1,064
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

R.E.A.C.T: A framework for role modeling anti-racism in the clinical learning environment

References

  • AAMC. Framework for addressing and eliminating racism at the AAMC, academic medicine, and beyond, The Association of American Medical Colleges includes individual self-reflection as one of their pillars [Online]. [accessed 2021 Nov 1]. https://www.aamc.org/addressing-and-eliminating-racism-aamc-and-beyond.
  • Acholonu RG, Cook TE, Roswell RO, Greene RE. 2020. Interrupting microaggressions in health care settings: a guide for teaching medical students. MedEdPORTAL. 16:10969–10969.
  • Andarvazh MR, Afshar L, Yazdani S. 2017. Hidden curriculum: an analytical definition. J Med Educ. 16:198–207.
  • Bailey ZD, Feldman JM, Bassett MT. 2021. How structural racism works — racist policies as a root cause of U.S. racial health inequities. N Engl J Med. 384(8):768–773.
  • Banaji MR, Greenwald AG. 2013. Blindspot: hidden biases of good people, New York: Delacorte Press.
  • Bazrafkan L, Hayat AA, Tabei SZ, Amirsalari L. 2019. Clinical teachers as positive and negative role models: an explanatory sequential mixed method design. J Med Ethics Hist Med. 12:11–11.
  • Benbassat J. 2014. Role modeling in medical education: the importance of a reflective imitation. Acad Med. 89(4):550–554.
  • Braun L. 2015. Race, ethnicity and lung function: a brief history. Can J Respir Ther. 51(4):99–101.
  • Brown T, Mehta PK, Berman S, McDaniel K, Radford C, Lewis-O'Connor A, Grossman S, Potter J, Hirsh DA, Woo B, et al. 2021. A trauma-informed approach to the medical history: teaching trauma-informed communication skills to first-year medical and dental students. MedEdPORTAL. 17:11160.
  • Capers QT, Bond DA, Nori US. 2020. Bias and racism teaching rounds at an Academic Medical Center. Chest. 158(6):2688–2694.
  • Cerdeña JP, Plaisime MV, Tsai J. 2020. From race-based to race-conscious medicine: how anti-racist uprisings call us to act. Lancet. 396(10257):1125–1128.
  • Churchwell K, Elkind MSV, Benjamin RM, Carson AP, Chang EK, Lawrence W, Mills A, Odom TM, Rodriguez CJ, Rodriguez F, American Heart Association, et al. 2020. Call to action: structural racism as a fundamental driver of health disparities: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 142(24):e454–e468.
  • Coleman T. 2020. Anti-racism in nursing education: recommendations for racial justice praxis. J Nurs Educ. 59(11):642–645.
  • Connolly GJ. 2017. Applying social cognitive theory in coaching athletes: the power of positive role models. Strategies. 30(3):23–29.
  • Devine PG, Forscher PS, Austin AJ, Cox WT. 2012. Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: a prejudice habit-breaking intervention. J Exp Soc Psychol. 48(6):1267–1278.
  • Fallin-Bennett K. 2015. Implicit bias against sexual minorities in medicine: cycles of professional influence and the role of the hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 90(5):549–552.
  • Frye V, Camacho-Rivera M, Salas-Ramirez K, Albritton T, Deen D, Sohler N, Barrick S, Nunes J. 2020. Professionalism: the wrong tool to solve the right problem? Acad Med. 95(6):860–863.
  • Gee GC, Ford CL. 2011. Structural racism and health inequities: old issues, new directions. Du Bois Rev. 8(1):115–132.
  • Geronimus AT. 1992. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: evidence and speculations. Ethnicity Dis. 2:207–221.
  • Geronimus AT, Hicken M, Keene D, Bound J. 2006. “Weathering" and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. Am J Public Health. 96(5):826–833.
  • Glassberg J, Tanabe P, Richardson L, Debaun M. 2013. Among emergency physicians, use of the term "Sickler" is associated with negative attitudes toward people with sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol. 88(6):532–533.
  • Goddu AP, O’Conor KJ, Lanzkron S, Saheed MO, Saha S, Peek ME, Haywood C, Beach MC. 2018. Do words matter? Stigmatizing language and the transmission of bias in the medical record. J Gen Intern Med. 33(5):685–691.
  • Greenwald AG, Mcghee DE, Schwartz JL. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: the implicit association test. J Pers Soc Psychol. 74(6):1464–1480.
  • Hafferty FW. 1998. Beyond curriculum reform: confronting medicine's hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 73(4):403–407.
  • Harris GD. 2004. Professionalism: part I–Introduction and being a role model. Fam Med. 36(5):314–315.
  • Hassen N, Lofters A, Michael S, Mall A, Pinto AD, Rackal J. 2021. Implementing anti-racism interventions in healthcare settings: a scoping review. IJERPH. 18(6):2993.
  • Horsburgh J, Ippolito K. 2018. A skill to be worked at: using social learning theory to explore the process of learning from role models in clinical settings. BMC Med Educ. 18(1):156.
  • Jones CP. 2018. Toward the science and practice of anti-racism: launching a national campaign against racism. Ethn Dis. 28(Suppl 1):231–234.
  • Jones R, Crowshoe L, Reid P, Calam B, Curtis E, Green M, Huria T, Jacklin K, Kamaka M, Lacey C, et al. 2019. Educating for indigenous health equity: an international consensus statement. Acad Med. 94(4):512–519.
  • Kendi IX. 2019. How to be an antiracist. New York (NY): One World.
  • Lynch I, Swartz S, Isaacs D. 2017. Anti-racist moral education: a review of approaches, impact and theoretical underpinnings from 2000 to 2015. J Moral Educ. 46(2):129–144.
  • Miller HN, Lafave S, Marineau L, Stephens J, Thorpe RJ. 2021. The impact of discrimination on allostatic load in adults: an integrative review of literature. J Psychosom Res. 146:110434.
  • Paice E, Heard S, Moss F. 2002. How important are role models in making good doctors? BMJ. 325(7366):707–710.
  • Park J, Saha S, Chee B, Taylor J, Beach MC. 2021. Physician use of stigmatizing language in patient medical records. JAMA Netw Open. 4(7):e2117052–e2117052.
  • Park J, Woodrow SI, Reznick RK, Beales J, Macrae HM. 2010. Observation, reflection, and reinforcement: surgery faculty members' and residents' perceptions of how they learned professionalism. Acad Med. 85(1):134–139.
  • Passi V, Johnson S, Peile E, Wright S, Hafferty F, Johnson N. 2013. Doctor role modelling in medical education: BEME Guide No. 27. Med Teach. 35(9):e1422–e1436.
  • Pitama S, Beckert L, Huria T, Palmer S, Melbourne-Wilcox M, Patu M, Lacey C, Wilkinson T. 2019. The role of social accountable medical education in addressing health inequity in Aotearoa New Zealand. J R Soc N Z. 49(sup1):58–14.
  • Ross PT, Lypson ML, Byington CL, Sánchez JP, Wong BM, Kumagai AK. 2020. Learning from the past and working in the present to create an antiracist future for academic medicine. Acad Med. 95(12):1781–1786.
  • Schmutz JB, Eppich WJ. 2017. Promoting learning and patient care through shared reflection: a conceptual framework for team reflexivity in health care. Acad Med. 92(11):1555–1563.
  • Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, Mcewen BS. 1997. Price of adaptation–allostatic load and its health consequences. MacArthur studies of successful aging. Arch Intern Med. 157(19):2259–2268.
  • Sharda S, Dhara A, Alam F. 2021. Not neutral: reimagining antiracism as a professional competence. CMAJ. 193(3):E101–E102.
  • Solomon SR, Atalay AJ, Osman NY. 2021. Diversity is not enough: advancing a framework for antiracism in medical education. Acad Med. 96(11):1513–1517.
  • Sotto-Santiago S, Sharp S, Mac J, Messmore N, Haywood A, Tyson M, YI V. 2021. Reclaiming the mission of academic medicine: an examination of institutional responses to (anti)racism. AEM Educ Train. 5(Suppl 1):S33–s43.
  • Torres MB, Salles A, Cochran A. 2019. Recognizing and reacting to microaggressions in medicine and surgery. JAMA Surg. 154(9):868–872.
  • Tweedy D. 2020. Medical schools have historically been wrong on race. The New York Times, July 27, 2020.
  • Van Ryn M, Saha S. 2011. Exploring unconscious bias in disparities research and medical education. JAMA. 306(9):995–996.
  • Vyas DA, Eisenstein LG, Jones DS. 2020. Hidden in plain sight — reconsidering the use of race correction in clinical algorithms. N Engl J Med. 383(9):874–882.
  • Wakeel F, Njoku A. 2021. Application of the weathering framework: intersection of racism, stigma, and COVID-19 as a stressful life event among African Americans. Healthcare. 9(2):145.
  • Wear D, Aultman JM, Varley JD, Zarconi J. 2006. Making fun of patients: medical students’ perceptions and use of derogatory and cynical humor in clinical settings. Acad Med. 81(5):454–462.
  • Williams DR, Collins C. 2001. Racial residential segregation: a fundamental cause of racial disparities in health. Public Health Reports. 116(5):404–416.
  • Williams DR, Mohammed SA. 2013. Racism and health I: pathways and scientific evidence. Am Behav Sci. 57(8):1152–1173.
  • Williams MT, Skinta MD, Martin-Willett R. 2021. After pierce and sue: a revised racial microaggressions taxonomy. Perspect Psychol Sci. 16(5):991–1007.
  • Witzig R. 1996. The medicalization of race: scientific legitimization of a flawed social construct. Ann Intern Med. 125(8):675–679.
  • Yaya S, Yeboah H, Charles CH, Otu A, Labonte R. 2020. Ethnic and racial disparities in COVID-19-related deaths: counting the trees, hiding the forest. BMJ Glob Health. 5(6):e002913.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.