Publication Cover
Anthropological Forum
A journal of social anthropology and comparative sociology
Latest Articles
369
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A Brief History of Political Instability in Vanuatu

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Received 22 Feb 2024, Accepted 17 Apr 2024, Published online: 02 May 2024

References

  • “2024 National Referendum.” 2024. “Vanuatu Electoral Office. 2024.” https://web.archive.org/web/20240330223552/https://electoral.gov.vu/elections/2024-elections/2024-national-referendum.
  • Abong, Marcellin. 2013. “Metamorphoses of Nagriamel.” In Kago, Kastom and Kalja: The Study of Indigenous Movements in Melanesia Today, edited by Marc Tabani and Marcellin Abong, 59–84. Pacific-Credo Publications. https://books.openedition.org/pacific/162?lang=en.
  • Adams, R. 1984. In the Land of Strangers: A Century of European Contact with Tanna, 1774-1874. Canberra: The Australian National University.
  • Aleksandrova, Mariya, Sascha Balasko, Markus Kaltenborn, Daniele Malerba, Peter Mucke, Oliver Neuschäfer, Katrin Radtke, et al. 2021. “World Risk Report 2021.” Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft. https://www.preventionweb.net/publication/worldriskreport-2021-focus-social-protection.
  • Ambrose, David. 1996. “A Coup That Failed? Recent Political Events in Vanuatu.” The Journal of Pacific History 31 (3): 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.1996.10590157
  • Arauna, Lara R., Jacob Bergstedt, Jeremy Choin, Javier Mendoza-Revilla, Christine Harmant, Maguelonne Roux, Alex Mas-Sandoval, Lémée Laure, Colleran Heidi, François Alexandre, Valentin Frédérique, et al. 2022. “The Genomic Landscape of Contemporary Western Remote Oceanians.” Current Biology 32 (21): 4565–4575.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.055.
  • Bailey, Rochelle. 2013. “Ni-Vanuatu in the Recognised Seasonal Employer Scheme: Impacts at Home and Away.” SSGM Discussion Paper 2013/14. Australian National University. https://doi.org/10.25911/5F2003635D85D.
  • Bastin, R. 1981. “Economic Enterprise in a Tannese Village.” In Vanuatu: Politics, Economics and Ritual in Island Melanesia, edited by Michael R. Allen, 337–355. Sydney: Academic Press Australia.
  • Beasant, John. 1984. The Santo Rebellion: An Imperial Reckoning. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Bedford, D. 1971. “Mobility in Transition: An Analysis of Population Movement in the New Hebrides. ” Canberra: Australian National University.
  • Bedford, Charlotte, Heather Nunns, and Richard Bedford. 2020. “Participation in the RSE Scheme: The Myth of Opportunity.” Development Policy Blog (blog). October 20, 2020. https://devpolicy.org/participation-in-the-rse-scheme-the-myth-of-opportunity-20201020-1/.
  • Bedford, Stuart, and Matthew Spriggs. 2014. “The Archaeology of Vanuatu: 3,000 Years of History across Islands of Ash and Coral.” In The Oxford Handbook of Prehistoric Oceania, edited by Ethan E. Cochrane and Terry L. Hunt, 162–184. Oxford University Press.
  • Benati, Giacomo, and Carmine Guerriero. 2021. “Climate Change and State Evolution.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (14): e2020893118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020893118.
  • Blades, Johnny. 2021. “Vanuatu President Pardons Three Former PMs.” RNZ, September 3, 2021, sec. Pacific. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/450671/vanuatu-president-pardons-three-former-pms.
  • Bolton, Lissant. 1998. “Chief Willie Bongmatur Maldo and the Role of Chiefs in Vanuatu.” The Journal of Pacific History 33 (2): 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349808572869.
  • Bolton, Lissant. 1999. “Women, Place and Practice in Vanuatu: A View from Ambae.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 70 (1): 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1999.tb02988.x.
  • Bolton, Lissant. 2003. Unfolding the Moon: Enacting Women’s Kastom in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Bonnemaison, J. 1994. The Tree and the Canoe: History and Ethnogeography of Tanna. Translated by Penot-Demetry, J. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Boulekone, Vincent. 1995. “The Politics of Tan-Union.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 197–209. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Bowman, Chakriya, Jozefina Cutura, Amanda Ellis, and Clare Manuel. 2009. Women in Vanuatu: Analyzing Challenges to Economic Participation. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/276831468309297726/women-in-vanuatu-analyzing-challenges-to-economic-participation.
  • Bratrud, Tom. 2017. “Spiritual War: Revival, Child Prophesies, and a Battle Over Sorcery in Vanuatu.” In Pentecostalism and Witchcraft: Spiritual Warfare in Africa and Melanesia, edited by Knut M. Rio, Michelle MacCarthy, and Ruy Blanes, 211–233. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Bratrud, Tom. 2019. “Fear and Hope in Vanuatu Pentecostalism.” Paideuma: Mitteilungen Zur Kulturkunde Bd 65: 111–132.
  • Bratrud, Tom. 2021. “Asserting Land, Estranging Kin: On Competing Relations of Dependence in Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 91 (2): 280–295. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5305.
  • Brown, Terry M. 2010. The Anglican Church and the Vanuatu Independence Movement: Solidarity and Ambiguity. Working Paper No. 7. Geelong, Vic.: Alfred Deakin Research Institute. https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20110415010027/http://www.deakin.edu.au/alfred-deakin-research-institute/assets/resources/publications/workingpapers/adri-working-paper-07.pdf.
  • Carson, Mike T. 2012. “Recent Developments in Prehistory. Perspectives on Settlement Chronology, Inter-Community Relations, and Identity Formation.” In Polynesian Outliers: The State of the Art, edited by Richard Feinberg and Richard Scaglion, 27–48. Pittsburgh: The University of Pittsburgh.
  • Connell, John, and John Lea. 1994. “Cities of Parts, Cities Apart? Changing Places in Modern Melanesia.” The Contemporary Pacific 6 (2): 267–309. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23707238.
  • Cox, Marcus, Hannington Alatoa, Linda Kenni, Anna Uruknte Naupa, Gregory Edward Rawlings, Nikunj Soni, and Charles Vatu. 2007. “The Unfinished State: Drivers of Change in Vanuatu.” Australian Agency for International Development. https://www.dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Pages/unfinished-state-drivers-of-change-in-vanuatu.
  • Crowley, Terry. 1990. Beach-La-Mar to Bislama: The Emergence of a National Language in Vanuatu. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Cummings, Maggie. 2005. “Who Wears the Trousers in Vanuatu?” In Auto-Ethnographies: The Anthropology of Academic Practices, edited by Anne Meneley and Donna J. Young, 51–64. Toronto: Broadview Press.
  • Dalesa, Job. 2010. “Political Hostages, Deaths and the Santo Rebellion.” In 25 Tingting: Reflections on 25 Years of Independence in Vanuatu, edited by Randall Prior, Anna Uruknte Naupa, and Heather Cameron, 21–38. Wattle Park: Gospel Vanuatu Books.
  • Daly, Nicola, and Julie Barbour. 2021. “‘Because, They Are from Here. It Is Their Identity, and It Is Important’: Teachers’ Understanding of the Role of Translation in Vernacular Language Maintenance in Malekula, Vanuatu.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 24 (9): 1414–1430. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050.2019.1604625.
  • Davies, Kirsten. 2023. “Social Implications of Climate Change in Vanuatu: Potential for Conflict, Avenues for Conflict Prevention, and Peacebuilding.” In Climate Change and Conflict in the Pacific: Challenges and Responses, edited by Ria Shibata, Seforosa Carroll, and Volker Boege, 121–138. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003001744-11.
  • Donahue, Jaclyn, Kate Eccles, and May Miller-Dawkins. 2016. “Responding to Shocks: Women’s Experiences of Economic Shocks in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.” In Household Vulnerability and Resilience to Economic Shocks: Findings from Melanesia, edited by Simon Feeny, 43–66. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Douglas, Bronwen. 2002. “Christian Citizens: Women and Negotiations of Modernity in Vanuatu.” The Contemporary Pacific 14 (1): 1–38. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23717638.
  • Early, Robert. 2023. “Social Dynamics, Public Policy and Language Endangerment in Melanesia: An Enduring Enigma.” In Small Islands, Big Issues: Pacific Perspectives on the Ecosystem of Knowledge, edited by Peter Brown and Nabila Gaertner-Mazouni, 165–185. Oxford: Peter Lang Ltd. https://doi.org/10.3726/b16720.
  • Ellsberg, Mary, Christine Bradley, Andrew Egan, and Amy Haddad. 2008. Violence against Women in Melanesia and East Timor: Building on Global and Regional Promising Approaches. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/vaw_cs_full_report.pdf.
  • England, Rachel. 2018. Kastom Law and the Sustainable Development Goals on Tanna Island (Vanuatu). Canberra: Australian National University. https://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/uploads/2018-07/Kastom%20law%20and%20the%20SDGs_Tanna%20island_ShortBlog_Rachel%20England_v1.0.pdf.
  • Eriksen, Annelin. 2008. Gender, Christianity and Change in Vanuatu: An Analysis of Social Movements in North Ambrym. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing.
  • Eriksen, Annelin. 2009a. “Healing the Nation: In Search of Unity Through the Holy Spirit in Vanuatu.” Social Analysis 53 (1): 67–81. https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2009.530105.
  • Eriksen, Annelin. 2009b. “‘New Life’: Pentecostalism as Social Critique in Vanuatu.” Ethnos 74 (2): 175–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141840902940476.
  • Eriksen, Annelin. 2014. “A Cursed Past and a Prosperous Future in Vanuatu: A Comparison of Different Conceptions of Self and Healing.” In Pacific Futures: Projects, Politics and Interests, edited by Will Rollason, 133–151. Berghahn Books.
  • Eriksen, Annelin. 2022. “Christian Politics in Vanuatu: Lay Priests and New State Forms.” In Christian Politics in Oceania, edited by Matt Tomlinson and Debra McDougall, 103–121. ASAO Studies in Pacific Anthropology. Berghahn Books.
  • Eriksen, Annelin, and Knut M. Rio. 2017. “Demons, Devils, and Witches in Pentecostal Port Vila: On Changing Cosmologies of Evil in Melanesia.” In Pentecostalism and Witchcraft: Spiritual Warfare in Africa and Melanesia, edited by Knut M. Rio, Michelle MacCarthy, and Ruy Blanes, 189–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Facey, Ellen E. 1995. “Kastom and Nation Making: The Politicization of Tradition on Nguna, Vanuatu.” In Nation Making: Emergent Identities in Postcolonial Melanesia, edited by Robert J Foster, 207–225. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.
  • Flexner, James L. 2016. An Archaeology of Early Christianity in Vanuatu: Kastom and Religious Change on Tanna and Erromango, 1839-1920. Canberra: ANU Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1q1crx5.
  • Flexner, James L. 2022. “Archaeology and Kastom: Island Historicities and Transforming Religious Traditions in Southern Vanuatu.” Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 29 (4): 1367–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10816-022-09557-7.
  • Flexner, James L., and Matthew Spriggs. 2015. “Mission Sites as Indigenous Heritage in Southern Vanuatu.” Journal of Social Archaeology 15 (2): 184–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469605314568251.
  • Forster, R. A. S. 1980. “Vanuatu: The End of an Episode of Schizophrenic Colonialism.” The Round Table 70 (280): 367–373. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358538008453478.
  • Forsyth, Miranda. 2009. A Bird that Flies with Two Wings: Kastom and State Justice Systems in Vanuatu. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Forsyth, Miranda, and James Batley. 2016. “What the Political Corruption Scandal of 2015 Reveals about Checks and Balances in Vanuatu Governance.” The Journal of Pacific History 51 (3): 255–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2016.1214247.
  • Fox, C. E. 1958. Lord of the Southern Isles: Being the Story of the Anglican Mission in Melanesia 1849-1949. London: A. R. Mowbray & Co.
  • François, Alexandre. 2012. “The Dynamics of Linguistic Diversity: Egalitarian Multilingualism and Power Imbalance among Northern Vanuatu Languages.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2012 (214): 85–110. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022.
  • François, Alexandre, Michael Franjieh, Sébastien Lacrampe, and Stefan Schnell. 2015. “The Exceptional Linguistic Density of Vanuatu: Introduction to the Volume.” In The Languages of Vanuatu: Unity and Diversity, edited by Alexandre François, Michael Franjieh, Sébastien Lacrampe, and Stefan Schnell, 1–21. Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics. https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01186007.
  • Galipaud, Jean-Christophe. 2002. “Under the Volcano: Ni-Vanuatu and Their Environment.” In Natural Disasters and Cultural Change, edited by John Grattan and Robin Torrence, 162–171. London: Routledge.
  • Garae, Len. 2023. “Vanuatu Politicians Offer Apology to Citizens for Political Crisis.” RNZ. November 16, 2023. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/502562/vanuatu-politicians-offer-apology-to-citizens-for-political-crisis.
  • Gardner, Helen B. 2013. “Praying for Independence: The Presbyterian Church in the Decolonisation of Vanuatu.” The Journal of Pacific History 48 (2): 122–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223344.2013.781761.
  • Gubb, Matthew. 1994. Vanuatu’s 1980 Santo Rebellion: International Responses to a Microstate Security Crisis. Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University.
  • Guiart, Jean. 1956. “Culture Contact and the ‘John Frum’ Movement on Tanna, New Hebrides.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 12 (1): 105–116. https://doi.org/10.1086/soutjanth.12.1.3628861.
  • Haberkorn, Gerald. 1989. Port Vila, Transit Station or Final Stop? Recent Developments in Ni-Vanuatu Population Mobility. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Haddow, Eve, James L. Flexner, Stuart Bedford, and Matthew Spriggs. 2018. “Pendants and Beads of Stone, Shell, and Tooth from Southern Vanuatu.” In The Archaeology of Portable Art: Southeast Asian, Pacific, and Australian Perspectives, edited by Michelle C. Langley, Mirani Litster, Duncan Wright, and Sally K. May, 102–124. Taylor and Francis.
  • Hakkert, Ralph, and Scott Pontifex. 2022. “Vanuatu 2020 National Population and Housing Census: Analytical Report - Volume 2.” Noumia: Vanuatu Bureau of Statistics and the Pacific Community. https://sdd.spc.int/digital_library/vanuatu-2020-national-population-and-housing-census-analytical-report-volume-2.
  • Hassall, Graham. 2007. “Elite Conflict in Vanuatu.” In Security and Development in the Pacific Islands: Social Resilience in Emerging States, edited by M. Anne Brown, 225–248. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Herbert, Agnes. 2024. “Vanuatu Referendum Seeks to Instill Stability after Revolving-Door Govts.” Benar News, February 22, 2024. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/pacific/vanuatu-referendum-seeks-to-end-party-hopping-02222024013732.html.
  • Hess, Sabine C. 2009. Person and Place: Ideas, Ideals and the Practice of Sociality on Vanua Lava, Vanuatu. Person, Space and Memory in the Contemporary Pacific - Volume 2. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Howard, Elise. 2020. The 2020 Vanuatu Elections: How Did Women Fare? ANU Department of Pacific Affairs. https://dpa.bellschool.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2020-05/dpa_in_brief_2020_11_howard_vanuatu_election.pdf.
  • Huffman, K. 1996. “Trading, Cultural Exchange and Copyright: Important Aspects of Vanuatu Arts.” In Arts of Vanuatu, edited by J. Bonnemaison, C. Kaufman, K. Huffman, and Darrell T. Tryon, 182–194. Bathurst: Crawford House.
  • James, Albert. 2024. “Vanuatu Constitutional Referendum: Vois blong YES mo NO Vot.” SBS Bislama, March 7, 2024. https://www.sbs.com.au/language/bislama/bi/podcast-episode/vanuatu-constitutional-referendum-vois-blong-yes-mo-no-vot/y1(5b9oi3.
  • Jolly, Margaret. 1982. “Birds and Kastom Banyans of South Pentecost: Kastom in AntiColonial Struggle.” Mankind 13 (4): 338–356. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.1982.tb00999.x.
  • Jolly, Margaret. 1996. “Women's Rights, Human Rights and Domestic Violence in Vanuatu.” Feminist Review 52 (1): 169–190. https://doi.org/10.1057/fr.1996.14.
  • Kalpokas Masikevanua, Donald. 2010. The Vanua’aku Pati and Vanuatu Democracy.” In 25 Tingting: Reflections on 25 Years of Independence in Vanuatu, edited by Randall Prior, Anna Uruknte Naupa, and Heather Cameron, 15–20. Wattle Park: Gospel Vanuatu Books.
  • Komugabe-Dixson, Aimée F., Naomi S.E. de Ville, Alexei Trundle, and Darryn McEvoy. 2019. “Environmental Change, Urbanisation, and Socio-Ecological Resilience in the Pacific: Community Narratives from Port Vila, Vanuatu.” Ecosystem Services 39 (October): 100973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100973.
  • Kraemer, Daniela. 2013. “Planting Roots, Making Place: An Ethnography of Young Men in Port Vila, Vanuatu.” PhD thesis, London School of Economics.
  • Langridge, Albert Kent. 1921. Quarterly Jottings from the New Hebrides South Sea Islands, No. 114, October 1921. London: The John G. Paton Mission Fund.
  • Lewis, Lydia. 2023. “Right to Information: Crucial for Pacific People to Hold Power to Account.” RNZ, September 28, 2023, sec. Pacific. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/498965/right-to-information-crucial-for-pacific-people-to-hold-power-to-account.
  • Lindstrom, Lamont. 1989. “Working Encounters: Oral Histories of World War II Labor Corps from Tanna, Vanuatu.” In The Pacific Theater: Island Representations of World War II, edited by Geoffrey M. White and Lamont Lindstrom, 395–417. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
  • Lindstrom, Lamont. 1997. “Chiefs in Vanuatu Today.” In Chiefs Today: Traditional Leadership and the Postcolonial State, edited by Lamont Lindstrom and Geoffrey M. White, 211–228. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Lindstrom, Lamont. 2011a. “Big Wok: The Vanuatu Cultural Centre’s World War Two Ethnohistory Project.” In Working Together in Vanuatu: Research Histories, Collaborations, Projects and Reflections, edited by John Patrick Taylor and Nick Thieberger, 43–57. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Lindstrom, Lamont. 2011b. “Vanuatu Migrant Lives in Village and Town.” Ethnology 50 (1): 1–15. http://ethnology.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/Ethnology/article/view/6089/6298.
  • Lindstrom, Lamont. 2020. Tanna Times: Islanders in the World. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
  • Lin̄i, Walter. 1980. Beyond Pandemonium: From the New Hebrides to Vanuatu, edited by Anthony Haas, James Veitch, Pamela Brown, and Joan Elmes. Wellington: Asia Pacific Books.
  • Love, Mark W., M. Anne Brown, Samuel Kenneth, Gorden Ling, Roselyn Tor, Miriam Bule, Gideon Ronalea, Siro Vagaha, Kaitip Kami, and Daniel Luki. 2019. “What’s in a Name?: Case-Studies of Applied Language Maintenance and Revitalisation from Vanuatu.” Historic Environment 31 (3): 86–97. https://doi.org/10.3316/informit.822720231095354.
  • Luders, D. 1996. “Legend and History: Did the Vanuatu-Tonga Kava Trade Cease in A.D. 1447?” Journal of the Polynesian Society 105 (3): 287–310. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20706669.
  • Ludvigson, Tomas. 1981. “Kleva: Some Healers in Central Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu.” PhD thesis, University of Auckland.
  • Lynch, J. 1996. “Kava-Drinking in Southern Vanuatu: Melanesian Drinkers, Polynesian Roots.” Journal of the Polynesian Society 105 (1): 27–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20706644.
  • MacClancy, Jeremy. 1981. To Kill a Bird with Two Stones: A Short History of Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu Cultural Centre Publishing.
  • MacClancy, Jeremy. 1983. “Vanuatu and Kastom: A Study of Cultural Symbols in the Inception of a Nation State in the South Pacific.” PhD thesis, Oxford University.
  • Mahit, Lavinia G. L. 2016. “Reconciling Kastom and Modernity in Contemporary Vanuatu.” Masters thesis, The University of Waikato.
  • Manassah, Kiery. 2022. “Alatoi Ishmael Kalsakau’s Opportunity to Write His Own Story.” Development Policy Blog (blog). November 10, 2022. https://devpolicy.org/alatoi-ishmael-kalsakaus-opportunity-to-write-his-own-story-20221111/.
  • Manassah, Kiery. 2024. “It’s Time to Stem the Tide on Political One-Upmanship.” Vanuatu Daily Post, March 16, 2024. https://www.dailypost.vu/news/it-s-time-to-stem-the-tide-on-political-one-upmanship/article_7173cf78-6ae2-5917-88ee-ebcf65792905.html.
  • Matas Kele-Kele, Kalkot. 1977. “The Emergence of Political Parties.” In New Hebrides: The Road to Independence, edited by Chris Plant, 17–34. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, and the South Pacific Social Sciences Association.
  • McArthur, Norma, and J. F. Yaxley. 1968. Condominium of the New Hebrides: A Report on the First Census of the Population 1967. New South Wales: V.C.N. Blight, Government Printer.
  • McDonnell, Siobhan, and Ralph Regenvanu. 2022. “Decolonization as Practice: Returning Land to Indigenous Control.” AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 18 (2): 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1177/11771801221100963.
  • Mcleod, Abby, and Michael G. Morgan. 2007. “An Incomplete Arc: Analyzing the Potential for Violent Conflict in the Republic of Vanuatu.” Pacific Affairs 80 (1): 67–86. https://doi.org/10.5509/200780167
  • Miles, William F. S. 1998. Bridging Mental Boundaries in a Postcolonial Microcosm: Identity and Development in Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Mitchell, Jean. 1998. Young People Speak: A Report on the Vanuatu Young People’s Project. Port Vila: Vanuatu Cultural Centre.
  • Mitchell, Jean. 2002. “Roads, Restlessness, and Relationships: An Urban Settlement in Postcolonial Vanuatu.” PhD thesis, York University.
  • Mitchell, Jean. 2011. “‘Operation Restore Public Hope’: Youth and the Magic of Modernity in Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 81 (1): 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00092.x.
  • Mitchell, Paul W. 2019. “Nemasien: Mbwotegot Cosmology in Transition.” PhD thesis, Australian National University.
  • Molisa, Grace M. 1995. “A Crisis of Leadership.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 427–433. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute for Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Molisa, Grace M.. 2002. Women and Good Governance. Port Vila: Blackstone.
  • Molisa, Grace M., N. N. Vurobaravu, and Howard Van Trease. 1980. “Background to ‘The Eve of Independence’: The Hidden Agenda.” In Beyond Pandemonium: From the New Hebrides to Vanuatu, edited by Anthony Haas, James Veitch, Pamela Brown, and Joan Elmes, 56–59. Wellington: Asia Pacific Books.
  • Moore, Clive. 2022. South Sea Islander Mortality, 1860s–1900s, and Mackay’s Islander Hospitals: Why Reparations Are Required. Brisbane: University of Queensland. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:0d76896.
  • Morgan, Michael G. 2003. “Converging on the Arc of Instability? The Fall of Barak Sope and the Specture of a Coup in Vanuatu.” In Arc of Instability? Melanesia in the Early 2000s, edited by Ronald May, 41–54. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and State, Society and Governance in Melanesia Project, ANU. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/86660.
  • Morgan, Michael G. 2008. “The Origins and Effects of Party Fragmentation in Vanuatu.” In Political Parties in the Pacific Islands, edited by Roland Rich, Luke Hambly, and Michael G. Morgan, 117–142. Canberra: ANU Press. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24hc84.13.
  • Naunun, Iarris, Joe Sel, and Nakat Willie. 1995. “Tanna.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 365–376. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Naupa, Anna U. 2017. “Making the Invisible Seen: Putting Women’s Rights on Vanuatu’s Land Reform Agenda.” In Kastom, Property and Ideology: Land Transformations in Melanesia, edited by Siobhan McDonnell, Matthew Allen, and Colin Filer, 305–326. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Naupa, Anna U., and Joel Simo. 2008. “Matrilineal Land Tenure in Vanuatu: ‘Hu i Kakae Long Basket?’: Case Studies of Raga and Mele.” In Land and Women: The Matrilineal Factor: The Cases of the Republic of Marshall Islands, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, edited by Elise Huffer, 73–122. Suva: Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat.
  • Nimbtik, Gregoire. 2020. “The Struggles of Adoption and Adaptation in the Governance Space of Vanuatu: The Incorporation of Jifly Authority and Kastom Governance Into the Legal-Rational System.” In Governance and Societal Adaptation in Fragile States, 237–268. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Pacific Community. 2020. “Vanuatu 2020 National Population and Housing Census: Basic Tables Report - Volume 1 (Version 2).” Noumia: Vanuatu National Statistics Office. https://sdd.spc.int/digital_library/vanuatu-2020-national-population-and-housing-census-basic-tables-report-volume-1.
  • Pacific Institute of Public Policy. 2011. “Food for Thought: Exploring Food Security in the Pacific.” Commonwealth of Australia. http://www.pacificpolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/D19-PiPP.pdf.
  • Patterson, Mary. 2001. “Breaking the Stones: Ritual, Gender and Modernity in North Ambrym, Vanuatu.” Anthropological Forum 11 (1): 39–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/00664670120044082.
  • Philibert, Jean-Marc. 1981. “Living Under Two Flags: Selective Modernization in Erakor Village, Efate.” In Vanuatu: Politics, Economics and Ritual in Island Melanesia, edited by Michael R. Allen, 315–336. Sydney: Academic Press.
  • Philibert, Jean-Marc. 1992. “Social Change in Vanuatu.” In Social Change in the Pacific Islands, edited by Albert B. Robillard, 98–133. London: Kegan Paul International.
  • Posso, Alberto, and Matthew Clarke. 2016. “Mobility and Economic Resilience in Melanesia.” In Household Vulnerability and Resilience to Economic Shocks: Findings from Melanesia, edited by Simon Feeny, 67–81. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Premdas, Ralph R. 1989a. “Melanesian Socialism: Vanuatu’s Quest for Self-Definition.” In Politics and Government in Vanuatu: From Colonial Unity to Post-Colonial Disunity, edited by Ralph R. Premdas and Jeffrey S. Steeves, 73–95. Townsville: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.
  • Premdas, Ralph R. 1989b. “Secession and Decentralization in Political Change: The Case of Vanuatu.” In Politics and Government in Vanuatu: From Colonial Unity to Post-Colonial Disunity, edited by Ralph R. Premdas and Jeffrey S. Steeves, 49–72. Townsville: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.
  • Premdas, Ralph R., and Jeffrey S. Steeves. 1989. “Vanuatu: The Evolution of the Administrative and Political Context of Decentralization.” In Politics and Government in Vanuatu: From Colonial Unity to Post-Colonial Disunity, edited by Ralph R. Premdas and Jeffrey S. Steeves, 25–47. Townsville: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.
  • Quanchi, Max. 1998. “Australia’s South Sea Islanders: A Call for Recognition.” Journal of The Pacific Society 21 (3–4): 3–19.
  • Rawlings, Gregory E. 1999. “Foundations of Urbanisation: Port Vila Town and Pango Village, Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 70 (1): 72–86. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.1999.tb02990.x.
  • Rawlings, Gregory E. 2002. “‘Once There Was a Garden, Now there is a Swimming Pool’ Inequality, Labour and Land in Pango, a Peri-Urban Village in Vanuatu.” PhD thesis, Australian National University.
  • Rawlings, Gregory E. 2015. “The Geo-Classifications of Colonial Statelessness: The Anthropology of Kastom, Land and Citizenship in the Decolonisation of Vanuatu.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 26 (2): 145–173. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12108.
  • Rawlings, Gregory E. 2019. “Stateless Persons, Eligible Citizens and Protected Places: The British Nationality Act in Vanuatu.” Twentieth Century British History 30 (1): 53–80. https://doi.org/10.1093/tcbh/hwy011.
  • Regenvanu, Ralph. 2005. “The Changing Face of ‘Custom’ in Vanuatu.” People and Culture in Oceania 20: 37–50. https://doi.org/10.32174/jsos.20.0_35.
  • Regenvanu, Ralph. 2010. “The Traditional Economy as Source of Resilience in Vanuatu.” In Defence of Melanesian Customary Land, edited by T. Anderson and G. Lee, 30–34. Sydney: Aid/Watch. http://milda.aidwatch.org.au/sites/default/files/Ralph%20Regenvanu.%20Traditional%20economy%20as%20a%20source%20of%20resistance%20in%20Vanuatu.pdf.
  • Rio, Knut M. 2010. “Handling Sorcery in a State System of Law: Magic, Violence and Kastom in Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 80 (2): 182–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2010.tb00079.x.
  • Rio, Knut M. 2011. “Policing the Holy Nation: The State and Righteous Violence in Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 81 (1): 51–71. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4461.2011.tb00093.x.
  • RNZ. 2021. “Former Vanuatu PM Salwai Loses Appeal against Perjury Sentence,” May 17, 2021, sec. Pacific. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/442708/former-vanuatu-pm-salwai-loses-appeal-against-perjury-sentence.
  • RNZ. 2024. “Vanuatu Constitutional Amendment Referendum Queried,” March 13, 2024, sec. Pacific. https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/511608/vanuatu-constitutional-amendment-referendum-queried.
  • Rodman, Margaret C. 1987. Masters of Tradition: Consequences of Customary Land Tenure in Longana, Vanuatu. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
  • Rousseau, Benedicta. 2011. “Shifting Others: Kastom and Politics at the Vanuatu Cultural Centre.” In Working Together in Vanuatu: Research Histories, Collaborations, Projects and Reflections, edited by John Patrick Taylor and Nick Thieberger, 225–237. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Rousseau, Benedicta. 2012. “‘Vot Long Stret Man’: Personality, Policy, and the Election of Ralph Regenvanu, Vanuatu 2008.” The Contemporary Pacific 24 (1): 98–118. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23725687.
  • Rousseau, Benedicta, and John Patrick Taylor. 2012. “Kastom Ekonomi and the Subject of Self-Reliance: Differing Development in Vanuatu.” In Differentiating Development: Beyond an Anthropology of Critique, edited by Soumhya Venkatesan and Thomas Yarrow, 169–186. Oxford: Berghahn Books.
  • Ryrie, Alec. 2018. Protestants: The Faith That Made the Modern World. New York, NY: Penguin.
  • Scarr, Deryck. 1967. Fragments of Empire: A History of the Western Pacific High Commission 1877-1914. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Scott, James C. 1972. “Patron-Client Politics and Political Change in Southeast Asia.” American Political Science Review 66 (1): 91–113. https://doi.org/10.2307/1959280.
  • Shaver, John, and Thomas White. 2022. “Integrating Pacific Research Methodologies with Western Social Science Research Methods: Quantifying Pentecostalism’s Effects on Fijian Relationality.” Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 6 (2): 118–135. https://doi.org/10.26021/13503.
  • Shineberg, Dorothy. 1967. They Came for Sandalwood: A Study of the Sandalwood Trade in the South-West Pacific, 1830-1865. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
  • Simo, Joel. 2010. “Land and the Traditional Economy: ‘Your Money, My Life’ Hu i Kakae Long Basket Blong Laef?” In Defence of Melanesian Customary Land, edited by T. Anderson and G. Lee, 40–44. Sydney: Aid/Watch. http://milda.aidwatch.org.au/sites/default/files/Joel%20Simo.%20Land%20and%20the%20traditional%20economy.pdf.
  • Smith, Rachel E. 2021. “Declarations of ‘Self-Reliance’: Alternative Visions of Dependency, Citizenship and Development in Vanuatu.” Oceania; A Journal Devoted To the Study of the Native Peoples of Australia, New Guinea, and the Islands of the Pacific 91 (2): 236–256. https://doi.org/10.1002/ocea.5309.
  • Sope, Barak. 1974. Land and Politics in the New Hebrides. Suva: South Pacific Social Sciences Association.
  • Sope, Barak. 1977. “Decentralisation: A Future Priority.” In New Hebrides: The Road to Independence, edited by Chris Plant, 108–113. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific, and the South Pacific Social Sciences Association.
  • Sparks, C. 2005. “Rural Women and Everyday Resistance to Structural Adjustment in Melanesia.” Masters thesis, University of Victoria.
  • Spriggs, Matthew. 1997. The Island Melanesians. The Peoples of South-East Asia and The Pacific. Oxford: Blackwell. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281850716.
  • Spriggs, Matthew. 2008. “Ethnographic Parallels and the Denial of History.” World Archaeology 40 (4): 538–552. https://doi.org/10.1080/00438240802453161
  • Spriggs, Matthew, Roger Bird, and W. A. L. Ambrose. 2010. “A Reanalysis of the Tikopia Obsidians.” Archaeology in Oceania 45 (1): 31–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1834-4453.2010.tb00075.x.
  • Steeves, Jeffrey S. 1989. “Political and Constitutional Crisis in Vanuatu.” In Politics and Government in Vanuatu: From Colonial Unity to Post-Colonial Disunity, edited by Ralph R. Premdas and Jeffrey S. Steeves, 141–174. Townsville: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, James Cook University of North Queensland.
  • Steley, Dennis. 1990. “Unfinished: The Seventh-Day Adventist Mission in the South Pacific, Excluding Papua New Guinea, 1886-1986.” PhD thesis, University of Auckland.
  • Tabani, Marc. 2019. “Tannese Chiefs, State Structures, and Global Connections in Vanuatu.” The Contemporary Pacific 31 (1): 65–103. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2019.0006.
  • Taylor, John P. 2008. “The Social Life of Rights: ‘gender Antagonism’, Modernity and Raet in Vanuatu.” The Australian Journal of Anthropology 19 (2): 165–178. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1835-9310.2008.tb00120.x.
  • Tepahae, Philip. 1997. “Chiefly Power in Southern Vanuatu.” SSGM Discussion Paper 1997/9. Australian National University. https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/41805.
  • Thieberger, N. 2006. A Grammar of South Efate: An Oceanic Language of Vanuatu. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
  • Tonkinson, R. 1982. “Vanuatu Values: A Changing Symbiosis.” Pacific Studies 5 (2): 44–63. https://www.proquest.com/openview/529bef8a3b7cfb43076dbd16494c7a35/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1817199.
  • Tor, Roselyn, and Anthea Toka. 2004. Gender, Kastom and Domestic Violence: A Research on the Historical Trend, Extent and Impact of Domestic Violence in Vanuatu. Port Vila: Vanuatu Department of Women’s Affairs.
  • Trapido, Joe. 2021. “‘Masterless Men’ Riots, Patronage, and the Politics of the Surplus Population in Kinshasa.” Current Anthropology 62 (2): 198–217. https://doi.org/10.1086/713765.
  • Tryon, Darrell T. 2000. “Identity and Power in Vanuatu.” The New Pacific Review 1 (1): 32–44. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/14749.
  • Tryon, Darrell T. 2006. “Language Endangerment and Globalisation in the Pacific.” In Language Diversity in the Pacific: Endangerment and Survival, edited by Denis Cunningham, David E. Ingram, and Kenneth Sumbuk, 97–111. Multilingual Matters.
  • Tryon, Darrell T. 2009. “Linguistic Encounter and Responses in the South Pacific.” In Oceanic Encounters: Exchange, Desire, Violence, edited by Margaret Jolly, Serge Tcherkezoff, and Darrell T. Tryon, 37–55. Canberra: ANU Press.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 1987. The Politics of Land in Vanuatu: From Colony to Independence. Suva: Institute of Pacific Studies of the University of the South Pacific.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 1995a. “The Colonial Origins of Vanuatu Politics.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 3–58. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 1995b. “The Election.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 119–158. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute for Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 1995c. “Years of Turmoil: 1987-91.” In Melanesian Politics: Stael Blong Vanuatu, edited by Howard Van Trease, 73–118. Christchurch: Macmillan Brown Centre for Pacific Studies, University of Canterbury, and Institute for Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 2005. “The Operation of the Single Non-Transferable Vote System in Vanuatu.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 43 (3): 296–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662040500304833.
  • Van Trease, Howard. 2010. “Vanuatu.” The Contemporary Pacific 22 (2): 467–476. https://doi.org/10.1353/cp.2010.0038
  • Vanuatu National Population Census May 1989: Main Report. 1991. Port Vila: Vanuatu National Planning and Statistics Office.
  • Vanuatu National Statistics Office. 2017. “Vanuatu 2016 Post-TC Pam Mini-Census Report, Volume 1.” https://spccfpstore1.blob.core.windows.net/digitallibrary-docs/files/e3/e38948ce6437b52abff1abd9f7c0cd1e.pdf?sv=2015-12-11&sr=b&sig=nYdlo26r2dX%2FVuw1%2BVP8seb6MKYChWYgGaNZzui0kiQ%3D&se=2023-05-20T23%3A39%3A36Z&sp=r&rscc=public%2C%20max-age%3D864000%2C%20max-stale%3D86400&rsct=application%2Fpdf&rscd=inline%3B%20filename%3D%22Vanuatu_2016_Post_Pam_Mini_Census_report_Vol_1.pdf%22.
  • Vanuatu National Statistics Office. 2021. “Well-Being in Vanuatu: 2019–2020 NSDP Baseline Survey.” Port Vila. https://vnso.gov.vu/index.php/en/nsdp-baseline-survey.
  • Vanuatu Women’s Centre and Vanuatu National Statistics Office. 2011. “Vanuatu National Survey on Women’s Lives and Family Relationships.” Port Vila. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/womens-centre-survey-womens-lives.pdf.
  • “Vanuatu Young People’s Project.” 2008. Vanuatu Cultural Centre.
  • Vardy, Tom, and Quentin D. Atkinson. 2019. “Property Damage and Exposure to Other People in Distress Differentially Predict Prosocial Behavior After a Natural Disaster.” Psychological Science 30 (4): 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619826972.
  • Veenendaal, Wouter. 2021. “How Instability Creates Stability: The Survival of Democracy in Vanuatu.” Third World Quarterly 42 (6): 1330–1346. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2021.1890577.
  • Wallis, Joanne. 2012. “The Pacific: From ‘Arc of Instability’ to ‘Arc of Responsibility’ and Then to ‘Arc of Opportunity’?” Security Challenges 8 (4): 1–12.
  • Whiteman, Darrell L. 1983. Melanesians and Missionaries: An Ethnohistorical Study of Social and Religious Change in the Southwest Pacific. Pasadena, CA: W. Carey Library.
  • Widmer, Alexandra. 2013. “Diversity as Valued and Troubled: Social Identities and Demographic Categories in Understandings of Rapid Urban Growth in Vanuatu.” Anthropology and Medicine 20 (2): 142–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13648470.2013.805299.
  • Willans, Fiona. 2015. “Traces of Globalised Discourses within and around Spaces for Multilingualism: Prospects for Education Policy Change in Vanuatu.” Current Issues in Language Planning 16 (1-2): 97–113. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2014.947021.
  • Willans, Fiona. 2017. “Grassroots Talk Back on Social Media: An Analysis of Public Engagement in Vanuatu’s Language-in-Education Policy.” Current Issues in Language Planning 18 (4): 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2017.1340407.
  • Wirrick, Parkinson. 2008. “Restricting the Freedom of Movement in Vanuatu: Custom in Conflict with Human Rights.” Journal of South Pacific Law 12 (1): 76–83. https://doi.org/10.3316/agispt.20120306.