhl W, et al. Pancreatic infection in severe pancreatitis: the role of fungus and multiresistant organisms. Arch Surg 2001; 136: 592–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dambrauskas Z (2005) , Gulbinas A, Vanagas T, Pundzius J, Barauskas G. Factors influencing the development of infected pancreas necrosis in severe acute pancreatitis // 6th Congress of the EHPBA: May 25–28, 2005, Heidelberg, Germany. HPB ;7:58.
   Google Scholar
• United Kingdom guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. British Society of Gastroenterology. Gut 1998;42 Suppl 2:S1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman J. The role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1998; 175: 76–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman MO, Jensen SL. Acute pancreatitis: the pathophysiological role of cytokines and integrins. New trends for treatment?. Dig Surg 1999; 16: 347–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lankisch PG, Pflichthofer D, Lehnick D. No strict correlation between necrosis and organ failure in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2000; 20: 319–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenner S, Sica G, Hughes M, Noordhoek E, Feng S, Zinner M, et al. Relationship of necrosis to organ failure in severe acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 899–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waele J, Vogelaers D, Decruyenaere J, De Vos M, Colardyn F. Infectious complications of acute pancreatitis. Acta Clin Belg 2004; 59: 90–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenmann R, Buchler MW. Infection and acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1994; 81: 1707–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isenmann R, Rau B, Beger HG. Bacterial infection and extent of necrosis are determinants of organ failure in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1999; 86: 1020–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer AD, McMahon MJ, Bowen M, Cooper EH. C-reactive protein: an aid to assessment and monitoring of acute pancreatitis. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37: 207–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riche FC, Cholley BP, Laisne MJ, Vicaut E, Panis YH, Lajeunie EJ, et al. Inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin as early predictors of necrosis infection in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery 2003; 133: 257–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson C, Heads A, Shenkin A, Imrie CW. C-reactive protein, antiproteases and complement factors as objective markers of severity in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1989; 76: 177–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barauskas G, Svagzdys S, Maleckas A. C-reactive protein in early prediction of pancreatic necrosis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2004; 40: 135–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armengol-Carrasco M, Oller B, Escudero LE, Roca J, Gener J, Rodriguez N, et al. Specific prognostic factors for secondary pancreatic infection in severe acute pancreatitis. Dig Surg 1999; 16: 125–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Formela LJ, Galloway SW, Kingsnorth AN. Inflammatory mediators in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg 1995; 82: 6–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halonen KI, Leppaniemi AK, Lundin JE, Puolakkainen PA, Kemppainen EA, Haapiainen RK. Predicting fatal outcome in the early phase of severe acute pancreatitis by using novel prognostic models. Pancreatology 2003; 3: 309–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusske AM, Rongione AJ, Reber HA. Cytokines and acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 639–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandi Y, Farkas G, Takacs T, Boda K, Lonovics J. Diagnostic relevance of procalcitonin, IL-6, and sICAM-1 in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Int J Pancreatol 2000; 28: 41–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rau B, Steinbach G, Gansauge F, Mayer JM, Grunert A, Beger HG. The potential role of procalcitonin and interleukin 8 in the prediction of infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Gut 1997; 41: 832–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi C. Infected pancreatic necrosis. Int J Pancreatol 1994; 16: 1–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Buchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 433–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi C, Mangiante G, Falconi M, Salvia R, Frigerio I, Pederzoli P. Prophylaxis for septic complications in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 2001; 8: 211–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heinrich S, Schafer M, Rousson V, Clavien PA. Evidence-based treatment of acute pancreatitis: a look at established paradigms. Ann Surg 2006; 243: 154–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma VK, Howden CW. Prophylactic antibiotic administration reduces sepsis and mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Pancreas 2001; 22: 28–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dervenis C, Johnson CD, Bassi C, Bradley E, Imrie CW, McMahon MJ, et al. Diagnosis, objective assessment of severity, and management of acute pancreatitis. Santorini consensus conference. Int J Pancreatol 1999; 25: 195–210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nordback I, Sand J, Saaristo R, Paajanen H. Early treatment with antibiotics reduces the need for surgery in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a single-center randomized study. J Gastrointest Surg 2001; 5: 113–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar