Prognostic potential of body composition indices in detecting risk of musculoskeletal injury in army officer cadet profiles

References

• Jones BH, Bovee MW, Harris JM, et al. Intrinsic risk factors for exercise-related injuries among male and female army trainees. Am J Sports Med. 1993;21:705–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Cowan DN, Tomlison JP, et al. Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the army. Med Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1993;25:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenetidis K, Paxinos T. Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries among Greek Army officer recruits undergoing basic combat training. Mil Med. 2011;176(10):1111–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosendal L, Langberg H, Skov-Jensen A, et al. Incidence of injury and physical performance adaptations during military training. Clin J Sport Med. 2003;13(3):157–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munnoch K, Bridger RS. Smoking and injury in Royal Marines’ training. Occup Med. 2007;57:214–216.
   Google Scholar
• Hootman JM, Macera CA, Ainsworth BE, et al. Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34(5):838–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenetidis K, Kardaris D, Paxinos T. Profiles of musculoskeletal injuries among Greek Army officer recruits during basic combat training. Mil Med. 2011;176(3):297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Knapik JJ. Physical training and exercise related injuries: surveillance, research and injury prevention in military populations. Sports Med. 1999;27:111–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Cowan DN, Knapik JJ. Exercise, training and injuries. Sports Med. 1994;18:202–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gagge AP, Conzalez RR. Mechanisms of heat exchange: biophysics and physiology. In: Fregly MJ, Blatteis CM, Editors. Handbook of physiology, section 4, environmental physiology. New York (NY): Oxford Press; 1996. p. 45–84.
   Google Scholar
• Lind AR. A physiological criterion for setting thermal environmental limits for everyday work. J Appl Physiol. 1963;18:51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finestone A, Milgrom C, Evans R, et al. Overuse injuries in female infantry recruits during low-intensity basic training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11):S630–S635.
   Google Scholar
• Heir T, Eide G. Age, body composition, aerobic fitness and health condition as risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in conscripts. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 1996;6(4):222–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds KL, Heckel HA, Witt CE, et al. Cigarette smoking, physical fitness, and injuries in infantry soldiers. Am J Prev Med. 1994;10:145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones BH, Bovee MW, Knapik JJ. Associations among body composition, physical fitness and injury in men and women army trainees. In: Marriot BM, Editor. Body composition and physical performance. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1992. p. 141–173.
   Google Scholar
• Conway TL, Cronan TA. Smoking, exercise, and physical fitness. Prev Med. 1992;21:723–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Canham-Chervak M, Hauret K, et al. Seasonal variations in injury rates during US army basic combat training. Ann Occup Hyg. 2002;46(1):15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy DF, Connolly DAJ, Beynnon BD. Risk factors for lower extremity injury: a review of the literature. Br J Sports Med. 2003;37:13–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taanila H, Suni JH, Kannus P, et al. Risk factors of acute and overuse musculoskeletal injuries among young conscripts: a population-based cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2015;1(16):104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). International Classification of Disease Clinical Handbook. 9th Revision. Washington D.C: United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Health Care Financing Administration 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Durnin JVGA, Womersley J. Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr. 1974;32:77–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyward V. Assessing body composition. In: Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, 4th edition, Chapter 8, Human Kinetics; 2002. p. 145–170.
   Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Darakjy S, Hauret KG, et al. Increasing the physical fitness of low-fit recruits before basic combat training: an evaluation of fitness, injuries, and training outcomes. Mil Med. 2006;171(1):45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Sharp MA, Canham-Chervak M, et al. Risk factors for training-related injuries among men and women in basic combat training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:946–954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Sharp MA, Canham M, et al. Injury incidence and injury risk factors among U.S. Army basic trainees (including fitness training unit personnel, discharges and newstarts) Ft Jackson, SC, p. 1–70, 1999 (Epidemiological consultation report No. 29-HE-8370-98).
   Google Scholar
• Knapik JJ, Cuthie J, Canham M, et al. Injury incidence, injury risk factors and physical fitness of U.S. Army basic trainees Ft Jackson, SC, p. 1–49, 1998 (Epidemiological consultation report No. 29-HE-7513-98).
   Google Scholar
• Blacker SD, Wilkinson DM, Bilzon JL, et al. Risk factors for training injuries among British Army recruits. Mil Med. 2008;173:278–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross J, Woodward A. Risk factors for injury during basic military training. Is there a social element to injury pathogenesis? J Occup Med. 1994;36(10):1120–1126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cowan DN, Bedno SA, Urban N, et al. Musculoskeletal injuries among overweight army trainees: incidence and healthcare utilization. Occup Med. 2011;61(4):247–252.
   Google Scholar
• Peake J, Gargett S, Waller M, et al. The health and cost implications of high body mass index in Australian Defence Force personnel. BMC public health. 2012 Jun 19 [cited 2013 Apr 23]; 12: 451. Available from: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/451
   Google Scholar
• Friedl KE, Westphal KA, Marchitelli LJ, et al. Evaluation of anthropometric equations to assess body-composition changes in young women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73(2):268–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintsi M, Kaarma H, Kull I. Comparison of hand-to-hand bioimpedance and anthropometry equations versus dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the assessment of body fat percentage in 17-18-year-old conscripts. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2004;24(2):85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aandstad A, Holtberget K, Hageberg R, et al. Validity and reliability of bioelectrical impedance analysis and skinfold thickness in predicting body fat in military personnel. Mil Med. 2014;179(2):208–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization: Obesity preventing and managing the global epidemic. In: Report of a WHO consultation on obesity. Geneva: WHO; 1998. ( WHO technical report series No. 894).
   Google Scholar
• Schutz Y, Kyle UUG, Pichard C. Fat-free mass index and fat mass index percentiles in Caucasians aged 18 – 98 y. Int J Obes. 2002;26:953–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bahadori B, Uitz E, Tonninger-Bahadori K, et al. Body composition: the fat-free mass index (FFMI) and the body fat mass index (BFMI) distribution among the adult Austrian population – results of a cross-sectional pilot study. Int J Body Comp Res. 2006;4(3):123–128.
   Google Scholar
• Napredit P, Pantaewan P, Nimit-Arnun N, et al. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Royal Thai Army Personnel. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;90:335–340.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin R, Wittert G. The obesity epidemic: implications for recruitment and retention of defence force personnel. Obes Rev. 2009;10:693–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prentice AM, Jebb SA. Beyond body mass index. Obes Rev. 2001;2:141–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Šimundić AM. Diagnostic accuracy. Part 1 basic concepts: sensitivity and specificity, ROC analysis, STARD statement. Poc. 2012;11(1):6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Park SH, Goo JM, Jo C-H. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve: practical review for radiologists. Korean J Radiol. 2004;5(1):11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson PW, Clemes SA, Biddle SJH. Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of obesity in the British Army. Ann Hum Biol. 2014;41(3):193–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar