Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes

Reference

• ACOCELLA, G., 1978, Clinical pharmacokinetics of rifampicin. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 3, 108-127. AHONEN, J., OLKKOLA, K. T. and NEUVONEN, P. J., 1997, Effect of route administration of fluconazole on the interaction between fluconazole and midazolam. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 415–420.
   Google Scholar
• ALVAN, G., BECHTEL, P., Isnius, L. and GUNDERT -REMY, U., 1990, The hydroxylation polymorphisms of debrisoquine and mephenytoin in European populations. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39, 533–537.
   Google Scholar
• AMEER, B. and WEINTRAUB, R. A., 1997, Drug interactions with grapefruit juice. Clinical Pharmaco-kinetks, 33, 103–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSSON, T., BERGSTRAND, R., CEDERBERG, C., ERIKSSON, S., LAGERSTROM, P. and SKANBERG, I., 1991, Omeprazole treatment does not affect the metabolism of caffeine. Gastroenterology, 101, 943–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ANDERSSON, T., MINERS, J. 0., VERONESE, M. E., TASSANEEYAKUL W., TASSANEEYAKUL W., MEYER, U. A. and BIRKETT, D. J., 1993, Identification of human liver cytochrome P450 isoforms mediating omeprazole metabolism. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 36, 521–530.
   Google Scholar
• AOYAMA, T., YAMANO, S., GUZELIAN, P. S., GELBOIN, H. V. and GONZALEZ, F. J., 1990, Five of 12 forms of vaccinia virus-expressed human hepatic cytochrome P450 metabolically activate aflatoxin B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 87, 4790–4793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACIEWICZ, A. M. and SF, T. H., 1984, Rifampicin drug interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 144, 1667–1671.
   Google Scholar
• BACIEWICZ, A. M., SELF, T. H. and BEKEIVIEYER, W. B., 1987, Update on rifampicin drug interactions. Archives of Internal Medicine, 147, 565–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKMAN, J. T., OLKKOLA, K. T., ARANKO, K., HIMBERG, J. J. and NELNONEN, P. J., 1994, Dose of midazolam should be reduced during diltiazem and verapamil treatments. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 37, 221–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKMAN, J. T., OLKKOLA, K. T. and NEUVONEN, P. J., 1995, Azithromycin does not increase plasma concentrations of oral midazolam. International Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 33, 356–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BACKMAN, J. T., OLKKOLA, K. T. and NEUVONEN, P. J., 1996, Rifampin drastically reduces plasma concentrations and effects of oral midazolam. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 59, 7-13. BAILEY, D. G., SPENCE, J. D., MUNOZ, C. and ARNOLD J. M., 1991, Interaction of citrus juices with felodipine and nifedipine. Lancet, 337, 268–269.
   Google Scholar
• BAJPAI, M., RosKos, L. K., SHEN, D. D. and LEVY, R. H., 1996, Roles of cytochrome P4502C9 and cytochrome P4502C19 in the stereoselective metabolism of phenytoin to its major metabolite. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 1401–1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARWICK, J. L., QUATTROCHI, L. C., MILLS, A. S., POTENZA, C., TUKEY, R. H. and GUZELIAN, P. S., 1996, Trans-species gene transfer for analysis of glucocorticoid-inducible transcriptional activation of transiently expressed human CYP3A4 and rabbit CYP3A6 in primary cultures of adult rat and rabbit hepatocytes. Molecular Pharmacology, 50, 10–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUMANN, P. and LARSEN, F., 1995, The pharmacokinetics of citalopram. Reviews in Contemporary Pharmacotherapeutics, 6, 287–295.
   Google Scholar
• BENTLEY, P., CALDER, I., ELCOMBE, C., GRASSO, P., STRINGER, D. and WIEGAND, H.-J., 1993, Hepatic peroxisome proliferation in rodents and its significance for humans. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 31, 857–907.
   Google Scholar
• BERTILSSON, L., TYBRIN G., WIDE-N, J., CHANG, M. and TOMSON, T., 1997, Carbamazepine treatment induces the CYP3A4 catalysed sulphoxation of omeprazole, but has no or less effect on hydroxylation via CYP2C19. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, 186–189.
   Google Scholar
• BIRKETT, D. J., MACKENZIE, P. I., VERONESE, M. E. and MINERS, J. 0., 1993, In vitro approaches can predict human drug metabolism. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 14, 292–294.
   Google Scholar
• BIRKETT, D. J., REES, D., ANDERSSON, T., GONZALEZ, F. J., MINERS, J. 0. and VERONESE, M. E., 1994, In vitro proguanil activation to cycloguanil by human liver microsomes is mediated by CYP3A isoforrns as well as by S-mephenytoin hydroxylase. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 37, 413–420.
   Google Scholar
• BLACK, D. J., KUNZE, K. L., WlENKERS, L. C., GIDAL, B. E., SEATON, T. L., MCDONNELL, N. D., EVANS, J. S., BAUWENS, J. E. and TRAGER, W. F., 1996, Warfarin-fluconazole II. A metabolically based drug interaction: in vivo studies. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 422–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOOBIS, A. R., 1995, Prediction of inhibitory drug—drug interactions by studies in vitro. In G. M. Pacifici and G. N. Fracchia (eds), (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities), pp. 513–539.
   Google Scholar
• BOOBIS, A. R. and DAVIES, D. S., 1984, Human cytochromes. Xenobiotica, 14, 151–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BOOB'S, A. R., BRODIE, J. J., KAHN, G. C., TOVERUD, E. L., BLAIR, I. A., MURRAY, S. and DAVIES, D. S., 1981, Comparison of the in vivo and in vitro rates of formation of the three main oxidative metabolites of antipyrine in man. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 12, 771–777.
   Google Scholar
• BOURRIE, M., MEUNIER, V., BERGER, Y. and FABRE, G., 1996, Cytochrome P450 isoform inhibitors as a tool for the investigation of metabolic reactions catalyzed by human liver microsomes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 277, 321–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRIAN, W. R., SRIVASTAVA, P. K., UMBENHAUER, D. R., LLOYD, R. S. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1989, Expression of a human liver cytochrome P-450 protein with tolbutamide hydroxylase activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry, 28, 4993–4999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BRODIE, M. J. and DICHTER, M. A., 1996, Antiepileptic drugs. New England Journal of Medicine, 334, 168–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROSEN, K., 1993, The pharmacogenetics of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Clinical Investigator, 71, 1002–1009.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• BROSEN, K., 1996, Are pharmacokinetic drug interactions with the SSRIs an issue ?International Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 11, 23–27.
   Google Scholar
• BROSEN, K. and GRAM, L. F., 1989, Clinical significance of the sparteine/debrisoquine oxidation polymorphism. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 36, 537–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROSEN, K., SIUELBO, E., RASMUSSEN, B. B., POULSEN, H. E. and Lon., S., 1993, Fluvoxamine is a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P4501A2. Biochemical Pharmacology, 45, 1211–1214.
   Google Scholar
• BUCHTHAL J., GRUND, K. E., BUCHMANN, A., SCHRENK, D., BEAUNE, P. and BOCK, K. W., 1995, Induction of cytochrome P450IA by smoking or omeprazole in comparison with UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in biopsies of human duodenal mucosa. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 47, 431–435.
   Google Scholar
• BURKE, M. D., PROUGH, R. A. and MAYER, R. T., 1977, Characteristics of a microsomal cytochrome P-448-mediated reaction: ethoxyresorufin 0-deethylation. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 5,1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTLER, M. A., IWASAKI, M., GUENGERICH, F. P. and KADLUBAR, F. F., 1989, Human cytochrome P-450pA (P-450IA2), the penacetin 0-deetylase, is primarily responsible for hepatic 3-demethylation of caffeine and N-oxidation of carcinogenic arylamines. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 86, 7696–7700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BUTLER, M. A., LANG, N. P., YOUNG, J. F., CAPORASO, N. E., VINEIS, P., HAYES, R. B., TEITEL, C. H., MASSENGILL, J. P., LAWSON, M. F. and KADLUBAR, F. F., 1992, Determination of CYP1A2 and acetyltransferase 2 phenotypes in human populations by analysis of caffeine urinary metabolites. Pharmacogenetics, 2, 116–127.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CARACO, Y., SHELLER, J. and WOOD, A. J. J., 1997, Pharmacogenetic determinants of codeine induction by rifampin: The impact on codeine's respiratory, psychomotor and miotic effects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 281, 330–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARROCCIO, A., Wu, D. and CEDERBAUM, A. I., 1994, Ethanol increases content and activity of human cytochrome P4502E1 in a transduced HepG2 cell line. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 203, 727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHANG, T. K. H., Yu, L., MAUREL, P. and WAXMAN, D. J., 1997, Enhanced cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide activation in primary human hepatocyte cultures: response to cytochrome P-450 inducers and autoinduction by oxazaphosphorines. Cancer Research, 57, 1946–1954.
   Google Scholar
• CHIBA, K., MANABE, K., KOBAYASHI, K., TAKAYAMA, Y., TAM, M. and ISHIZAKI, T., 1993, Development and preliminary application of a simple assay of S-mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase activity in human liver microsomes. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 44, 559–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIEN, J. Y., PETER, R. M., NOLAN, C. M., WARTELL, C., SLATTERY, J. T., NELSON, S. D., CARITHERS R. L. and THUMIVIEL, K. E., 1997, Influence of polymorphic N-acetyltransferase phenotype on the inhibition and induction of acetaminophen bioactivation with long-term isoniazid. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 61, 24–34.
   Google Scholar
• CHING, M. S., BLAKE, C. L., GHABRIAL, H., ELLIS, S. W., LENNARD, M. S., TUCKER, G. T. and SMALLWOOD, R. A., 1995, Potent inhibition of yeast-expressed CYP2D6 by dihydroquinidine, quinidine, and its metabolites. Biochemical Pharmacology, 50, 833–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHOLERTON, S., DALY, A. K. and IDLE, J. R., 1992, The role of individual human cytochromes P450 in drug metabolism and clinical response. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 13, 434-439. CHRISTIANS, U. and SEWING, K.-F., 1993, Cyclosporin metabolism in transplant patients. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 291–345.
   Google Scholar
• CLARKE, S. E., AYRTON, A. D. and CHENERY, R. J., 1994, Characterization of the inhibition of P4501A2 by furafylline. Xenobiotica, 24, 517–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CONNELLY, J. F., 1993, Vigabatrin. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 27, 197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CROFTS, F., TAIOLI, E., TRACHMAN, J., COSMA, G. N., CURRIE, D., TONIOLO, P. and GARTE, S. J., 1994, Functional significance of different human CYP1A1 genotypes. Carcinogenesis, 15, 2961–2963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CURI-PEDROSA, R., DAUJAT, M., PICHARD, L., OURLIN, J. C., CLAIR, P., GERVOT, L., LESCA, P., DOIVIERGUE, J., Jo-1'Eu(, H., FOURTANIER, G. and MAUREL, P., 1994, Omeprazole and lansoprazole are mixed inducers of CYP1A and CYP3A in human hepatocytes in primary culture. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 269, 384.
   Google Scholar
• DALET -BELUCHE, I., BOULENC, X., FABRE, G., MAUREL, P. and BONFILS, C., 1992, Purification of two cytochrome P450 isozymes related to CYP2A and CYP3A gene families from monkey (baboon, Papio papio) liver microsomes. Cross reactivity with human forms. European Journal of Biochemistry, 204, 641–648.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DAUJAT, M., CHARRASSE, S., FABRE, I., LESCA, P., JOUNAIDI, Y., LARROQUE, C., POELLINGER, L. and MAUREL, P., 1996, Induction of CYP1A1 gene by benzimidazole derivatives during Caco-2 cell differentiation. Evidence for an aryl-hydrocarbon receptor-mediated mechanism. European Journal of Biochemistry, 237, 642–652.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DAUJAT, M., PERYT, B., LESCA, P., FOURTANIER, G., DOIVIERGUE, J. and MAUREL, P., 1992, Omeprazole, an inducer of human CYP1A1 and 1A2, is not a ligand for the Ah receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 188, 820–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIAZ, D., FABRE, I., DAUJAT, M., FABRE, G., JovEux, H., BORIES, P., MICHEL, H. and MAUREL, P., 1990, The gastric antisecretory drug omeprazole is an aryl hydrocarbon-like inducer of human hepatic cytochrome P450. Gastroenterology, 99, 737–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DISTLERATH, L. M., REILLY, P. E. B., MARTIN, M. V., DAVIS, G. G., WILKINSON, G. R. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1985, Purification and characterization of human liver cytochromes P-450 involved in debrisoquine 4-hydroxylation and phenacetin 0-deetylation, two prototypes for genetic polymorphism in oxidative drug metabolism. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260, 9057–9067.
   Google Scholar
• DOLLERY, C., BOOBIS, A. R., BURLEY, D., DAVIES, D. M., DAVIES, D. S., HARRISON, P. I., OR, M. L., PARK, B. K. and GOLDBERG, L. I., 1991, Therapeutic Drugs (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone).
   Google Scholar
• DONATO, M. T., CASTELL J. V. and GOIVIEZ -LECHON, M. J., 1995, Effect of model inducers on cytochrome P450 activities of human hepatocytes in primary culture. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 23, 553–558.
   Google Scholar
• DUNDEE, J. W., HALLIDAY, N. J., HARPER, K. W. and BROGDEN, R. N., 1984, Midazolam. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs, 28, 519–543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DZELETOVIC, N., McGuIRE, J., DAUJAT, M., THOLANDER, J., EMA M., FILM -KURIYAMA, Y., BERGMAN, J., MAUREL, P. and POELLINGER, L., 1997, Regulation of dioxin receptor function by omeprazole. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 12705–12713.
   Google Scholar
• EICHELBAUM, M., SPANNBRUCKER, N., STEINCKE, B. and DENGLER, H. J., 1979, Defective N-oxidation of sparteine in man: a new pharmacogenetic defect. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16, 183–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EKINS, S., MÄENEA A, J. and WRIGHTON, S. A., 1998, In vitro metabolism: subcellular fractions. In T. F. Woolf (ed.), Handbook of Drug Metabolism (New York: Marcel Dekker) (in press).
   Google Scholar
• ELIASSON, E., MKRTCHIAN, S. and INGELMAN -SUNDBERG, M., 1992, Hormone-, and substrate-regulated intracellular degradation of CYP2E1 involving MgATP-activated rapid proteolysis in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267, 15765–15769.
   Google Scholar
• ENGEL, G., HOFMANN, U., HEIDEMANN, H., COSME, J. and EICHELBAU M., 1996, Antipyrine as a probe for human oxidative drug metabolism: identification of the cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing 4-hydroxyantipyrine, 3 -hydroxymethylantipyrine, and norantipyrine formation. Clinical Phar-macology and Therapeutics, 59, 613–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FISCHER, V., VOGELS, B., MAURER, G. and TYNES, R. E., 1992, The antipsychotic clozapine is metabolized by the polymorphic human microsomal and recombinant cytochrome P450 2D6. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 260, 1355–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREEMAN, D. J., LAUPACIS, A., KEOWN, P. A., STRILLER, C. R. and CARRUTHERS, S. G., 1984, Evaluation of cyclosporin-phenytoin interaction with observations on cyclosporin metabolites. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 887–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GALBRAITH, R. A. and MicHNovicz, J. J., 1993, Omeprazole fails to alter the cytochrome P450-dependent 2-hydroxylation of estradiol in male volunteers. Pharmacology, 47, 8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GASCON, M.-P. and DAYER, P., 1991, In vitro forecasting of drugs which may interfere with the biotransformation of midazolam. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41, 573–578.
   Google Scholar
• GED, C., ROUILLON, J. M., PICHARD, L., COMBALBERT, J., BRESSOT, N., BORIES, P., MICHEL, H., BEAUNE, P. and MAUREL, P., 1989, The increase in urinary excretion of 6b-hydroxycortisol as a marker of human hepatic cytochrome P450IIIA induction. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 28, 373–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GED, C., UMBENHAUER, D. R., BELLEW, T. M., BORK, R. W., SRIVASTAVA, P. K., SHINRIKI, N., LLOYD, R. S. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1988, Characterization of cDNAs, mRNAs, and proteins related to human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 (S)-mephenytoin 4'-hydroxylase. Biochemistry, 27, 6929–6940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GHOSAL, A., SATOH, H., THOMAS, P. E., BUSH, E. and MOORE, D., 1996, Inhibition and kinetics of cytochrome P4503A activity in microsomes from rat, human, and cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 940–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GIRRE, C., LUCAS, D., HISPARD, E., MENEZ, C., DALLY, S. and MENEZ, J. F., 1994, Assessment of cytochrome P4502E1 induction in alcoholic patients by chlorzoxazone pharmacokinetics. Biochemical Pharmacology, 47, 1503–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOA, K. L., Ross, S. R. and CHRIS P., 1993, Lamotrigine. A review of its pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy in epilepsy. Drugs, 46, 152–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOA, K. L. and SORKIN, E. M., 1993, Gabapentin. Drugs, 46, 409–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDBERG, M. J., RING, B., DESANTE, K., CERIMELE, B., HATCHER, B., SIDES, G. and WRIGHTON, S., 1996, Effect of dirithromycin on human CYP3A in vitro and on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of terfena dine in vivo. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 36, 1154–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDSTEIN, J. A. and DE MORAIS, S. M. F., 1994, Biochemistry and molecular biology of the human CYP2C subfamily. Pharmacogenetics, 4, 285–299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GONZALEZ, F. J., 1990, Molecular genetics of the P-450 superfamily. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45, 1–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GONZALEZ, F. J., 1992, Human cytochromes P450: problems and prospects. Trends in Pharmacological Science, 13, 346–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GORSKI, J. C., HALL, S. D., JONES, D. R., VANDENBRANDEN, M. and WRIGHTON, S. A., 1994, Regioselective biotransformation of midazolam by members of the human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily. Biochemical Pharmacology, 47, 1643–1653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GREUET, J., PICHARD, L., BONFILS, C., DOIVIERGUE, J. and MAUREL, P., 1996, The fetal specific gene CY P3A7 is inducible by rifampicin in adult human hepatocytes in primary culture. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 225, 689–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., 1990, Mechanism-based inactivation of human liver cytochrome P-450 IIIA4 by gestodene. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 3, 363–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., 1992, Cytochrome P450: advances and prospects. FASEB Journal, 6, 667-668. GUENGERICH, F. P., 1993, Bioactivation and detoxication of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 21, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., 1994, Catalytic selectivity of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: relevance to drug metabolism and toxicity. Toxicology Letters, 70, 133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., 1995a, Cytochromes P450 of human liver. Classification and activity profiles of the major enzymes. In G. M. Pacifici and G. N. Fracchia (eds), Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man (Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for the Official Publications of the European Communities), pp. 179–231.
   Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., 1995b, Human cytochrome P450 enzymes. In P. R. Ortiz de Montellano (eds), Cytochrome P450: Structure, Mechanism, and Biochemistry (New York: Plenum), pp. 473–536.
   Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P., MARTIN, M. V., BEAUNE, P. H., KREIVIERS, P., WOLFF, T. and WAXMAN, D. J., 1986, Characterization of rat and human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 forms involved in nifedipine oxidation, a prototype for genetic polymorphism in oxidative drug metabolism. journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 5051–5060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GUENGERICH, F. P. and SHIMADA, T., 1991, Oxidation of toxic and carcinogenic chemicals by human cytochrome P-450 enzymes. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 4, 391–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAKKOLA, J., PASANEN M., PELKONEN, 0., HUKKANEN, J., EVISALMI, S., ANTTILA, S., RANE, A., MANTYLÄ, M., PURKUNEN, R., SAARIKOSKI, S., TOOMING, M. and RAUNIO, H., 1997, Expression of CYP1B1 in human adult and fetal tissues and differential inducibility of CYP1B1 and CYP1A1 by Ah receptor ligands in human placenta and cultured cells. Carcinogenesis, 18, 391–397.
   Google Scholar
• HALLIDAY, R. C., JONES, B. C., SMITH, D. A., KITTERINGHAM, N. R. and PARK, B. K., 1995, An investigation of the interaction between halofantrine, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4: studies with human liver microsomes and heterologous enzyme expression systems. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 40, 369–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HAMIVIAN, M. A., THOMPSON, G. A. and HAIL, S. D., 1997, Regioselective and stereoselective metabolism of ibuprofen by human cytochrome P450 2C. Biochemical Pharmacology, 54, 33-41. HANKINSON, 0., 1995, The aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex. Annual Reviews of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35, 307–340.
   Google Scholar
• HARDMAN, J. G., LIMBIRD, L. E., MOLINOFF, P. B., RUDDON, R. W. and GILMAN, A. G., 1996, Goodman eff Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (New York: McGraw-Hill).
   Google Scholar
• HARRIS, J. W., RAHMAN, A., KIN, B.-R., GUENGERICH, F. P. and COLLINS, J. M., 1994, Metabolism of taxol by human hepatic microsomes and liver slices: participation of cytochrome P450 3A4 and an unknown P450 enzyme. Cancer Research, 54, 4026–4035.
   Google Scholar
• HASHIMOTO, H., TOIDE, K., KITAMURA, R., FUJITA, M., TAGAWA, S., ITOH, S. and KAMATAKI, T., 1993, Gene structure of CYP3A4, an adult-specific form of cytochrome P450 in human livers, and its transcriptional control. European Journal of Biochemistry, 218, 585–595.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• HEBERT, M. F., ROBERTS, J. P., PRUEKSARITANONT, T. and BENET, L. Z., 1992, Bioavailability of cyclosporine with concomitant rifampin administration is markedly less than predicted by hepatic enzyme induction. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 52, 453–457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., OSCARSON, M., JOHANSSON, I., YUE, Q.-Y., DAHL, M.-L., TABONE, M., ARINCO, S., ALBANO, E. and INGELMAN -SUNDBERG, M., 1997, Genetic polymorphism of human CYP2E1: Charac-terization of two variant alleles. Molecular Pharmacology, 51, 370–376.
   Google Scholar
• ISOJÄRVI, J. I. T., PAKARINEN, A., RAUTIO, A., PELKONEN, 0. and MYLLYLÁ., V. V., 1994, Liver enzyme induction and serum lipid levels after replacement of carbamazepine with oxcarbazepine. Epilepsia, 35, 1217–1220.
   Google Scholar
• JACQUET, M., LAMBERT, V., BAUDOUX, E., MULLER, M., KREMERS, P. and G1ELEN, J., 1996, Correlation between P450 CYP1A1 inducibility, MspI genotype and lung cancer incidence. European Journal of Cancer, 32A, 1701–1706.
   Google Scholar
• JENSEN, P. K., SAANO, V., HARING, P., SVENSTRUP, B. and MENGE, G. P., 1992, Possible interaction between oxcarbazepine and an oral contraceptive. Epilepsia, 33, 1149–1152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEPPESEN, U., GRAM, L. F., VISTISEN, K., LOFT, S., Pouts, H. E. and BROSEN, K., 1996, Dose-dependent inhibition of CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 by citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 73–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JEPPESEN U., RASMUSSEN, B. B. and BROSEN, K., 1997, The CYP2C19 catalyzed bioactivation of proguanil is abolished during fluvoxamine intake. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52, A134.
   Google Scholar
• JOHANSSON, I., LUNDQVIST, E., BERTILSSON, L., DAHL, M.-L., SJoQVIST, F. and INGELMAN -SUNDBERG M., 1993, Inherited amplification of an active gene in the cytochrome P450 CYP2D locus as a cause of ultrarapid metabolism of debrisoquine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 11825–11829.
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON, E. F., PALMER, C. N. A., GRIFFIN, K. J. and Hsu, M.-H., 1996, Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor in cytochrome P450 4A gene regulation. F ASEB Journal, 10, 1241–1248.
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON, E. F., SCHWAB, G. E. and VICKERY, L. E., 1988, Positive effectors of the binding of an active site-directed amino steroid to rabbit cytochrome P-450 3c. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 263, 17672–17677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JURIMA -ROIVIET, M., CRAWFORD, K., CYR, T. and INABA, T., 1994, Terfenadine metabolism in human liver. In vitro inhibition by macrolide antibiotics and azole antifungals. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 22, 849–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAIVIINSKY, L. S., 1989, Warfarin as a probe of cytochromes P-450 function. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 20, 479–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAIVRNSKY, L. S. and FASCO, M. J., 1992, Small intestinal cytochromes P450. Critical Review in Toxicology, 21, 407–422.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAIVRNSKY, L. S. and ZHANG, Z.-Y., 1997, Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 73, 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• KASHH, K., MCDOUGALL, C. J. and DANNENBERG, A. J., 1995, Comparative effects of omeprazole on xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the rat and human. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 58, 625–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KATO, R., YAMAZOE, Y. and YASUMORI, T., 1992, Polymorphism in stereoselective hydroxylations of mephenytoin and hexobarbital by Japanese liver samples in relation to cytochrome P-450 human-2 (IIC9). Xenobiotica, 22, 1083–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAWAJIRI, K., NAKACHI, K., ImAI, K., WATANABE, J. and HAYAHSI, S., 1993, The CYP1A1 gene and cancer susceptibility. Critical Reviews in Oncology and Hematology, 14, 77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KÄLVIXINEN, R., KERÄNEN, T. and R1EKKINEN, P. J., 1993, Place of newer antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy. Drugs, 46, 1009–1024.
   Google Scholar
• KERR, B. M., THUMMEL, K. E., WURDEN, C. J., KLEIN, S. M., KROETZ, D. L., GONZALEZ, F. J. and LEVY, R. H., 1994, Human liver carbamazepine metabolism; role of CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in 10,11-epoxide formation. Biochemical Pharmacology, 47, 1969–1979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KERRY, N. L., SOMOGYI, A. A., BOCHNER, F. and MIKUS, G., 1994, The role of CYP2D6 in primary and secondary oxidative metabolism of dextromethorphan: in vitro studies using human liver microsomes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 38, 243–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIKUCHI, H., HOSSAIN, A., SAGAMI, I., IKAWA, S. and WATANABE, M., 1995, Different inducibility of cytochrome P-4501A1 mRNA of human and mouse by omeprazole in cultured cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 316, 649–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KIM, R. B., O'SHEA, D. and WILKINSON, G. R., 1995, Interindividual variability of chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation in men and women and its relationship to CYP2E1 genetic polymorphisms. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 645–655.
   Google Scholar
• KivisT6, K. T. and KROEIVIER, H. K., 1997, Use of probe drugs as predictors of drug metabolism in humans. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 37, 40S–48S.
   Google Scholar
• KNODELL, R. G., BROWNE, D. G., OWOZDZ, G. P., BRIAN, W. R. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1991, Differential inhibition of individual human liver cytochromes P-450 by cimetidine. Gastro-enterology, 101, 1680–1691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KNODELL, R. G., HALL, S. D., WILKINSON, G. R. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1987, Hepatic metabolism of tolbutamide: characterization of the forms of cytochrome P-450 involved in methyl hydroxylation and relationship to in vivo disposition. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 241, 1112–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOBAYASHI, K., CHIBA, K., YAGI, T., SHIMADA, N., TANIGUCHI, T., HORIE, T., TAM, M., YAMAMOTO, T., Ismzmu, T. and KUROIWA, Y., 1997, Identification of cytochrome P450 isoforms involved in citalopram N-demethylation by human liver microsomes. Journal of Pharmacology and Ex-perimental Therapeutics, 280, 927–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOCAREK, T. A., SCHUETZ, E. G., S TROM S. C ., FISHER, R. A. and GUZELIAN, P. S., 1995, Comparative analysis of cytochrome P4503A induction in primary cultures of rat, rabbit, and human hepatocytes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 23, 415–421.
   Google Scholar
• KOLARS, J. C., LOWN, K. S., SCHMIEDLIN -REN, P., GHOSH, M., FANG, C., WRIGHTON, S. A., MERION R. M., and WATKINS, P. B., 1994, CYP3A gene expression in human gut epithelium. Pharmaco-genetics, 4, 247–259.
   Google Scholar
• KOLARS, J. C., SCHMIEDLIN -REN, P., SCHUETZ, J. D., FANG, C. and WATKINS, P. B., 1992, Identification of rifampicin-inducible P450IIA4 (CYP3A4) in human small bowel enterocytes. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 90, 1871–1878.
   Google Scholar
• KOLEY, A. P., BUTERS, J. T. M., ROBINSON, R. C., MARKOWITZ, A. and FRIEDMAN, F. K., 1997, Differential mechanisms of cytochrome P450 inhibition and activation by a-naphthoflavone. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 3149–3152.
   Google Scholar
• KOOP, D. R., 1992, Oxidative and reductive metabolism by cytochrome P450 2E1. FASEB Journal, 6, 724–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOSTRUBSKY, V. E., STROM, S. C., WOOD, S. G., WRIGHTON S. A., SINCLAIR, P. R. and SINCLAIR, J. F., 1995, Ethanol and isopentanol increase CYP3A and CYP2E in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 322, 516–520.
   Google Scholar
• KOSTRUBSKY, V. E., SZAKACS, J. G., JEFFERY, E. H., WOOD, S. G., BEMENT, W. J., WRIGHTON, S. A., SINCLAIR, P. R. and SINCLAIR, J. F., 1997, Role of CYP3A in ethanol-mediated increases in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 143, 315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KRONBACH, T., MATHYS, D., UMENO, M., GONZALEZ, F. J. and MEYER, U. A., 1989, Oxidation of midazolam and triazolam by human liver cytochrome P450IIIA4. Molecular Pharmacology, 36, 89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUNZE, K. L. and TRAGER, W. F., 1996, Warfarin-fluconazole III. A rational approach to management of a metabolically based drug interaction. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 429–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUNZE, K. L., WIENKERS, L. C., THUMMEL, K. E. and TRAGER, W. F., 1996, Warfarin-fluconazole I. Inhibition of the human cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of warfarin by fluconazole: in vitro studies. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 414–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KUPFERSCHMIDT, H. H. T., HA, H. R., ZIEGLER, W. H., MEIER, P. J. and KRÄHENBUHL, S., 1995, Interaction between grape fruit juice and midazolam in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 58, 20–28.
   Google Scholar
• LAKE, B. G., 1995, Mechanisms of hepatocarcinogenicity of peroxisome-proliferating drugs and chemicals. Annual Reviews of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 35, 483–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LAM, Y. W. F., 1988, Stereoselectivity: an issue of significant importance in clinical pharmacology. Pharmacotherapy, 8, 147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LANDI, M. T., BERTAZZI, P. A., SHIELDS, P. G., CLARK, G., LUCIER, G. W., GARTE, S. J., COSMA, G. and CAPORASO, N. E., 1994, Association between CYP1A1 genotype, mRNA expression and enzymatic activity in humans. Pharmacogenetics, 4, 242–246.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LE GUELLEC C., LACARELLE, B., CATALIN, J. and DURAND, A., 1993, Inhibitory effects of anticancer drugs on dextromethorphan 0-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 32, 491–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE, S. S. T., BUTERS, J. T. M., PINEAU, T., FERNANDEZ -SALGUERO, P. and GONZALEZ, F. J., 1996, Role of CYP2E1 in the hepatotoxicity of acetaminophen. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271, 12063–12067.
   Google Scholar
• LEEMANN, T. and DAYER, P., 1995, Quantitative prediction of in vivo drug metabolism and interactions from in vitro data. In G. M. Pacifici and G. N. Fracchia (eds), Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities), pp. 783–830.
   Google Scholar
• LEEMANN, T. D., TRANSON, C., BONNABRY, P. and DAYER, P., 1993, A major role for cytochrome P450TB (CYP2C subfamily) in the actions of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Drugs and Ex-perimental Clinical Research, XIX, 189–195.
   Google Scholar
• LEO, M. A., LASKER, J. M., RAUCY, J. L., KIM, C.-I., BLACK, M. and LIEBER, C. S., 1989, Metabolism of retinol and retinoic acids by human liver cytochrome P450IIC8. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 269, 305–312.
   Google Scholar
• LESCA, P., PERYT, B., LARRIEU, G., ALVINERIE, M., GALTIER, P., DAUJAT, M., MAUREL, P. and HOOGENBOOM, L., 1995, Evidence for the ligand-independent activation of the Ah receptor. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 209, 474–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEVIN, W., 1990, Functional diversity of hepatic cytochromes P-450. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 18, 824–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LI, A. P., RASMUSSEN, A., Xu, L. and KAMINSKI, D. L., 1995, Rifampicin induction of lidocaine metabolism in cultured human hepatocytes. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thera-peutics, 274, 673–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIANG, H.-C. L., LI, H., MCKINNON, R. A., DUFFY, J. J., POTTER, S. S., PUGA, A. and NEBERT, D. W., 1996, CYP1a2( —/ —) null mutant mice develop normally but show deficient drug metabolism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 93, 1671–1676.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIEBER, C. S., 1997, Cytochrome P-4502E1: its physiological and pathological role. Physiological Reviews, 77, 517–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIEBER, C. S. and DECARLI, L. M., 1968, Ethanol oxidation by hepatic microsomes: adaptive increase after ethanol feeding. Science, 162, 917–918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LINDROS, K. 0., 1997, Zonation of cytochrome P450 expression, drug metabolism and toxicity in liver. General Pharmacology, 28, 191–196.
   Google Scholar
• LOPEZ GARCIA, M. P., DANSETTE, P. M., VALADON, P., AR, C., BEAU, P., GUENGERICH, F. P. and MANSITY, D., 1993, Human liver P450s expressed in yeast as tools for reactive metabolite formation studies: oxidative activation of tienilic acid by P450 2C9 and P450 2C10. European Journal of Biochemistry, 213, 223–232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LOWN, K. S., BAILEY, D. G., FONTANA, R. J., JANARDAN, S. K., ADAIR, C. H., FORTLAGE, L. A., BROWN, M. B., Guo, W. and WATKINS, P. B., 1997, Grapefruit juice increases felodipine oral availability in humans by decreasing intestinal CYP3A protein expression. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 99, 2545–2553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LOWN, K. S., THUMMEL, K. E., BENEDICT, P. E., SHEN, D. D., TURGEON, D. K., BERENT, S. and WATKINS, P. B., 1995, The erythromycin breath test predicts the clearance of midazolam. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 57, 16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LUCAS, D., MENEZ, C., GIRRE, C., BERTHOU, F., BODENEZ, P., JOANNET, I., HISPARD, E., BARDOU, L.-G. and MENEZ, J.-F., 1995, Cytochrome P450 2E1 genotype and chlorzoxazone metabolism in healthy and alcoholic Caucasian subjects. Pharmacogenetics, 5, 298–304.
   Google Scholar
• MAHGOUB, A., IDLE, J. R., D RING, L. G., LANCESTER, R. and SMITH, R. L., 1977, Polymorphic hydroxylation of debrisoquine in man. Lancet, ii, 584–586.
   Google Scholar
• MANDEMA J. W., TUK, B., VAN STEVENICK, A. L., BREIMER, D. D., COHEN, A. F. and DANHOF, M., 1992, Pharrnacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the central nervous system effects of midazolam and its main metabolite a-hydroxymidazolam in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 51, 715–728.
   Google Scholar
• MAENPA A, J., HALL, S. D., RING, B. J., STROM, S. C. and WRIGHTON, S. A., 1998, Human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) mediated midazolam metabolism: the effect of assay conditions and regioselective stimulation by a-naphthoflavone, terfenadine and testosterone. Pharmacogenetics (in press).
   Google Scholar
• MAZZE, R. I., WOODRUFF, R. E. and HEERDT, M. E., 1982, Isoniazid-induced enflurane defluorination in humans. Anesthesiology, 57, 5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDoNNELL, W. M., SCHEIMAN, J. M. and TRABER, P. G., 1992, Induction of cytochrome P450IA genes (CYP1A) by omeprazole in the human alimentary tract. Gastroenterology, 103, 1509–1516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MCGEHEE, R. E., RONIS, M. J. J. and BADGER, T. M., 1997, Regulation of the hepatic CY P 2E1 gene during chronic alcohol exposure: lack of an ethanol response element in the proximal 5--flanking sequence. DNA and Cell Biology, 16, 725–736.
   Google Scholar
• MEYER, U. A., 1994, Pharmacogenetics: the slow, the rapid, and the ultrarapid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 1983–1984.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEYER, U. A., SKODA, R. C. and ZANGER, U. M., 1990, The general polymorphism of debrisoquine/sparteine metabolism-molecular mechanisms. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 46, 297–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MICKA, J., MILATOVICH, A., MENON, A., GRABOWSKI, G. A., PUGA, A. and NEBERT, D. W., 1997, Human Ah receptor (AHR) gene: localization to 7p15 and suggestive correlation of polymorphism with CYP1A1 inducibility. Pharmacogenetics, 7, 95–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MOLOWA, D. T., SCHUETZ, E. G., WRIGHTON, S. A., WATKINS, P. B., KREMERS, P., MENDEZ -PICON, G., PARKER, G. A. and GUZELIAN, P. S., 1986, Complete cDNA sequence of a cytochrome P-450 inducible by glucocorticoids in human liver. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 83, 5311–5315.
   Google Scholar
• MOREL, F., BEAUNE, P. H., RATANASAVANH, D., FLINOIS, J.-P., YANG, C. S., GUENGERICH, F. P. and GUILLOUZO, A., 1990, Expression of cytochrome P-450 enzymes in cultured human hepatocytes. European Journal of Biochemistry, 191, 437–444.
   Google Scholar
• MURRAY, M., 1987, Mechanisms of the inhibition of cytochrome P450-mediated drug oxidation by therapeutic agents. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 18, 55–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURRAY, M., 1992, P450 enzymes; inhibition mechanisms, genetic regulation and effects of liver disease. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 23, 123–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUSTAJOKI, P., HIIVIBERG, J. J., TOKOLA, 0. and TENHUNEN, R., 1992, Rapid normalization of antipyrine oxidation by heme in variegate porphyria. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 51, 320–324.
   Google Scholar
• NARIMATSU, S., KARIYA, S., Isozmo, S., OHMORI, S., KITADA, M., HOSOKAWA, S., MASUBUCHI, Y. and Suzum, T., 1993, Involvement of CYP2D6 in oxidative metabolism of cinnarizine and flunarizine in human liver microsomes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 193, 1262–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEBERT, D. W., 1989, The Ah locus: genetic differences in toxicity, cancer, mutation, and birth defects. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 20, 137–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEBERT, D. W., 1991, Role of genetics and drug metabolism in human cancer risk. Mutation Research, 247, 267–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NELSON, S. D., 1990, Molecular mechanisms of the hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen. Seminars in Liver Diseases, 10, 267–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEIVIEROFF, C. B., DEVANE, C. L. and POLLOCK, B. G., 1996, New antidepressants and the cytochrome P450 system. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 311–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOUSBAUM, J. B., BERTHOU, F., CARLHANT, D., RICHE, C., ROBASZKIEWICZ, M. and GOUEROU, H., 1994, Four-week treatment with omeprazole increases the metabolism of caffeine. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 89, 371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'SHEA, D., KIM, R. B. and WILKINSON, G. R., 1997, Modulation of CYP2E1 activity by isoniazid in rapid and slow N-acetylators. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 43, 99–103.
   Google Scholar
• OHNHAUS, E. E., BRECKENRIDGE, A. M. and PARK, B. K., 1989, Urinary excretion of 6b-hydroxycortisol and the time course measurement of enzyme induction in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 36, 39–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OLKKOLA, K. T., ARANKO, K., LUURILA, H., HILLER, A., SAARNIVAARA, L., HIMBERG, J.-J. and NEUVONEN, P. J., 1993, A potentially hazardous interaction between midazolam and erythromycin in healthy volunteers. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 53, 298–305.
   Google Scholar
• OLKKOLA, K. T., BACKMAN, J. F. and NEUVONEN, P. J., 1994, Midazolam should be avoided in patients receiving the systemic antimycotics ketoconazole or itraconazole. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 55, 481–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ONO, S., HATANAKA, T., HOTTA, H., TSUSTSUI, M., SATOH, T. and GONZALEZ, F. J., 1995, Chlorzoxazone is metabolized by human CYP1A2 as well as by human CYP2E1. Pharmacogenetics, 5, 143–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PAINE, M. F., SHEN, D. D., KUNZE, K. L., PERKINS, J. D., MARSH, C. L., MCVIGAR, J. P., BARR, D. M., GILL1ES, B. S. and THUMIVIEL, K. E., 1996, First-pass metabolism of midazolam by the human intestine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 60, 14–24.
   Google Scholar
• PARK, B. K. and BRECKENRIDGE, A. M., 1981, Clinical implications of enzyme induction and enzyme inhibition. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 6, 1–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARK, B. K., KITTERINGHAM, N. R., PIRMOHAIVIED, M. and TUCKER, G. T., 1996, Relevance of induction of human drug-metabolizing enzymes: pharmacological and toxicological implications. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 41, 477–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PASANEN, M. and PELKONEN, 0., 1994, The expression and environmental regulation of P450 enzymes in human placenta. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 24, 211–229.
   Google Scholar
• PATSALOS, P. N. and DUNCAN, J. S., 1993, Antiepileptic drugs. A review of clinically significant drug interactions. Drug Safety, 3, 156–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PATTEN, C., THOMAS, P. E., GUY, R., LEE, M., GONZALEZ, F. J., GUENGERICH, F. P. and YANG, C. S., 1993, Cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in acetaminophen activation by rat and human liver microsomes and their kinetics. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 6, 511–518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEARCE, R., GREENWAY, D. and PARKINSON, A., 1992, Species differences and interindividual variation in liver microsomal cytochrome P450 2A enzymes: effects on coumarin, dicumarol, and testosterone oxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 298, 211–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PELKONEN, 0. and BREEVIER, D. D., 1994, Role of environmental factors in the pharmacokinetics of drugs—considerations with respect to animal models. In P. G. Welling and L. P. Balant (eds), Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Basel: Karger), pp. 289–332.
   Google Scholar
• PELKONEN, 0. and RAUNIO, H., 1997, Metabolic activation of toxins: tissue-specific expression and metabolism in target organs. Environmental Health Perspectives, 105, 767–774.
   Google Scholar
• PENNO, M. B. and VESELL, E. S., 1983, Monogenic control of variations in antipyrine metabolite formation. New polymorphism of hepatic drug oxidation. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 71, 1698–1709.
   Google Scholar
• PERROT, N., NALPAS, B., YANG, C. S. and BEAUNE, P. H., 1989, Modulation of cytochrome P450 isozymes in human liver, by ethanol and drug intake. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 19, 549–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERSSON, I., JOHANSSON, I. and INGELMAN -SUNDBERG, M., 1997, In vitro kinetics of two human CYPIAI variant enzymes suggested to be associated with interindividual differences in cancer sus-ceptibility. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 231, 227–230.
   Google Scholar
• PERUCCA, E., 1978, Clinical consequences of microsomal enzyme induction by antiepileptic drugs. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 2, 285–314.
   Google Scholar
• PESSAYRE, D., TINEL, M., LARREY, D., COBERT, B., FUNK-BRENTANO, C. and BABANY, G., 1983, Inactivation of cytochrome P-450 by a troleandomycin metabolite. Protective role of glutathione. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 224, 685–691.
   Google Scholar
• PETER, R., BocKER, R. G., BEAUNE, P. H., IWASAKI, M., GUENGERICH, F. P. and YANG, C.-S., 1990, Hydroxylation of chlorzoxazone as a specific probe for human liver cytochrome P-450 IIE1. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 3, 566–573.
   Google Scholar
• PETERSEN, D. D., McKiNNEY, C. E., IKEYA, K., SMITH, H. H., BALE, A. E., MCBRIDE, 0. W. and NEBERT, D. W., 1991, Human CYPIAI gene: cosegregation of the enzyme inducibility phenotype and an RFLP. American Journal of Human Genetics, 48, 720–725.
   Google Scholar
• PETERSEN, K. U., 1995, Review article: Omeprazole and the cytochrome P450 system. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 9, 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICHARD, L., FABRE, I., DAUJAT, M., DOMERGUE, J., JOYEUX, H. and MAUREL, P., 1992, Effect of corticosteroids on the expression of cytochromes P450 and on cyclosporin A oxidase activity in primary cultures of human hepatocytes. Molecular Pharmacology, 41, 1047–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PICHARD, L., FABRE, I., FABRE, G., DOMERGUE, J., SAINT AUBERT, B., MOURAD, G. and MAUREL, P., 1990, Cyclosporin A drug interactions. Screening for inducers and inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 (cyclosporin A oxidase) in primary cultures of human hepatocytes and in liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 18, 595–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PINEAU, T., FERNANDEZ -SALGUERO, P., LEE, S. S. T., MCPHAIL, T., WARD, J. M. and GONZALEZ, F. J., 1995, Neonatal lethality associated with respiratory distress in mice lacking cytochrome P450 IA2. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 92, 5134–5138.
   Google Scholar
• POULSEN, H. E. and Lour, S., 1988, Antipyrine as a model drug to study hepatic drug metabolizing capacity. Journal of Hepatology, 6, 374–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRESCORN, S. H., 1993, Recent pharmacological advances in antidepressant therapy for the elderly. Americal Journal of Medicine, 94, 2S–12S.
   Google Scholar
• PITURUNEN, J., SOTANIEMI, E. and PELKONEN, 0., 1980, Effect of cimetidine on microsomal drug metabolism in man. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 18, 185–187.
   Google Scholar
• QUATTROCHI, L. C. and TUKEY, R. H., 1993, Nuclear uptake of the Ah (dioxin) receptor in response to omeprazole: transcriptional activation of the human CYPIAI gene. Molecular Pharmacology, 43, 504–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QUATTROCHI, L. C., Vu, T. and TUKEY, R. H., 1994, The human CYP1A2 gene and induction by 3-methylcholanthrene, a region of DNA that supports Ah-receptor binding and promoter-specific induction. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 6949–6954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASMUSSEN, B. B., MÄENPX J., PELKONEN, 0., LOFT, S., POULSEN, H. E., LYKXESFELDT, J. and BROSEN K., 1995, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes: potent inhibition by fluvoxamine. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 39, 151–159.
   Google Scholar
• RAUNIO, H., PASANEN M., MÄENPA-Á, J., HAKKOLA, J. and PELKONEN, 0., 1995, Expression of extrahepatic cytochrome P450 in humans. In G. M. Pacifici and G. N. Fracchia (eds), Advances in Drug Metabolism in Man (Luxembourg: European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities), pp. 234–287.
   Google Scholar
• RAUTIO, A., SALIVIELA, E., ARVELA, P., PELKONEN, 0., SOTANIEMI, E. A., 1994, Assessment of CYP2A6 and CYP3A4 activities in vivo in different diseases in man. In M. C. Lechner (ed.), Cytochrome P450. Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology (Paris: John Libbey Eurotext), pp. 519–521.
   Google Scholar
• RELLING, M. V., AOYAMA, T., GONZALEZ, F. J. and MEYER, U. A., 1990, Tolbutamide and mephenytoin hydroxylation by human cytochrome P45 Os in the CYP2C subfamily. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 252, 442–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RELLING, M. V., EVANS, W. E., FONNE -PFISTER, R. and MEYER, U. A., 1989, Anticancer drugs as inhibitors of two polymorphic cytochrome P450 enzymes, debrisoquin and mephenytoin hydroxylase, in human liver microsomes. Cancer Research, 49, 68–71.
   Google Scholar
• RETTlE, A. E., EDDY, A. C., HEIMARK, L. D., GIBALDI, M. and TRAGER, W. F., 1989, Characteristics of warfarin hydroxylation catalyzed by human liver microsomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 17, 265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RETTlE, A. E., KORZEKWA, R., KUNZE, K. L., LAWRENCE, R. F., EDDY, A. C., AOYAMA, T., GELBOIN H. V., GONZALEZ, F. J. and TRAGER, W. F., 1992, Hydroxylation of warfarin by human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P-450: a role for P-4502C9 in the etiology of (S)-warfarin-drug interactions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 5, 54–59.
   Google Scholar
• Rizzo, N., PADOIN, C., PALOMBO, S., SCHERRMANN, J.-M. and GIRRE, C., 1996, Omeprazole and lansoprazole are not inducers of cytochrome P450IA2 under conventional therapeutic conditions. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 49, 491–495.
   Google Scholar
• ROBSON, R. A., MATTHEWS, A. P., MINERS, J. 0., MCMANUS, M. E., MEYER, U. A., DE LAM. HALL, P. and BIRKETT, D. J., 1987, Characterisation of theophylline metabolism in human liver micro-somes. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 24, 293–300.
   Google Scholar
• ROCHAT, B., AIVIEY, M., GILLET, M., MEYER, U. A. and BAUMANN, P., 1997, Identification of three cytochrome P450 isozymes involved in N-demethylation of citalopram enantiomers in human liver microsomes. Pharmacogenetics, 7, 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• RODRIGUES, A. D., 1994, Use of in vitro human metabolism studies in drug development. An industrial perspective. Biochemical Pharmacology, 48, 2147–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUES, A. D., KUKULKA, M. J., ROBERTS, E. M., OUELLET, D. and RODGERS, T. R., 1996, [0-methyl 'C]naproxen 0-demethylase activity in human liver microsomes. Evidence for the involvement of cytochrome P4501A2 and P4502C9/10. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 126–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RODRIGUES, A. D. and ROBERTS, E. M., 1997, The in vitro interaction of dexmedetomidine with human liver microsomal cytochrome P4502D6 (CYP2D6). Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 25, 651–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RONIS, M. J. J., LINDROS, K. 0. and INGELMAN -SUNDBERG, M., 1996, The CYP2E subfamily. In C. Ioannides (ed.), Cytochromes P450: Metabolic and Toxicological Aspects 211–239.
   Google Scholar
• ROOTS, I., HOLB E., HOVERMANN W., NIGAN, S., HEINEMYER, G. and HILDEBRANDT, A. G., 1979, Quantitative determination by HPLC of urinary 6b-hydroxycortisol, an indicator of enzyme induction by rifampicin and antiepileptic drugs. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 16, 63–71.
   Google Scholar
• ROST, K. L., BR6SICKE, H., BROCKM6LLER, J., SCHEFFLER, M., HELGE, H. and ROOTS, I., 1992, Increase of cytochrome P450IA2 activity by omeprazole: evidence by the C[N-3-methyl]-caffeine breath test in poor and extensive metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clinical Pharmacology and Thera-peutics, 52, 170–180.
   Google Scholar
• ROST, K. L., BRösicKE, H., HEINEMYER, G. and ROOTS, I., 1994, Specific and dose-dependent enzyme induction by omeprazole in human beings. Hepatology, 20, 1204–1212.
   Google Scholar
• ROST, K. L. and ROOTS, I., 1994, Accelerated caffeine metabolism after omeprazole treatment is indicated by urinary metabolite ratios: coincidence with plasma clearance and breath test. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 55, 402–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SARICH, T., KALHORN, T., MAGEE, S., AL-SAYEGH, F., ADAMS, S., SLATTERY, J., GOLDSTEIN, J., NELSON, S. and WRIGHT, J., 1997, The effect of omeprazole pretreatment on acetaminophen metabolism in rapid and slow metabolizers of S-mephenytoin. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 62, 21–28.
   Google Scholar
• SCHMIDER, J., GREENBLATT, D. J., VON MOLTKE, L. L., HARMATZ, J. S. and SHADER, R. I., 1995, N-demethylation of amitriptyline in vitro: role of cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A) isoforms and effect of metabolic inhibitors. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 275, 592–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHMIDT, J. V. and BRADFIELD, C. A., 1996, Ah receptor signalling pathways. Annual Review of Cellular Development and Biology, 12, 55–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHUETZ, E. G., BECK, W. T. and SCHUETZ, J. D., 1996, Modulators and substrates of P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P4503A coordinately up-regulate these proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. Molecular Pharmacology, 49, 311–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHUETZ, E.G., SCHUETZ, J. D., STROM, S. C., THOMPSON, M. T., FISHER, R. A., MOLOWA, D. T., LI, D. and GUZELIAN, P. S., 1993, Regulation of human liver cytochromes P-450 in family 3A in primary and continuous culture of human hepatocytes. Hepatology, 18, 1254–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SCHUETZ, J. D., SCHUETZ, E. G., THOTTASSERY, J. V., GUZELIAN, P. S., STROM, S. and SUN, D., 1996, Identification of a novel dexamethasone responsive enhancer in the human CYP3A5 gene and its activation in human and rat liver cells. Molecular Pharmacology, 49, 63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SESARDIC, D., PASANEN M., PELKONEN, 0. and BOOBIS, A. R., 1990, Differential expression and regulation of the members of the cytochrome P450IA gene subfamily in human tissues. Carcinogenesis, 11, 1183–1188.
   Google Scholar
• SHARER, J. E. and WRIGHTON, S. A., 1996, Identification of the human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in the in vitro oxidation of antipyrine. Drug Metabolism and Disposition, 24, 487–494.
   Google Scholar
• SHIMADA, T., HAYES, C. L., YAMAZAKI, H., AMIN, S., HECHT, S. S., GUENGERICH, F. P. and SUTTER, T. R., 1996, Activation of chemically diverse procarcinogens by human cytochrome P-450 1B1. Cancer Research, 56, 2979–2984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIMADA, T., MISONO, K. S. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1986, Human liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 mephenytoin 4-hydroxylase, a prototype of genetic polymorphism in oxidative drug metabolism: purification and characterization of two similar forms involved in the reaction. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 261, 909–921.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHIMADA, T., YAMAZAKI, H., MIMURA, M., INUI, Y. and GUENGERICH, F. P., 1994, Interindividual variations in human liver cytochrome P-450 enzymes involved in the oxidation of drugs, carcinogens and toxic chemicals: studies with liver microsomes of 30 Japanese and 30 Caucasians. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 270, 414–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEsmzu, M., LASKER, J. M., TSUTSUMI, M. and LIEBER, C. S., 1990, Immunohistochemical localization of ethanol-inducible P450I1E1 in the rat alimentary tract. Gastroenterology, 99, 1044–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHOU, M., GROGAN, J., MANCEWICZ, J. A., KRAUSZ, K. W., GONZALEZ, F. J., GELBOIN, H. V. and KORZEKWA, K. R., 1994, Activation of CYP3A4: evidence for the simultaneous binding of two substrates in a cytochrome P450 active site. Biochemistry, 33, 6450–6455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIMPSON, A. E. C. M., 1997, The cytochrome P450 (CYP4) family. General Pharmacology, 28, 351-359. SONNICHSEN, D. S., L IE, 0., SCHUETZ, E. G., SCHUETZ J. D., PAPP 0, A. and RELLING M. V., 1995, Variability in human cytochrome P450 paclitaxel metabolism. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 275, 566–575.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SOONS, P. A., VOGELS, B. A. P.M., ROOSEMALEN, M. C. M., SCHOEMAKER, H. C., UCHIDA, E., EDGAR, B., LUNDAHL, J., COHEN, A. F. and BREEvIER, D. D., 1991, Grapefruit juice and cimetidine inhibit stereoselective metabolism of nitrendipine in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 50, 394–403.
   Google Scholar
• SOTANIEMI, E. A. and PELKONEN, R. 0. (eds), 1987, Enzyme Induction in Man (London: Taylor & Francis).
   Google Scholar
• SOUCEK, P. and GUT, I., 1992, Cytochromes P-450 in rats—structures, functions, properties and relevant human forms. Xenobiotica, 22, 83–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEVENS, J. C. and WRIGHTON, S. A., 1993, Interactions of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine with human liver cytochromes P450. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 266, 964–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STOCKLEY, I. H., 1996, Theophylline and related xanthine drug interactions. In Drug Interactions, 4th edn (London: Pharmaceutical Press), pp. 767–804.
   Google Scholar
• SUTTER, T. R., TANG, Y. M., HAYES, C. L., Wo, Y.-Y. P., JABS, E. W., LE X., YIN, H., CODY, C. W. and GREENLEE, W. F., 1994, Complete cDNA sequence of a human dioxin-inducible mRNA identifies a new gene subfamily of a cytochrome that maps to chromosome 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 269, 13092–13099.
   Google Scholar
• TAKAHASHI, T., LASKER, J. M., ROSMAN, A. S. and LIEBER, C. S., 1993, Induction of cytochrome P-4502E1 in the human liver by ethanol is caused by a corresponding increase in encoding messenger RNA. Hepatology, 17, 236–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TARRUS, E., CAMI, J., ROBERTS, D. J., SPICKETT, R. G. W., GELDRAN, E. and SEGURA, J., 1987, Accumulation of caffeine in healthy volunteers treated with furafylline. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 23, 9–18.
   Google Scholar
• TESTA, B. and JENNER, P., 1981, Inhibitors of cytochrome P450s and their mechanism of action. Drug Metabolism Reviews, 12, 1–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THUMIVIEL, K. E., SHEN, D. D., PODOLL, T. D., KUNZE, K. L., TRAGER, W. F., BACCHI, C. E., MARSH, C. L., MCVIGAR, J. P., BARR, D. M., PERKINS, J. D. and CARITHERS, R. L., 1994a, Use of midazolam as a human cytochrome P450 3A probe: II. Characterization of inter- and intraindividual hepatic CYP3A variability after liver transplantation. journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 271, 557–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THUMMEL, K. E., SHEN, D. D., PODOLL, T. D., KUNZE, K. L., TRAGER, W. F., HARTWELL, P. S., RAISYS V. A., MARSH, C. L., MCVIGAR, J. P., BARR, D. M., PERKINS, J. D. and CARITHERS, R. L., 1994b, Use of midazolam as a human cytochrome P450 3A probe: I. In vitro—in vivo correlations in liver transplant patients. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 271, 549–556.
   Google Scholar
• TRACY, T. S., MARRA, C., WRIGHTON, S. A., GONZALEZ, F. J. and KORZEKWA, K. R., 1997, Involvement of multiple cytochrome P450 isoforms in naproxen 0 -demethylation. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 52, 293–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TRANSON, C., LECOEUR, S., LEEMANN, T., BEAUNE, P. and DAYER, P., 1996, Interindividual variability in catalytic activity and immunoreactivity of three major human liver cytochrome P450 isozymes. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 51, 79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TSUTSUMI, M., LASKER, J. M., SHIMIZU, M., ROSMAN, A. S. and LIEBER, C. S., 1989, The intralobular distribution of ethanol-inducible P-450I1E1 in rat and human liver. Hepatology, 10, 437-446. VERONESE, M. E., MACKENZIE, P. I., DOECKE, C. J., MCMANUS, M. E., MINERS, J. 0. and BIRKETT D. J., 1991, Tolbutamide and phenytoin hydroxylations by cDNA-expressed human liver cyto-chrome P4502C9. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 175, 1112–1118.
   Google Scholar
• VERONESE, M. E., DOECKE, C. J., MACKENZIE, P. I., McMANus, M. E., MINERS, J. 0., Rs, D. L. P., GASSER, R., MEYER, U. A. and BIRKETT, D. J., 1993, Site-directed mutation studies of human liver cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in the CYP2C subfamily. Biochemical Journal, 289, 533–538.
   Google Scholar
• VON MOLTKE, L. L., GREENBLATT, D. J., COTREAU-BIBBO, M. M., DUAN, S. X., HARMATZ, J. S. and SHADER, R. I., 1994, Inhibition of desipramine hydroxylation in vitro by serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor antidepressants, and by quinidine and ketoconazole: a model system to predict drug interactions in vivo. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 268, 1278–1283.
   Google Scholar
• VON MOLTKE, L. L., GREENBLATT, D. J., HARMATZ, J. S., DUAN, S. X., HARREL, L. M., COTREAU -BIBBO M. M., PRITCHARD, G. A., WRIGHT, C. E. and SHADER, R. I., 1996, Triazolam biotransformation by human liver microsomes in vitro: effects of metabolic inhibitors and clinical confirmation of a predicted interaction with ketoconazole. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 276, 370–379.
   Google Scholar
• WATANABE, J., HAYASHI, S. and KAWADRI, K., 1994, Different regulation and expression of the human CYP2E1 gene due to the RsaI polymorphism in the 5' flanking region. Journal of Biochemistry, 116, 321–3256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATKINS, P. B., MURRAY, S. A., WINKELMAN, L. G., HEUMAN, D. M., WRIGHTON, S. A. and GUZELIAN P. S., 1989, Erythromycin breath test as an assay of glucocorticoid-inducible liver cytochromes P-450. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 83, 688–697.
   Google Scholar
• WATKINS, P. B., WRIGHTON, S. A., MAUREL, P., SCHUETZ, E. G., MENDEZ -PICON, G., PARKER, G. A. and
   Google Scholar
• GUZELIAN, P. S., 1985, Identification of an inducible form of cytochrome P-450 in human liver. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 82, 6310–6314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WATKINS, P. B., 1994, Noninvasive tests of CYP3A enzymes. Pharmacogenetics, 4, 171–184.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WAXMAN, D. J. and AZAROFF, L., 1992, Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 gene expression. Biochemical Journal, 281, 577–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAXMAN, D. J., Ko, A. and WALSH, C., 1983, Radioselectivity and stereoselectivity of androgen hydroxylations catalysed by cytochrome P-450 isozymes purified from phenobarbital induced rat liver. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258, 11937–11947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAXMAN, D. J., LAPENSON, D. P., AOYAMA, T., GELBOIN, H. V., GONZALEZ, F. J. and KORZEKWA, K., 1991, Steroid hormone hydroxylase specificities of eleven cDNA-expressed human cytochrome P450s. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 290, 160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEDLUND, P. J., ASLANIAN, W. S., MCALLISTER, C. B., WILKINSON, G. R. and BRANCH, R. A., 1984, Mephenynotoin hydroxylation deficiency in caucasians: frequency of a new oxidative drug metabolism polymorphism. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 36, 773–780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WEDLUND, P. J., KIMURA, S., GONZALEZ, F. J. and NEBERT, D. W., 1994,1462V mutation in the human CYP1A1 gene: lack of correlation with either the Msp I 1.9 kb (M2) allele of CYP1A1 inducibility in a three-generation family of East Mediterranean descent. Pharmacogenetics, 4, 21–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WILKINSON, G. R., 1996, Cytochrome P4503A (CYP3A) metabolism: prediction of in vivo activity in humans. Journal of Pharmacokinetks and Biopharmaceutics, 24, 475–490.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A., BRIAN, W. R., SARI, M. A., IWASAKI, M., GUENGERICH, F. P., RAUCY, J. L., MOLOWA D. T. and VANDENBRANDEN, M., 1990, Studies on the expression and metabolic capabilities of human liver cytochrome P450IIIA5 (HLp3). Molecular Pharmacology, 38, 207–213.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A., CAMPANILE, C., THOMAS, P. E., MAINES, S. L., WATKINS, P. B., PARKER, G., MENDEZ - PICON, G., HANIU, M., SHIVELY, J., LEVIN, W. and GUZELIAN, P. S., 1986, Identification of a human liver cytochrome P-450 homologous to the major isosafrole-inducible cytochrome P-450 in the rat. Molecular Pharmacology, 29, 405–410.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A. and RING, B. J., 1994, Inhibition of human CYP3A catalyzed 1"-hydroxy midazolam formation by ketoconazole, nifedipine, erythromycin, cimetidine, and nizatidine. Pharmaceutical Research, 11, 921–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A., RING, B. J., WATKINS, P. B. and VANDENBRANDEN, M., 1989, Identification of a polymorphically expressed member of the human cytochrome P-450III family. Molecular Pharmacology, 86, 97–105.
   Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A. and STEVENS, J. C., 1992, The human hepatic cytochromes P450 involved in drug metabolism. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 22, 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WRIGHTON, S. A., THOMAS, P. E., WILLIS, P., MAINES, S. L., WATKINS, P. B., LEVIN, W. and GUZELIAN P. S., 1987, Purification of a human liver cytochrome P-450 immunochemically related to several cytochromes P-450 purified from untreated rats. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 80, 1017–1022.
   Google Scholar
• YAMAZAKI, H., Guo, Z., PERSMARK, M., MIMURA, M., INOUE, K., GUENGERICH, F. P. and SHIMADA, 1994, Bufuralol hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2D6 and 1A2 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Molecular Pharmacology, 46, 568–577.
   Google Scholar
• YANG, C. S., BRADY, J. F. and HONG, J.-Y., 1992, Dietary effects on cytochromes P450, xenobiotic metabolism, and toxicity. F ASEB Journal, 6, 737–744.
   Google Scholar
• ZAND, R., NELSON, S. D., SLATTERY, J. T., THUMMEL, K. E., KALHORN, T. F., ADAMS, S. P. and WRIGHT, J. M., 1993, Inhibition and induction of ch P4502E1-catalyzed oxidation by isoniazid in humans. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 54, 142–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZHANG, Z.-Y., PASCO, M. J., HUANG, L., GUENGERICH, F. P. and KAMINSKY, L. S., 1996, Charac-terization of purified human recombinant cytochrome P4501A1-Ile" and -Val : assessment of a role for the rare allele in carcinogenesis. Cancer Research, 56, 3926–3933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZIMMERMAN, H. J. and MADDREY, W. C., 1995, Acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity with regular intake of alcohol: analysis of instances of therapeutic misadventure. Hepatology, 22, 767–773.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar