Zanamivir: a Significant Reduction in Viral Load During Treatment in Military Conscripts with Influenza

References

• Mäkelä MJ, Pauksens K, Rostila T, Fleming DM, Man CY, Keene ON, Webster A. Clinical efficacy and safety of the orally inhaled neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled European study. J Infect 2000; 40: 42–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIST (Management of Influenza in the Southern Hemisphere Trialists) Study Group. Randomised trial of efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir in treatment of influenza A and B virus infections. Lancet 1998; 352: 1877–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hedrick JA, Barzilai A, Behre U, Henderson FW, Hammond J, Reilly L, Keene O. Zanamivir for treatment of symptomatic influenza A and B infection in children five to twelve years of age: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 410–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lalezari J, Campion K, Keene O, Silagy C. Zanamivir for the treatment of influenza A and B infection in high-risk patients – a pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2001; 161: 212–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson R, Schweinle J-E, Burroughs S. Zanamivir for the treatment of clinically diagnosed influenza in clinical practice: results of the valuable-insights-from-patients study. Clin Drug Invest 2000; 20: 327–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silagy C, Watts R. Zanamivir, a new targeted therapy in the treatment of influenza – a patient perspective assessed by questionnaire. Clin Drug Invest 2000; 19: 111–1121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gubareva LV, Kaiser L, Hayden FG. Influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors. Lancet 2000; 355: 827–35.
   Google Scholar
• Waris M, Ziegler T, Kivivirta M, Ruuskanen O. Rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza A virus in cell cultures by immunoperoxidase staining with Mabs. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 1159–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stockton J, Ellis JS, Saville M, Clewley JP, Zambon MC. Multiplex PCR for typing and sub-typing influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2990–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward C, Dempsey M, Ring C, Kempson R, Zhang L, Gor D, et al. Design and performance testing of quantitative real time PCR assays for influenza A and B viral load measurement. J Clin Virol (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Paterson C. Measuring outcomes in primary care: a patient generated measure, MYMOP, compared with the SF-36 health survey. Br Med J 1996; 312: 1016–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noether G. Sample size determination for some common non-parametric tests. J Am Stat Assoc 1987; 82: 645–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efron B, Tibshirani R. An introduction to the bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1993: 168–77.
   Google Scholar
• Gart J. Point and interval estimation of the common odds ratio in the combination of 2 × 2 tables with fixed marginals. Biometrika 1970; 57: 471–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox DR. A simple example of a comparison involving quantal data. Biometrika 1966; 53: 215–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finnish National Public Health Institute. WHO National Influenza Centre in Finland. http://www.ktl.fi/flu/flu01f.htm
   Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Treanor JJ, Betts RF, Lobo M, Esinhart JD, Hussey EK. Safety and efficacy of the neuraminidase inhibitor GG167 in experimental human influenza. JAMA 1996; 275: 295–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett JM, Cadman A, Gor D, Dempsey M, Walters A, Candlin A, et al. Zanamivir susceptibility monitoring and characterization of influenza virus clinical isolates obtained during phase II clinical efficacy studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 78–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gor D, Cadman A, Dempsey M, Walters M, Candlin A, Barnett J, Tisdale M. Antiviral efficacy and sequence analysis of HA and NA genes of influenza isolates from zanamivir phase II/III clinical efficacy trials (Abstract). 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA; 1999. p. 420.
   Google Scholar
• Boivin G, Goyette N, Hardy I, Aoki F, Wagner A, Trottier S. Rapid antiviral effect of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of naturally occurring influenza in otherwise healthy adults. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1471–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng AW, Milleri S, Stein DS. Direct measurement of the anti-influenza agent zanamivir in the respiratory tract following inhalation. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 1974–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayden FG, Osterhaus AD, Treanor JJ, Fleming DM, Aoki FY, Nicholson KG, et al. Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenza virus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 874–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy KR, Eivindson A, Pauksens K, Stein WJ, Tellier GW, Leophonte P, et al. Efficacy and safety of inhaled zanamivir for the treatment of influenza in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multicentre study. Clin Drug Invest 2000; 20: 337–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming DM, Moult A, Keene O. Indicators and significance of severity in influenza patients. Int Cngr Ser 1219. Options for the Control of Influenza 2001; IV: 637–43.
   Google Scholar
• Grotto I, Mandel Y, Green MS, Varsano N, Gdalevich M, Ashkenazi I, et al. Influenza vaccine efficacy in young, healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 913–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyhälä R, Kleemola M, Cantell K, Weckström P. @Influenza epidemic in Finnish Defence Forces in winter 1974–75: viro-logical studies. Ann Med Milit Fenn 1975; 50: 35–41 (in Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Pyhälä R, Visakorpi R, Kleemola M, Kantanen M-L. H1N1 influenza in the Finnish Defence Forces in winter 1977–78. Ann Med Milit Fenn 1978; 53: 103–10 (in Finnish with English summary).
   Google Scholar
• Rowles DM, Walter EA, Dolan DM, Canas LC, Meier PA. Influenza in a basic training population: implications for directly observed therapy. Milit Med 2000; 165: 941–3.
   Google Scholar
• Monto AS, Webster A, Keene O. Randomized, placebo-controlled studies of inhaled zanamivir in the treatment of influenza A and B: pooled efficacy analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44: 23–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gwaltney JM Jr, Philips CD, Miller RD, Riker DK. Computed tomographic study of the common cold. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 25–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar