Effect of intestinal microflora on the urinary metabolic profile of rats: a 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study

References

• BECKWITH-HALL, B. M., NICHOLSON, J. K., NICHOLLS, A. W., FOXALL, P. J., LINDON, J. C., CONNOR, S. C., ABDI, M., CONNELLY, J. and HOLMES, E., 1998, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and principal components analysis investigations into biochemical effects of three model hepatotoxins. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 11, 260–272.
   Google Scholar
• BOLLARD, M. E., HOLMES, E., LINDON, J. C., MITCHELL, S. C., BRANSTETTER, D., ZHANG, W. and NICHOLSON, J. K., 2001, Investigations into biochemical changes due to diurnal variation and estrus cycle in female rats using high-resolution (1)H-NMR spectroscopy of urine and pattern recognition. Annals in Biochemistry, 295, 194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOOTH, A. N. and WILLIAMS, R. T., 1963, Dehydroxylation of caffeic acid by rat and rabbit caecal contents and sheep rumen liquor. Nature (London), 198, 684–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COUTEAU, D., MCCARTNEY, A. L., GIBSON, G. R., WILLIAMSON, G. and FAULDS, C. B., 2001, Isolation and characterisation of human colonic bacteria able to hydrolyse chlorogenic acid. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 90, 873–881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CREMIN, J. D., JR, DRACKLEY, J. K., HANSEN, L. R., GRUM, D. E., ODLE, J. and FAHEY, G., C. JR, 1995, Effects of glycine and bovine serum albumin on inhibition of propionate metabolism in ovine hepatcoytes caused by reduced phenolic monomers. Journal of Animal Science, 73, 3009–3021.
   Google Scholar
• CURTIUS, H., METTLER, M. and ETTLINGER, L., 1976, Studies of the intestinal tyrosine metabolism using stable isotopes and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography, 126, 569–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAVAGHAN, C. L., HOLMES, E., LENZ, E., WILSON, I. D. and NICHOLSON, J. K., 2000, An NMR-based metabonomic approach to investigate the biochemical consequences of genetic strain differences: application to the C57BL10J and Alpk:ApfCD mouse. FEBS Letters, 484, 169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GAVAGHAN, C. L., NICHOLSON, J. K., CONNOR, S. C., WILSON, I. D., WRIGHT, B. and HOLMES, E., 2001, Directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic with chemometric studies on metabolic variation in Sprague—Dawley rats. Annals in Biochemistry, 291, 245–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GINGELL, R., BRIDGES, J. W. and WILLIAMS, R. T., 1971, The role of intestinal flora in the metabolism of prontosil and neoprontosil in the rat. Xenobiotica, 1, 143–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HOLMES, E., BONNER, F. W., SWEATMAN, B. C., LINDON, J. C., BEDDELL, C. R., RAHR, E. and NICHOLSON, J. K., 1992, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and pattern recognition analysis of the biochemical processes associated with the progression of and recovery from nephrotoxic lesions in the rat induced by mercury(II) chloride and 2-bromoethanamine. Molecular Pharmacology, 42, 922–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOLMES, E., NICHOLLS, A. W., LINDON, J. C., RAMOS, S., SPRAUL, M., NEIDIG, P., CONNOR, S. C., CONNELLY, J., DAMMENT, S. J. P., HASELDEN, J. and NICHOLSON, J. K., 1998, Development of a model for classification of toxin-induced lesions using 1H-NMR spectroscopy of urine combined with pattern recognition. NMR in Biomedicine, 11, 235–244.
   Google Scholar
• KITAMURA, S., SUGIHARA, K., KUWASAKO, M. and TATSUMI, K., 1997, The role of mammalian intestinal bacteria in the reductive metabolism of zonisamide. Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, 49, 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINHART, I. and SMEJKAL, J., 1987, Changes in the excretion of endogenous glycine conjugate as a possible artifact in toxicological experiments. Archives in Toxicology, 61, 83–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NICHOLSON, J. K., LINDON, J. C. and HOLMES, E., 1999, `Metabonomics': understanding the metabolic responses of living systems to pathophysiological stimuli via multivariate statistical analysis of biological NMR spectroscopic data. Xenobiotica, 29, 1181–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEPPERCORN, M. A. and GOLDMAN, P., 1971, Caffeic acid metabolism by bacteria of the human gastrointestinal tract. Journal of Bacteriology, 108, 996–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEPPERCORN, M. A. and GOLDMAN, P., 1972, Caffeic acid metabolism by gnotobiotic rats and their intestinal bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 69, 1413–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PHIPPS, A. N., STEWART, J., WRIGHT, B. and WILSON, I. D., 1998, Effect of diet on the urinary excretion of hippuric acid and other dietary-derived aromatics in rat. A complex interaction between diet, intestinal microflora and substrate specificity. Xenobiotica, 28, 527–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROWLAND, I., DAVIES, M. and GRAsso, P., 1977, Biosynthesis of methylrnercury compounds by the intestinal flora of the rat. Archives of Environmental Health, 32, 24–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHELINE, R. R., 1968, Metabolism of phenolic acids by the rat intestinal microflora. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 26, 189–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SCHELINE, R. R., 1978, Metabolism of acids, lactones and esters. In R. R. Scheline (ed.), Mammalian Metabolism of Plant Xenobiotics (New York: Academic Press), 70.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH, E. A. and MACFARLANE, G. T., 1996, Formation of phenolic and indolic compounds by anaerobic bacteria in the human large intestine. Microbial Ecology, 33, 180–188.
   Google Scholar
• TATE, A. R., DAMMENT, S. J. P. and LINDON, J. C., 2001, Investigation of the metabolite variation in control rats urine using 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Annals in Biochemistry, 291, 17–26.
   Google Scholar
• WHEELER, L. A., SODERBERG, F. B. and GOLDMAN, P., 1975, The relationship between nitrogroup reduction and the intestinal microflora. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 194, 135–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar