Bacterial vaginosis diagnosed at the first antenatal visit better predicts preterm labour than diagnosis later in pregnancy

References

• Carey J C, Klebanoff M A, Hauth J C, Hillier SL L, Thom E A, Ernest J M, et al. Metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis. New England Journal of Medicine 2000; 342: 534–540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challis J RG, Lye S J, Gibb W, Whittle W, Patel F, Alfaidy N. Understanding preterm labor. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 2001; 943: 225–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauth J C, Golderberg R L, Andrews W W, DuBard M B, Copper R L. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole and erythromycin in women with bacterial vaginosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 1732–1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hay PE E, Morgan D J, Ison C A, Bhide S A, Romney M, McKenzie P, et al. A longitudinal study of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy. British Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology 1994; 101: 1048–1053
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hillier S L, Nugent R P, Eschenbach D, Krohn M A, Gibbs R S, Martin D H, et al. Association between bacterial vaginosis and preterm delivery of low-birth-weight infants. The vaginal infections and prematurity study group. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 1737–1742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobel C J, Dunkel-Schetter C, Roesch S C, Castro L C, Arora C P. Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone associated with stress at 20 weeks' gestation in pregnancies ending in preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999; 180: 257–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamont R F. Infection in the prediction and antibiotics in the prevention of spontaneous preterm labour and preterm birth. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003; 110: 71–75
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood C J, Kuczynski E. Markers of risk for preterm delivery. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1999; 27: 5–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGregor J A, French J I, Parker R, Draper D, Patterson E, Jones W, et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: Results of a prospective controlled evaluation. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1995; 173: 157–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald H M, O'Louchlin J A, Vigneswaran R, Jolley P T, Harvey J A, Bof A, et al. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997; 104: 1391–1397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nugent R P, Krohn M A, Hillier S L. Reliability of diagnosing bacterial vaginosis is improved by a standardized method of Gram stain interpretation. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1991; 29: 297–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odendaal H J, Popov I, Schoeman J, Grové D. Preterm labour – is bacterial vaginosis involved. South African Medical Journal 2002; 92: 231–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins C A, Theron G B, Steyn D W, Geerts L TGM, Jongh G De. Total perinatally related wastage at Tygerberg Hospital – a comparison between 1986 and 1993. South African Medical Journal 1997; 87: 808–814
   Google Scholar
• Riduan J M, Hillier S L, Utomo B, Wiknjosastro G, Linnan M, Kandun N. Bacterial vaginosis and prematurity in Indonesia: association in early and late pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993; 169: 175–178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson J N, Regan J A, Norwits R R. The epidemiology of preterm labor. Seminars in Perinatology 2001; 25: 204–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Gómez R, Chaiworapongsa T, Conoscenti G, Kim J C, Kim Y M. The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2001; 15: 41–56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siega-Riz A M, Promislow J H, Savitz D A, Thorp J M, McDonald T. Vitamin C intake and preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2003; 189: 519–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steyn P S, Odendaal H J, Schoeman J, Stander C, Fanie N, Grové D. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ascorbic acid supplementation for the prevention of preterm labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2003; 23: 150–155
   Google Scholar
• Tejero E, Perichart O, Pfeffer F, Casanueva E, Vadillo-Ortega F. Collagen synthesis during pregnancy, vitamin C availability, risk of premature rupture of membranes. International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics 2003; 81: 29–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwumadu A, Manyonda I, Reid F, Hay P. Effect of oral clindamycin on late miscarriage and preterm delivery in asymptomatic women with abnormal vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 983–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugwumadu A, Reid F, Hay P, Manyonda I. Natural history of bacterial vaginosis and intermediate flora in pregnancy and effect of oral clindamycin. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 104: 114–119
   Google Scholar
• Vermeulen G M. Spontaneous preterm birth: prevention, management and outcome. European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2000; 93: 1–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vermeulen G M, Bruinse H W. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin 2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1999; 106: 652–657
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wenstrom K D, Andrews W W, Hauth J C, Golderberg R L, DuBard M B, Cliver S P. Elevated second-trimester amniotic fluid interleukin-6 levels predict preterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1998; 178: 546–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods J R. Reactive oxygen species and preterm rupture of membranes – a review. Placenta 2001; 22: 38–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods J R, Plessinger M A, Miller R K. Vitamins C and E: missing links in preventing premature rupture of membranes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2001; 185: 5–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar