A Perfect Platform: Combining Contingency Management with Medications for Drug Abuse

REFERENCES

• Carroll KM, Onken LS. Behavioral therapies for drug abuse. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1452–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CP. Anticraving medications for relapse prevention: A possible new class of psychoactive medications. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1423–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vocci FJ, Acri J, Elkashef A. Medication development for addictive disorders: The state of the science. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162:1432–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conte HR, Plutchik R, Wild KV, Karasu TB. Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression. A systematic analysis of the evidence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43(5):471–479.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pampallona S, Bollini P, Tibaldi G, Kupelnick B, Munizza C. Combined pharmacotherapy and psychological treatment for depression: A systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004; 61(7):714–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR. Choosing a behavioral therapy platform for pharmacotherapy of substance users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 75:123–134.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• COMBINE Study Research Group. Testing combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral therapies in alcohol dependence: Rationale and methods. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:1107–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammons MT, Schmidt NB. Combined Treatments for Mental Disorders: Pharmacological and Psychotherapeutic Strategies for Intervention. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll KM.. Combined treatments for substance dependence. In Combined treatments for mental disorders: Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic strategies for intervention. Sammons MT, Schmidt NB, eds. Washington, DC: APA Press, 2001; 215–238.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll KM. Manual guided psychosocial treatment: A new virtual requirement for pharmacotherapy trials? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:923–928.
   Google Scholar
• Moeller FG, Schmitz JM, Steinberg JL, Green CM, Reist C, Lai LY, Swann AC, Grabowski J. Citalopram combined with behavioral therapy reduces cocaine use: A double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse, In press.
   Google Scholar
• Stitzer ML, Iguchi MY, Felch LJ. Contingent take-home incentives: Effects on drug use of methadone maintenance patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1992; 60:927–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer ML, Bickel WK, Bigelow GE, Liebson IA. Effect of methadone dose contingencies on urinalysis test results of polydrug abusing methadone maintenance patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 1986; 18:341–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Hughes JR. Achieving cocaine abstinence with a behavioral approach. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150:763–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman K, Wong CJ, Umbricht-Schneiter A, Montoya ID, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Broad beneficial effects of cocaine abstinence reinforcement among methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 1998; 66:811–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Martin B, Cooney JL, Kranzler HR. Give them prizes and they will come: Contingency management treatment of alcohol dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:250–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Martin B. Low-cost contingency management for treating cocaine- and opioid abusing methadone patients. J Consult Clin Psychol 2002; 70:398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith JD, Rowan-Szal GA, Roark RR, Simpson DD. Contingency management in outpatient methadone treatment: A meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58:55–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Petrakis I, Trevisan L, Wiredu L, Boutros N, Martin B, Kosten TR. Contingency management interventions: From research to practice. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 20:33–44.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Silverman K. Motivating Behavior Change Among Illicit-Drug Abusers. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Alessi SM, Carroll KM, Hanson T, McKinnon S, Rounsaville BJ, Sierra S. Contingency management treatments: Reinforcing abstinence versus adherence with goal-related activities. J Consult Clin Psychol 2006; 74:592–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis MW, Petry NM. Contingency management treatments that reinforce completion of goal-related activities: Participation in family activities and its association with outcomes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005; 79:267–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier JP, Heil SH, Mongeon JA, Badger GJ, Higgins ST. A meta-analysis of voucher-based reinforcement therapy for substance use disorders. Addiction 2006; 101:192–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollastri AR, Pokrywa ML, Walsh SJ, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. Incentive program decreases no-shows in nontreatment substance abuse research. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2005; 13:376–380.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendergast M, Podus D, Finney JW, Greenwell L, Roll JM. Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addiction 2006; 101:1546–1560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis IL, Rosenheck RA. Use of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2003; 27:1780–1784.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Institute of Medicine. Bridging the Gap Between Practice and Research: Forging Partnerships with Community-Based Drug and Alcohol Treatment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Mark TL, Kranzler HR, Poole VH, Hagen CA, McLeod C, Crosse S. Barriers to the use of medications to treat alcoholism. Am J Addict 2003; 12:281–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller WR. Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychol Bull 1985; 98(1):84–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinkenberg WD, Sacks S. HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence Health Outcomes and Cost Study Group. Mental disorders and drug abuse in persons living with HIV/AIDS. AIDS Care 2004; 16(Suppl 1):S22–42.
   Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Selwyn PA, Schottenfeld RS. Medical care for injection-drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1994; 331(7):450–459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, Crum RM, Warner LA, Nelson CB, Schulenberg J, Anthony JC. Lifetime co-occurence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatric disorders in the National Comorbidity Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54:313–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compton WM, Thomas YF, Conway KP, Colliver JD. Developments in the epidemiology of drug use and drug use disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(8):1494–1502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady KT, Sinha R. Co-occuring mental and substance use disorders: The neurobiological effects of chronic stress. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162(8):1483–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Rosen MI, Carroll KM. Contingency management to enhance medication compliance in addicts. In Contingency Management in the Treatment of Substance Use Disorders: A Science-Based Treatment Innovation. Higgins ST, Silverman K, Heil SH, eds. New York: The Guilford Press, In press.
   Google Scholar
• Ball JC, Ross A. The Effectiveness of Methadone Maintenance Treatment. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Sees KL, Delucchi KL, Masson C, Rosen A, Clark HW, Robillard H, Banys P, Hall SM. Methadone maintenance vs 180-day psychosocially enriched detoxification for treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000; 283(10):1303–1310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR. Treatment for opioid dependence: Quality and access. JAMA 2000; 283(10):1337–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien CP. A range of research-based pharmacotherapies for addiction. Science 1997; 278:66–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. Contingency management in a methadone maintenance program: Availability of reinforcers. Int J Addict 1978; 13:737–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman K, Higgins ST, Brooner RK, Montoya ID, Cone EJ, Schuster CR, Preston KL. Sustained cocaine abstinence in methadone maintenance patients through voucher-based reinforcement therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53:409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman K. Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in treatment-resistant methadone patients: Effects of reinforcer magnitude. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1999; 146(2):128–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman K, Svikis DS, Wong CJ, Hampton J, Stitzer ML, Bigelow GE. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: Three year abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 10:228–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman K, Chutuape MA, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Voucher-based reinforcement of attendance by unemployed methadone patients in a job skills training program. Drug Alcohol Depend 1996; 41(3):197–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR, Derman RM, Emrick CD, Iber FL, James KE, Lacoursiere RB, Lee KK, Lowenstam I. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism: A Veterans Administration cooperative study. JAMA 1986; 256:1449–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli JR, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, Volpicelli LA, Alterman AI, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone and alcohol dependence: Role of subject compliance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997; 54(8):737–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson BA, Berglund M, Lindgren A. Efficacy of maintenance treatment with naltrexone for opioid dependence: A mata-analytic review. Addiction 2006; 101:491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabowski J, O'Brien CP, Greenstein RA, Long M, Steinberg-Donato S, Ternes J. Effects of contingent payments on compliance with a naltrexone regimen. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1979; 6:355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer RE, Mirin SM, Altman JL, McNamee HB. A behavioral paradigm for the evaluation of narcotic antagonists. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 371–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston KL, Silverman K, Umbricht A, DeJesus A, Montoya ID, Schuster CR. Improvement in naltrexone treatment compliance with contingency management. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 54:127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Ball SA, Nich C, O'Connor PG, Eagan D, Frankforter TL, Triffleman EG, Shi J, Rounsaville BJ. Targeting behavioral therapies to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: Efficacy of contingency management and significant other involvement. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001; 58:755–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Sinha R, Nich C, Babuscio T, Rounsaville BJ. Contingency management to enhance naltrexone treatment of opioid dependence: A randomized clinical trial of reinforcement magnitude. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 10:54–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes EV, Rothenberg JL, Sullivan MA, Carpenter KM, Kleber HD. Behavioral therapy to augment oral naltrexone for opioid dependence: a ceiling on effectiveness? Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2006; 32(4):503–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chick J, Gough K, Falkowski W, Kershaw P, Hore B, Mehta B, Ritson B, Ropner R, Torley D. Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 161:84–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Farrell TJ, Cutter HS, Choquette KA, Floyd FJ. Behavioral marital therapy for male alcoholics: Marital and drinking adjustment during two years after treatment. Behavior Therapy 1992; 23:529–549.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Farrell TJ, Litten RZ. Techniques to enhance compliance with disulfiram. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1992; 16:1035–1041.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bickel WK, Rizzuto P, Zielony RD, Klobas J, Pangiosonlis P, Mernit R, Knight WF. Combined behavioral and pharmacological treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. J Subst Abuse 1988, 1(2):161–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liebson IA, Tommasello A, Bigelow GE. A behavioral treatment of alcoholic methadone patients. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:342–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow G, Strickler D, Liebson I, Griffiths R. Maintaining disulfiram ingestion among outpatient alcoholics: A security-deposit contingency contracting procedure. Behav Res Ther 1976; 14(5):378–381.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Robichaud C, Strickler D, Bigelow G, Liebson I. Disulfiram maintenance employee alcoholism treatment: A three-phase evaluation. Behav Res Ther 1979; 17(6):618–621.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDowell DM, Levin FR, Seracini AM, Nunes EV. Venlafaxine treatment of cocaine abusers with depressive disorders. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2000; 26:25–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrakis IL, Carroll KM, Gordon LT, Nich C, Kosten TR, Rounsaville BJ. Fluoxetine treatment of depressive disorders in methadone maintained opioid addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 50:221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz JM, Averill P, Stotts AL, Moeller FG, Rhoades HM, Grabowski J. Fluoxetine treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with major depressive disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001; 63:207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason BJ, Salvato FR, Williams LD, Ritvo EC, Cutler RB. A double-blind, placebo controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999; 56:719–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Covey LS, Glassman AH, Stetner F, Rivelli S, Stage K. A randomized trial of sertraline as a cessation aid for smokers with a history of major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159:1731–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robles E, Silverman K, Preston KL, Cone EJ, Katz E, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. The brief abstinence test: Voucher-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58(1–2):205–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, Schottenfeld R, Meyer RE, Rounsaville BJ. Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence: A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:881–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, O'Brien CP. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49:876–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Oliveto A, Feingold A, Poling J, Sevarino K, McCance-Katz E, Stine S, Gonzalez G, Gonsai K. Desipramine and contingency management for cocaine and opiate dependence in buprenorphine maintained patients. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003; 70:315–325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poling J, Oliveto A, Petry NM, Sofuoflu M, Gonsai K, Gonzalez G, Martell B, Kosten TR. Six-month trial of bupropion with contingency management for cocaine dependence in a methadone-maintained population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006; 63:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlenhuth EH, Lipman RS, Covi L. Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1969; 148:52–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lima MS, Reisser AA, Soares BG, Farrell M. Antidepressants for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (2), CD002950.
   Google Scholar
• Kampman KM, Alterman AI, Volpicelli JR, Maany I, Muller ES, Luce DD, Mulholland EM, Jawad AF, Parikh GA, Mulvaney FD, Weinrieb RM, O'Brien CP. Cocaine withdrawal symptoms and initial urine toxicology results predict treatment attrition in outpatient cocaine dependence treatment. Psychol Addict Beh 2001; 15:52–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Gonzalez G, Poling J, Kosten TR. Prediction of treatment outcome by baseline urine cocaine results and self-reported cocaine use for cocaine and opioid dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2003; 29:713–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Biegel D. Therapeutic vaccines for substance dependence. Expert Reviews Vaccines 2002; 1:363–371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kosten TR, Rosen MI, Bond I, Settles M, Roberts JS, Shields J, Jack L, Fox B. Human therapeutic cocaine vaccine: Safety and immunogenicity. Vaccine 2002; 20:1196–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Delany DD, Budney AJ, Bickel WK, Hughes JR, Foerg F, Fenwick JW. A behavioral approach to achieving initial cocaine abstinence. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:1218–1224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker R. 3-drug therapy reduces deaths and new AIDS-related illnesses by 50%. Beta Bulletin of Experimental Treatments for Aids: a Publication of the San Francisco AIDS Foundation 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Palella FJ, Jr., Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338(13):853–860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udall KK, Palmer NB, Whetten K, Mellins C. HIV/AIDS Treatment Adherence Health Outcomes and Cost Study Group. Adherence in people living with HIV/AIDS, mental illness, and chemical dependency: A review of the literature. AIDS Care 2004; 16(Suppl 1):S71–S96.
   Google Scholar
• Ickovics JR, Meade CS. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy among patients with HIV: A critical link between behavioral and biomedical sciences. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31(Suppl 3):S98–S102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammassari A, Antinori A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Trotta MP, Nasti G, Ridolfo AL, Mazzotta F, Wu AW, D'Arminio Monforte A, Galli M. Relationship between HAART adherence and adipose tissue alterations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31(Suppl 3):S140–S144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhnik AD, Chesney M, Carrieri P, Gallais H, Moreau J, Moatti JP, Obadia Y, Spire B. Nonadherence among HIV-Infected injecting drug users: The impact of social instability. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31(Suppl 3):S149–S153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perno CF, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, De Luca A, Cozzi-Lepri A, Gori C, Cingolani A, Bellocchi MC, Trotta MP, Piano P, Forbici F, Scasso T, Vullo V, d'Arminio Monforte A, Antinori A. Virologic correlates of adherence to antiretroviral medications and therapeutic failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 31(Suppl 3):S118–S122.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vanhove GF, Schapiro JM, Winters MA, Merigan TC, Blaschke TF. Patient compliance and drug failure in protease inhibitor monotherapy. JAMA 1996; 276(24):1955–1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks SG, Smith M, Holodniy M, Kahn JO. HIV-1 protease inhibitors. A review for clinicians. JAMA 1997; 277(2):145–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozzette SA, Joyce G, McCaffrey DF, Leibowitz AA, Morton SC, Berry SH, Rastegar A, Timberlake D, Shapiro MF, Goldman DP, Cost HIV. Services Utilization Study, C. Expenditures for the care of HIV-infected patients in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. [see comment.] N Engl J Med 2001; 344(11):817–823.
   Google Scholar
• Rigsby MO, Rosen MI, Beauvais JE, Cramer JA, Rainey PM, O'Malley SS, Dieckhaus KD, Rounsaville BJ. Cue-dose training with monetary reinforcement – Pilot study of an antiretroviral adherence intervention. J Gen Inter Med 2000; 15(12):841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen MI, Ryan C, Rigsby M. Motivational enhancement and MEMS review to improve medication adherence. Behaviour Change 2002; 19(4):183–190.
   Google Scholar
• Sorensen JL, Haug N, Delucchi K, Gruber V, Tulsky J, Hall SM. Voucher reinforcement trial to improve methadone treatment for injection drug users with HIV infection. College on the Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2004: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen MI. Use of electronic monitoring to improve adherence to prescribed medications among drug-using patients., College on the Problems of Drug Dependence, Orlando, 2005: Orlando, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Anthony JC, Warner LA, Kessler RC. Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances and inhalants. Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 1994; 2:244–268.
   Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Dolinsky ZS, Babor TF, Meyer RE. Psychopathology as a predictor of treatment outcome in alcoholics. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:505–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Kosten TR, Weissman MM, Kleber HD. Prognostic significance of psychopathology in treated opiate addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986; 43:739–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. Proposed changes in DSM-III substance use disorders: Description and rationale. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143:463–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Kadden RM, Babor TF, Tennen H, Rounsaville BJ. Validity of the SCID in substance abuse patients. Addiction 1996; 91:859–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounsaville BJ, Kranzler HR, Ball SA, Tennen H, Poling J, Triffleman EG. Personality disorders in substance abusers: Relation to substance use. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998, 186:87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball SA, Rounsaville BJ, Tennen H, Kranzler HR. Reliability of personality disorder and trait dimensions in substance dependent inpatients. J Abnorm Psychol 2001; 110:341–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake RE, Essock SM, Shaner A, Carey KB, Minkoff K, Kola L, Lynde D, Osher FC, Clark RE, Rickards L. Implementing dual diagnosis services for clients with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2001; 52:469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon L, Haas G, Weiden PJ, Sweeney J, Frances AJ. Drug abuse in schizophrenic patients: Clinical correlates and reasons for use. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148:224–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes EV, Quitkin FM, Donovan SJ, Deliyannides D, Ocepek-Welikson K, Koenig T, Brady R, McGrath PJ, Woody GE. Imipramine treatment of opiate dependent patients with depressive disorders: A placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998; 55:153–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes EV, Levin FR. Treatment of depression in patients with alcohol or other drug dependence: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 291(15):1887–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigsby MO, Rosen MI, Beauvais J, Cramer JA, Rainey PM, O'Malley SS, Dieckhaus KD, Rounsaville BJ. Cue dose training with monetary reinforcement: Pilot study of an antiretroviral adherence intervention. J Gen Intern Med 2000; 15:841–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM. A comprehensive guide to the application of contigency management procedures in clinical settings. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000; 58:9–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci FL, Koestner R, Ryan RM. A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychol Bull 1999; 128:627–668.
   Google Scholar
• Budney AJ, Higgins ST. A Community Reinforcement Plus Vouchers Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction. Rockville, MD: NIDA, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Dallery J, Soto PL. Herrnstein's hyperbolic matching equation and behavioral pharmacology: Review and critique. Behav Pharmacol 2004; 15(7):443–459.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jesse Dallery IG, Taryn Manders, Kenneth Silverman, Marc Branch, Matthew Locey, Bethany Raiff. An Internet-Based Voucher Program for Smoking Abstinence. College on the Problems of Drug Dependence, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2004: San Juan, Puerto Rico, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Marsch LA, Bickel WK. Efficacy of computer-based HIV/AIDS education for injection drug users. Am J Health Behav 2004; 28(4):316–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins ST, Wong CJ, Badger GJ, Haug-Ogden DE, Dantona RL. Contingent reinforcement increases cocaine abstinence during outpatient treatment and one year follow-up. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68:64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson RA, Huber A, McCann MJ, Shoptaw S, Farabee D, Reiber C, Ling W. A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches during methadone maintenance for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002; 59:817–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley TJ. Research on contingency management treatment of drug dependence: Clinical implications and future directions. In Motivating Behavior Change Among Illicit Drug Abusers. Higgins ST, Silverman K, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1999; 345–370.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA. Practice makes progress: Homework assignments and outcome in the treatment of cocaine dependence. J Consult Clin Psychol 2005; 73:749–755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iguchi MY, Belding MA, Morral AR, Lamb RJ, Husband SD. Reinforcing operants other than abstinence in drug abuse treatment: An effective alternative for reducing drug use. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997; 65:421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar