Serum biomarkers for atrophic gastritis and antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in the elderly: Implications for vitamin B₁₂, folic acid and iron status and response to oral vitamin therapy

References

• Nilsson-Ehle H. Age-related changes in cobalamin (vitamin B12) handling. Implications for therapy. Drugs Aging 1998; 12: 277–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasinski SD, Russell RM, Samloff IM, Jacob RA, Dallal GE, McGandy RB, et al. Fundic atrophic gastritis in an elderly population. Effect on hemoglobin and several serum nutritional indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 800–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson-Ehle H, Landahl S, Lindstedt G, Netterblad L, Stockbruegger R, Westin J, et al. Low serum cobalamin levels in a population study of 70- and 75-year-old subjects. Gastrointestinal causes and hematological effects. Dig Dis Sci 1989; 34: 716–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broutet N. Risk factors for atrophic chronic gastritis in a European population: results of the Eurohepygast study Group. Gut 2002; 50: 779–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weck MN, Brenner H. Prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis in different parts of the world. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15: 1083–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sande N, Nikulin M, Nilsson I, Wadström T, Laxén F, Härkönen M, et al. Increased risk of developing atrophic gastritis in patients infected with CagA+ Helicobacter pylori. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36: 928–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakaki N, Kozawa H, Egawa N, Tu Y, Sanaka M. Ten-year prospective follow-up study on the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and progression of atrophic gastritis, particularly assessed by endoscopic findings. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16(Suppl 2)198–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valle J, Kekki M, Sipponen P, Ihamäki T, Siurala M. Long-term course and consequences of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Results of a 32-year follow-up study. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 546–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohata H, Kitauchi S, Yoshimura N, Mugitani K, Iwane M, Nakamura H, et al. Progression of chronic atrophic gastritis associated with Helicobacter pylori infection increases risk of gastric cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 109: 138–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkola A, Louhimo J, Puolakkainen P, Alfthan H, Haglund C, Rautelin H. Helicobacter pylori infection and low serum pepsinogen I level as risk factors for gastric carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 1032–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borody TJ, Andrews P, Jankiewicz E, Ferch N, Carroll M. Apparent reversal of early gastric mucosal atrophy after triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 1266–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkola A, Rautelin H, Puolakkainen P, Sipponen P, Färkkilä M, Haapiainen R, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with atrophic gastritis: comparison of histology, [13C]-urea breath test, and serology. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35: 138–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gause-Nilsson I, Gnarpe H, Gnarpe J, Lundborg P, Steen B. Helicobacter pylori serology in elderly people: a 21-year cohort comparison in 70-year-olds and a 20-year longitudinal population study in 70–90-year-olds. Age Ageing 1998; 27: 433–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokkola A, Kosunen TU, Puolakkainen P, Sipponen P, Harkonen M, Laxen F, et al. Spontaneous disappearance of Helicobacter pylori antibodies in patients with advanced atrophic corpus gastritis. APMIS 2003; 111: 619–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch K, Axelsson CK, Halgreen H, Damkjaer Nielsen MD, Ledin T, Szesci PB. The ratio of pepsinogen A to pepsinogen C: a sensitive test for atrophic gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989; 24: 870–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kekki M, Samloff IM, Varis K, Ihamäki T. Serum pepsinogen I and serum gastrin in the screening of severe atrophic corpus gastritis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991; Suppl 186: 109–16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samloff IM, Varis K, Ihamaki T, Siurala M, Rotter JI. Relationships among serum pepsinogen I, serum pepsinogen II, and gastric mucosal histology. A study in relatives of patients with pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology 1982; 83: 204–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Lindstedt G, Kilander AF. Advantages of serum pepsinogen A combined with gastrin or pepsinogen C as first-line analytes in the evaluation of suspected cobalamin deficiency: a study in patients previously not subjected to gastrointestinal surgery. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 341–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipponen P, Laxén F, Huotari K, Härkönen M. Prevalence of low vitamin B12 and high homocysteine in serum in an elderly male population: association with atrophic gastritis and Helicobacter pylori infection. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 1209–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Väänänen H, Vauhkonen M, Helske T, Kääriäinen I, Rasmussen M, Tunturi-Hihnala H, et al. Non-endoscopic diagnosis of atrophic gastritis with a blood test. Correlation between gastric histology and serum levels of gastrin-17 and pepsinogen I: a multicentre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2003; 15: 885–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samloff IM. Cellular localization of group I pepsinogens in human gastric mucosa by immunofluorescence. Gastroenterology 1971; 61: 185–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samloff IM, Liebman WM. Cellular localization of the group II pepsinogens in human stomach and duodenum by immunofluorescence. Gastroenterology 1973; 65: 36–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ten Kate RW, Pals G, Eriksson AW, Donker AJ, Meuwissen SG. The renal metabolism of pepsinogen A and C in man. Clin Nephrol 1989; 31: 103–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamura H, Tokushima H, Murakawa M, Matsumura O, Itoyama S, Mitarai T, et al. Influences of Helicobacter pylori on serum pepsinogen concentrations in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14: 113–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Döscherholmen A, Swaim WR. Impaired assimilation of egg Co57-vitamin B12 in patients with hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria and after gastric resection. Gastroenterology 1973; 64: 913–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmel R. In vitro studies of gastric juice in patients with food-cobalamin malabsorption. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 2516–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine L, Ahnen D, McClain C, Solcia E, Walsh JH. Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 651–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suter PM, Golner BB, Goldin BR, Morrow FD, Russell RM. Reversal of protein-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption with antibiotics in atrophic gastritis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 1039–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santarelli L, Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, Santoliquido A, Candelli M, Nista EC, et al. Atrophic gastritis as a cause of hyperhomocysteinaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19: 107–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, D'Ambra G, DiGiulio E, Monarca B, et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med 2001; 111: 439–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hershko C, Ronson A, Souroujon M, Maschler I, Heyd J, Patz J. Variable hematologic presentation of autoimmune gastritis: age-related progression from iron deficiency to cobalamin depletion. Blood 2006; 107: 1673–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuBois S, Kearney DJ. Iron-deficiency anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the evidence. Am J Gastroenterol 2005; 100: 453–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewerin C, Nilsson-Ehle H, Matousek M, Lindstedt G, Steen B. Reduction of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonate concentrations in apparently healthy elderly subjects after treatment with folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6: a randomised trial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57: 1426–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewerin C, Ljungman S, Nilsson-Ehle H. Glomerular filtration rate as measured by serum cystatin C is an important determinant of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonic acid in the elderly. J Intern Med 2007; 261: 65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewerin C, Matousek M, Steen G, Johansson B, Steen B, Nilsson-Ehle H. Significant correlations of plasma homocysteine and serum methylmalonic acid with movement and cognitive performance in elderly subjects but no improvement from short-term vitamin therapy: a placebo-controlled randomized study. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 1155–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DJ, Evans DG, Graham DY, Klein PD. A sensitive and specific serologic test for detection of Campylobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 1989; 96: 1004–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bald E, Sypniewski S. Ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography of cysteine and metabolically related compounds in the form of their S-pyridinium derivates. J Chromatogr A 1994; 676: 321–30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen K. Solid-phase sample extraction for rapid determination of methylmalonic acid in serum and urine by a stable-isotope-dilution method. Clin Chem 1989; 35: 260–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solberg HE. The theory of reference values Part 5. Statistical treatment of collected reference values. Determination of reference limits. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1983; 21: 749–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nardone G, Rocco A, Staibano S, Mezza E, Autiero G, Compare D, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the serum profile of gastric mucosa in relation to histological and morphometric diagnosis of atrophy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22: 1139–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staibano S, Rocco A, Mezza E, De Rosa G, Budillon G, Nardone G. Diagnosis of chronic atrophic gastritis by morphometric image analysis. A new method to overcome the confounding effect of the inflammatory infiltrate. J Pathol 2002; 198: 47–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipponen P, Graham DY. Importance of atrophic gastritis in diagnostics and prevention of gastric cancer: application of plasma biomarkers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2007; 42: 2–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borch K, Jönsson KA, Petersson F, Redéen S, Mårdh S, Franzén LE. Prevalence of gastroduodenitis and Helicobacter pylori infection in a general population sample: relations to symptomatology and life-style. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 1322–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokkanen S, Kosunen TU, Sarna S, Miettinen A, Salomaa A, Aromaa A, et al. Normal serum pepsinogen I levels in adults: a population-based study with special reference to Helicobacter pylori infection and parietal cell antibodies. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2005; 65: 291–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korstanje A, den Hartog G, Biemond I, Roelandse FW, Souverijn JH, Lamers CB. Role of Helicobacter pylori and autoimmunity in serological atrophic corpus gastritis in a Dutch primary care community. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 18: 911–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlin H, Berlin R, Brante G. Oral treatment of pernicious anemia with high doses of vitamin B12 without intrinsic factor. Acta Med Scand 1968; 184: 247–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Swedish National Food Administration. Vitamin B₁₂ (cyanokobalamin). URL: http://www.slv.se; 2004.
   Google Scholar