Publication Cover
Xenobiotica
the fate of foreign compounds in biological systems
Volume 32, 2002 - Issue 9
103
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Fate of the anthelmintic, phenothiazine, in man

, , &
Pages 771-782 | Published online: 22 Sep 2008

References

  • AVRAM, M. and MATEESCU, G. H. D., 1972, Infrared Spectroscopy: Applications in Organic Chemistry (New York: Wiley Interscience), pp. 290–302.
  • BECKETT, A. H., AL-SARRAJ, S. and ESSIEN, E. E., 1975, Metabolism of chlorpromazine and promethazine to give new pink spots. Xenobiotica, 5, 325–355.
  • BELLAMY, L. J., 1954, The Infra-red Spectra of Complex Molecules (London: Metheun), pp. 288–302.
  • BENHAM, G. H., 1945, The fate of phenothiazine in rabbits. I. The detection of a new conjugate in rabbits' urine after feeding of phenothiazine. Canadian Journal of Research, 23E, 71–79.
  • BERNTHSEN, A., 1883, Zur Kenntniss des Methylenblau und verrwander Farbstoffe. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 16, 2896–2904.
  • BERNTHSEN, A., 1885, Studien in der Methylenblau-gruppe. Justus Liebigs Anna/en der Chemie, 230, 73–211.
  • CLARE, N. T., 1962, Metabolic products of phenothiazine in farm animals. Psychopharmacology Service Center Bulletin, 2, 44.
  • CLARE, N. T., 1947, A photosensitised keratitis in young cattle following the use of phenothiazine as an anthelmintic. II. The metabolism of phenothiazine in ruminants. Australian Veterinary Journal, 23, 340–344.
  • COEY, S. (ed.), 1978, Phenothiazines. In Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, 2nd edn (Amsterdam: Elsevier), vol. 4, Part H, pp. 516–535.
  • COLLIER, H. B., 1940a, The fate of phenothiazine in the sheep. Canadian Journal of Research, 18D, 272–278.
  • COLLIER, H. B. (presented by Cameron, T. W. M.), 1942, The mode of action of phenothiazine as an anthelmintic. Proceedings of Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3rd Ser., 36, 163 (abst 51).
  • COLLIER, H. B. and ALLEN, D. E., 1942, Enzyme inhibition by derivatives of phenothiazine. II. Inhibition of cholinesterase. Canadian Journal of Research, 20B, 189–193.
  • COLLIER, H. B., ALLEN, D. E. and SWALES, W. E. 1943, Observations on the fate of phenothiazine in domestic animals. Canadian Journal of Research, 21D, 151–159.
  • COLLIER, H. O. J., 1940b, Depression of neuromuscular transmission in a crab by phenothiazine. Nature, 146, 232–233.
  • CYMERMAN-CRAIG, J. and WARBURTON, W. K., 1956, Lipoid—water partition coefficients of some phenothiazines. Australian Journal of Chemistry, 9, 294–295.
  • DAVEY, D. G. and INNES, J. R. M., 1942, The present position of phenothiazine as an anthelmintic. Veterinary Bulletin (Weybridge), 12, 7–14.
  • DEEDS, F., EDDY, C. W. and THOMAS, J. O., 1938, Studies on phenothiazine. V. Fate of phenothiazine in the body. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 64, 250–262.
  • DEEDS, F. and THOMAS, J. O., 1941, Studies on phenothiazine. IX. The biliary excretion and anthelmintic action of thionol. Journal of Parasitology, 27, 143–151.
  • DEEDS, F. and THOMAS, J. O., 1942, Studies on phenothiazine. XI. The excretion of phenothiazine. Journal of Parasitology, 28, 363–367.
  • DOBRYINA, V. I., 1963, Absorption, distribution, conversion, and excretion of phenothiazine in sheep. Materialy 8-oi [Vos'moi] Nauchnii Konferentsia po Farmakologii (Moscow) Sbornik, 78–80; Zhurnal Biologii i Khimii, 1963,21E851; Chemical Abstracts, 1964,60, 13744b.
  • ELLIOT, D. C., 1959, Methods for the detection of biochemical compounds on paper. In R. M. C. Dawson, D. C. Elliot, W. H. Elliot and K. M. Jones (eds), Data for Biochemical Research (London: Clarendon), pp. 210–272.
  • ELLISON, T. and TODD, A. C., 1957, The metabolism of phenothiazine, N. F., in diary calves. I. Chronological distribution of drug in digestive tract contents. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 18, 519–529.
  • GOSKE, A., 1887, Carbazol aus Thiodiphenylamin. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 20, 232–234.
  • GRANICK, S. and MICHAELIS, L., 1947, Thionol and its semiquinone radical. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 69, 2983–2986.
  • GRANICK, S., MICHAELIS, L. and SCHUBERT, M. P., 1940, Semiquinones of oxazines, thiazines and selenazines. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 62, 1802–1810.
  • GUYTON, C. L., MissAmn, E. and MARSHALL, P. M., 1976, Metabolic disposition of radioactive phenothiazine in calves. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 37, 1287–1289.
  • HABERMANN, R. T., HARWOOD, P. D. and HUNT, W. H., 1941, Critical tests with phenothiazine as an anthelmintic in horses. North American Veterinarian, 22, 85–92.
  • HARPUR, R. P., SWALES, W. E. and DENSTEDT, O. F., 1950a, Fate of phenothiazine in the gut of sheep. Canadian Journal of Research, 28D, 143–161.
  • HARPUR, R. P., SWALES, W. E. and DENSTEDT, O. F., 1950b, Absorption of phenothiazine from sheep rumen. Canadian Journal of Research, 28D, 162–172.
  • HOUSTON, D. F., KESTER, E. B. and DEEDS, F., 1949a, Phenothiazine derivatives: monooxygenated compounds. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 71, 3816–3818.
  • HOUSTON, D. F., KESTER, E. B. and DEEDS, F., 1949b, Phenothiazine derivatives: dioxygenated compounds. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 71, 3819–3822.
  • JACOBS, R. D., HOGSETTE, J. A. and BUTCHER, G. D., 1997, Nematode Parasites of Poultry (And Where to Find Them). Fact sheet PS-18 (Gainesville, Florida: Dairy and Poultry Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida) [http:Iledis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_PS012].
  • KELLY, J. D., WHITLOCK, H. V., GUNAWAN, M., GRIFFIN, D. and PORTER, C. J., 1981, Anthelmintic efficacy of low dose phenothiazine against strains of sheep's nematodes susceptible or resistant to thiabendazole, levamisole and morantel tartrate; effect on patent infections. Research in Veterinary Science, 30, 161–169.
  • LANNUNG, A., 1941, The synthesis, analysis, toxicology and therapeutic use of phenothiazine. Archives of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 48, 141–152.
  • LAZARUS, M. and ROGERS, W. P., 1951, Mode of action of phenothiazine as an anthelrnintic. The uptake of Ws -labelled phenothiazine by the tissues of nematode parasites and their hosts. Australian Journal of Scientific Research, B4, 163–179.
  • LEO, A., HANSCH, C. and ELKINS, D., 1971, Partition coefficients and their uses. Chemical Reviews, 71, 525–616.
  • LIPSON, M., 1940, An examination of the urine of sheep dosed with phenothiazine. Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science, 18, 269–272.
  • LIPSON, M. and GORDON, H. McL., 1940, The passage of phenothiazine through the alimentary canal of the sheep. Journal of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Australia, 13, 240–244.
  • LYONS, E. T., DRUDGE, J. H., TOLLIVER, S. C. and STAMPER, S., 1993, Controlled tests of activity of several antiparasitic compounds against natural infections of Haemonchus contortus and other helminths in lambs from a flock established in 1962. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 54, 406–410.
  • MACKIE, A., 1953, The effects of some oxidation products of phenothiazine on Ascaris lumbricoides in vitro. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et The'rapie, 52, 301–304.
  • MACKIE, A. and RAEBURN, J., 1952, Effects of some oxidation products of phenothiazine on liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) in vitro. British Journal of Pharmacology, 7, 215–218.
  • MASSIE, S. P., 1954, The chemistry of phenothiazine. Chemical Reviews, 54, 797–833.
  • McLAFFERTY, F. W. and STAuFFER, D. B., 1989, The WileyINBS Registry of Mass Spectral Data (New York: Wiley), vol. 2,1049,1310,1341.
  • MITCHELL, S. C., 1980, Comparative metabolism of phenothiazine in the rat (Rattus norvegkus), mouse (Mus muscutus), hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) and gerbil (Gerbillus gerbillus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 67C, 199–202.
  • MITCHELL, S. C., 1982, Mammalian metabolism of orally administered phenothiazine. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 13, 319–343.
  • MITCHELL, S. C., 1994, The toxicity of phenothiazine. Drug Metabolism and Drug Interactions, 11, 201–235.
  • MITCHELL, S. C. and WARING, R. H., 1978, Detection of inorganic sulphate and other anions on paper and thin-layer chromatograms. Journal of Chromatography, 166, 341–343.
  • MITCHELL, S. C. and WARING, R. H., 1979, Metabolism of phenothiazine in the guinea pig. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 7, 399–403.
  • NOUR EL-DIN, GE. -D., 1946, Recent advances in chemotherapy of tropical diseases. VIII. Anthelmintics. Royal Egyptian Medical Association, 29, 167–172.
  • ORLOW, N. A., 1931, Berginisierung einiger heterocyclischer Verbindungen. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 64, 2631–2636.
  • PUMMERER, R. and GABNER, S., 1913, Uber die Desmotropieund p-chinoider Salze in derThiazinreihe. Berichte der Deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft, 46, 2310–2327.
  • RICHARDSON, T. and TODD, A. C., 1958, Elimination of phenothiazine by lactating diary cows. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 19, 610–619.
  • SCHELINE, R. R., 1966, Decarboxylation and demethylation of some phenolic benzoic acid derivatives by rat caecal contents. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 18, 664–669.
  • SHAH, K. H., TILAK, B. D. and VENKATARAMAN, K., 1948, Raney nickel reductions. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, 28A, 142–150.
  • SHINE, H. J. and MACH, E. E., 1965, Ion Radicals. V. Phenothiazine, phenothiazine-5-oxide, and phenothiazine-3 in acid solutions. Journal of Organic Chemistry, 30, 2130–2139.
  • SMITH, L. E., 1938, Analysis of commercial phenothiazine used as an insecticide. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Analytical Edition, 10, 60.
  • SUNDUKOV, A. I., 1963, Absorption, secretion, and distribution of phenothiazine in calves. Materialy 8-oi [Vos'moi] Nauchnii Konferentsia po Farmakologii (Moscow) Sbornik, 80–81; Zhurnal Biologii i Khimii, 1963, 21F850; Chemical Abstracts, 1964, 60: 13744c.
  • SUTHERLAND, J. B., FREEMAN, J. P., HEINZE, T. M., MOODY, J. D., PARSHIKOV, I. A., WILLIAMS, A. J. and ZHANG, D., 2001, Oxidation of phenothiazine and phenoxazine by Cunninghamella elegans. Xenobiotica, 31, 799–809.
  • SWALES, W. E. and COLLIER, H. B., 1940, Effects and excretion of phenothiazine when used as an anthelmintic for sheep. Canadian Journal of Research, 18D, 279–287.
  • SWALES, W. E., COLLIER, H. B. and ALLEN, D. E., 1942, Effects of phenothiazine on horses. I. Studies in haematology and pharmacology. Canadian Journal of Research, 20D, 349–361.
  • TAYLOR, E. L. and SANDERSON, K. M., 1940, A remarkably efficient anthelmintic. Veterinary Record, 52, 635–647.
  • WADDELL, A. W., 1959, Observations on the excretion of phenothiazine and oxidation products in sheep and rabbits. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de The'rapie, 121, 368–379.
  • WOLFE, W. R. and DENNIS, W. R., 1941, Toxemia resulting from the use of phenothiazine. Veterinary Bulletin of the US Army, 35, 171–174; Veterinary Bulletin, 1942, 12, 306.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.