References
- Martini GA. Über Gefässveränderungen der Haut bei Leberkranken. Z Klin Med 1955;150:470.
- Sherlock S, Dooley J. Hepato-cellular failure. In: Sherlock S, Dooley J, editors. Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 10th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1997. p. 73–85.
- Gillespie JA. Vasodilator properties of alcohol. Br Med J 1967;2:274–7.
- Schenker S, Balint J, Schiff L. Differential diagnosis of jaundice: report of a prospective study of 61 proved cases. Am J Dig Dis 1962;7: 449–63.
- Pirovino M, Linder R, Boss C, Kochli HP, Mahler F. Cutaneous spider nevi in liver cirrhosis: capillary microscopical and hormonal investigations. Klin Wochenschr 1988;66:298–302.
- Bean WB. The cutaneous arterial spider: a survey. Medicine 1945;24:243–331.
- Di Lelio A, Cestari C, Lomazzi A, Beretta L. Cirrhosis: diagnosis with sonographic study of the liver surface. Radiology 1989;172:389–92.
- Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973;60:646–9.
- Beppu K, Inokuchi K, Koyanagi N, Nakayama S, Sakata H, Kitano S, et al. Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1981;27:213–8.
- Patek AJ Jr, Post J, Victor JC. The vascular ‘spider’ associated with cirrhosis of the liver. Am J Med Sci 1940;200:341–7.
- Foutch PG, Sullivan JA, Gaines JA, Sanowski RA. Cutaneous vascular spiders in cirrhotic patients: correlation with hemorrhage from esophageal varices. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83: 723–6.
- Chopra IJ, Tulchinsky D, Greenway FL. Estrogen-androgen imbalance in hepatic cirrhosis. Studies in 13 male patients. Ann Intern Med 1973;79: 198–203.
- Gordon GG, Olivo J, Rafil F, Southren AL. Conversion of androgens to estrogens in cirrhosis of the liver. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1975;40:1018–26.
- Lopez PS, Domenech MJM, Lopez OC. Angiogenic factor in the formation of vascular spiders. Rev Esp Enferm Apar Dig 1987;72:713–4.