Examining Gender- and Drug-Specific Arrest Counts: A Partial Test of Agnew’s General Strain Theory

References

• Agnew, Robert. 1985. “A Revised Strain Theory of Delinquency.” Social Forces 64:151–67. doi: 10.1093/sf/64.1.151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 1992. ““Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Crime and Delinquency.” Criminology 30:47–87. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 1999. “A General Strain Theory of Community Differences in Crime Rates.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36 (2):123–55. doi: 10.1177/0022427899036002001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert,Cesar J. Rebellon, andSherod Thaxton. 2000. ““A General Strain Theory Approach to Families and Delinquency.” Pp. 113–38 in Families, Crime, and Criminal Justice, edited by Greer L. Fox,Michael L. Benson, andRyan E. Spohn. New York, NY: Emerald Group Publishing Limited,
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert. 2006. Pressured into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert andHelene Raskin White. 1992. “An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory.” Criminology 30 (4):475–500. doi: 10.1080/07418829800093641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert, andTimothy Brezina. 1997. “Relational Problems with Peers, Gender, and Delinquency.” Youth & Society 29:84–111. doi:10.1177/0044118X97029001004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnew, Robert,Timothy Brezina,John P. Wright, andFrancis T. Cullen. 2002. “Strain, Personality Traits, and Delinquency: Extending General Strain Theory.” Criminology 40:43–72. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00949.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Elijah. 1990. Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Tammy L. 2005. “Dimensions of Women’s Power in the Illicit Drug Economy.” Theoretical Criminology 9 (4):371–400. doi: 10.1177/1362480605057725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Tammy L. andPhillip R. Kavanaugh. 2017. “Women’s Evolving Roles in Drug Trafficking in the United States: New Conceptualizations Needed for 21st-Century Markets.” Contemporary Drug Problems 44 (4):339–55. doi: 10.1177/0091450917735111
   Google Scholar
• Aneshensel, Carol S. 1992. “Social Stress: Theory and Research.” Annual Review of Sociology 18:15–32. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.000311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archer, Sally L. 1989. “Gender Differences in Identity Development: Issues of Process, Domain and Timing.” Journal of Adolescence 12:117–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong, Todd A. andGaylene Armstrong. 2013. “A Multivariate Analysis of the Sociodemographic Predictors of Methamphetamine Production and Use.” Crime & Delinquency 59:443–67. doi: 10.1177/0011128709340841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aseltine, Robert H.,Susan Gore, andJennifer Gordon. 2000. “Life Stress, Anger and Anxiety, Delinquency: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41 (3):256–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumer, Eric. 1994. “Poverty, Crack, and Crime: A Cross-City Analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 31:311–27. doi: 10.1177/0022427894031003004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett, Katherine,Kris Nyrop,Lori Pfingst, andMelissa Bowen. 2005. “Drug Use, Drug Possession Arrests, and the Question of Race: Lessons from Seattle.” Social Problems 52:419–41. doi: 10.1525/sp.2005.52.3.419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boardman, Jason D.,Brian K. Finch,Christopher G. Ellison,David R. Williams, andJames S. Jackson. 2001. “Neighborhood Disadvantage, Stress, and Drug Use among Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42:151–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brezina, Timothy. 1996. “Adapting to Strain: An Examination of Delinquent Coping Responses.” Criminology 34:39–60. doi: 10.1111/crim.1996.34.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broidy, Lisa andRobert Agnew. 1997. “Gender and Crime: A General Strain Theory Perspective.” Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency 34:275–306. doi: 10.1177/0022427897034003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher, Jacob,Michelle Manasse, andJ. Jeffrey Milton. 2015. “Soliciting Strain: Examining Both Sides of Street Prostitution through General Strain Theory.” Journal of Crime and Justice 38 (4):435–53. doi: 10.1080/0735648X.2014.949823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bursik, Robert J. andHarold Grasmick. 1993. Neighborhoods and Crime: The Dimension of Effective Community Control. New York, NY: Lexington.
   Google Scholar
• Calcaterra, Susan andIngrid A. Binswanger. 2013. “National Trends in Psychostimulant-Related Deaths: 1999-2009.” Substance Abuse 34:129–36. doi: 10.1080/08897077.2012.726959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson, Dena C.,Christopher J. Sullivan,John K. Cochran, andKim M. Lersch. 2009. “General Strain Theory and the Relationship between Early Victimization and Drug Use.” Deviant Behavior 30:54–88. doi: 10.1080/01639620802050023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauffman, Elizabeth,Frances J. Lexcen,Asha Goldweber,Elizabeth P. Shulman, andThomas Grisso. 2007. “Gender Differences in Mental Health Symptoms among Delinquent and Community Youth.” Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 5:287–307. doi: 10.1177/1541204007301292
   Google Scholar
• Caulkins, Jonathan P.,Rosalie L. Pacula,Arkes. Jeremy,Peter Reuter,Susan Paddock,Martin Iguchi, andJack Riley. 2004. The Price and Purity of Illicit Drugs: 1981 through the Second Quarter of 2003. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind, Meda. 1989. “Girls’ Crime and Woman’s Place: Toward a Feminist Model of Female Delinquency.” Crime & Delinquency 35:5–29. doi: 10.1177/0011128789035001002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilton, Roland andSusan K. Datesman. 1987. “Gender, Race, and Crime: An Analysis of Urban Arrest Trends, 1960-1980.” Gender & Society 1 (2):152–71. doi: 10.1177/0891243287001002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodorow, Nancy J. 1978. The Reproduction of Mothering. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chodorow, Nancy J. 1989. Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clear, Todd R. 2009. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Clogg, Clifford C.,Eva Petkova, andAdamantios Haritou. 1995. “Statistical Methods for Comparing Regression Coefficients between Models.” American Journal of Sociology 100:1261–93. doi: 10.1086/230638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cloward, Richard A. andLloyd E. Ohlin. 1960. Delinquency and Opportunity. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, Albert K. 1955. Delinquent Boys. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• COPS. 2013. Women in Law Enforcement, United States Department of Justice. Retrieved February 27, 2018 from https://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/07-2013/women_in_law_enforcement.asp
   Google Scholar
• Daly, Kathleen andMeda Chesney-Lind. 1988. “Feminism and Criminology.” Justice Quarterly 5:497–538. doi: 10.1080/07418828800089871
   Google Scholar
• Drapela, Laurie A. 2006. “The Effect of Negative Emotion on Licit and Illicit Drug Use among High School Dropouts: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35 (5):755–70. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9059-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duster, Troy. 1997. “Pattern, Purpose, and Race in the Drug War.“ In C. Reinerman and H.G. Levine (eds.),Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice . Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eitle, David J. 2002. “Exploring a Source of Deviance-Producing Strain for Females: Perceived Discrimination and General Strain Theory.” Journal of Criminal Justice 30:429–42. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(02)00146-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitle, David J. andSusanne Monahan. 2009. “Revisiting the Racial Threat Thesis: The Role of Police Organizational Characteristics in Predicting Race-Specific Drug Arrest Rates.” Justice Quarterly 26:528–61. doi: 10.1080/07418820802427817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esbensen, Finn-Aage andDavid Huizinga. 1990. “Community Structure and Drug Use: From a Social Disorganization Perspective.” Justice Quarterly 7:691–709. doi: 10.1080/07418829000090821
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Julian D. 2002. “Traumatic Victimization in Childhood and Persistent Problems with Oppositional-Defiance.” Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma 11:25–58. doi: 10.1300/J146v06n01_03
   Google Scholar
• Ford, Julie M. andAndrew A. Beveridge. 2006. “Varieties of Substance Use and Visible Drug Problems: Individual and Neighborhood Factors.” Journal of Drug Issues 36:377–92. doi: 10.1177/002204260603600207
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freisthler, Bridget,Elizabeth A. Lascala,Paul J.Gruenewald, andAndrew J. Treno. 2005. “An Examination of Drug Activity: Effects of Neighborhood Social Organization on the Development of Drug Distribution Systems.” Substance Use & Misuse 40:671–86. doi: 10.1081/JA-200055373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a Different Voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goode, Erich. 2002. “Drug Arrests at the Millennium.” Society 39 (5):41–45. doi: 10.1007/BF02717543
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, John P. andFelicia G. Cerbone. 1999. “Stressful Life Events and Delinquency Escalation in Early Adolescence.” Criminology 37:343–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00489.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann, John P. andSusan Su. 1997. “The Conditional Effects of Stress on Delinquency and Drug Use: A Strain Theory Assessment of Sex Differences.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34:46–78. doi: 10.1177/0022427897034001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, Bruce A. andJody Miller. 1998. “Crack Dealing, Gender, and Arrest Avoidance.” Social Problems 45 (4):550–69. doi: 10.2307/3097212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jang, Hyunseok,Chang-Bae Lee, andLarry T. Hoover. 2012. “Dallas’ Disruption Unit: Efficacy of Hot Spots Deployment.” Policing 35:593–614. doi: 10.1108/13639511211250811
   Google Scholar
• Jang, Sung Joon. 2007. “Gender Differences in Strain, Negative Emotions, and Coping Behaviors: A General Strain Approach.” Justice Quarterly 23:523–53. doi: 10.1080/07418820701485486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jay, Turner, R.,Blair Wheaton, andDonald A. Lloyd. 1995. “The Epidemiology of Social Stress.” American Sociological Review 60:104–25. doi: 10.2307/2096348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Weldon T.,Robert E. Peterson, andEdward Wells. 1997. “Arrest Probabilities for Marijuana Users as Indicators of Selective Law Enforcement.” American Journal of Sociology 83:681–99. doi: 10.1086/226599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller, Thomas E.,Richard F. Catalano,Kevin P. Haggerty, andCharles B. Fleming. 2002. “Parent Figure Transitions and Delinquency and Drug Use among Early Adolescent Children of Substance Abusers.” American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 28:399–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, Dean G. andBenjamin E. Saunders. 1995. National Survey of Adolescents in the United States. ICPSR. Charlestown: Medical University of South Carolina [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS). 2013. United States Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. 2015 Sep 22.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, Celia C. 2003. “An Application of Social Conflict Theory to Arrestees’ Use of Cocaine and Opiates.” Journal of Drug Issues 33:237–66. doi: 10.1177/002204260303300110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, Scott J., andJeremy Freese. 2006. Regression Models for Categorical Dependent Variables Using Stata. State press.
   Google Scholar
• Maccoby, Eleanor E. andCarol N. Jacklin. 1974. The Psychology of Sex Differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, Susan E. andKendall Bryant. 2001. “Gender Differences in the Association of Alcohol Intoxication and Illicit Drug Abuse among Persons Arrested for Violent and Property Offenses.” Journal of Substance Abuse 13 (4):563–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martinez, Ramiro,Richard Rosenfeld, andDennis Mares. 2008. “Social Disorganization, Drug Market Activity, and Neighborhood Violent Crime.” Urban Affairs Review 43:846–74. doi: 10.1177/1078087408314774
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, Paul. 1998. “Gender, General Strain, and Delinquency: An Empirical Examination.” Justice Quarterly 15:65–91. doi: 10.1080/07418829800093641
   Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, Paul andAlex Piquero. 1998. “Linking Exposure to Strain with Anger: An Investigation of Deviant Adaptations.” Journal of Criminal Justice 26:195–211. doi: 10.1016/S0047-2352(97)00085-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merton, Robert K. 1938. “Social Structure and Anomie.” American Sociological Review 3:672–82. doi: 10.2307/2084686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerschmidt, James W. 1986. Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Littlefield.
   Google Scholar
• Mirowsky, John andCatherine E. Ross. 1995. “Sex Differences in Distress: Real or Artifact?.” American Sociological Review 60:449–68. doi: 10.2307/2096424
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher, Clayton. 2001. “Predicting Drug Arrest Rates: Conflict and Social Disorganization Perspectives.” Crime & Delinquency 47:84–104. doi: 10.1177/0011128701047001004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naffine, Ngaire. 1987. Female Crime: The Construction of Women in Criminology. Sydney, Australia: Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Neff, Joan L. andDennis E. Waite. 2007. “Male versus Female Substance Abuse Patterns among Incarcerated Juvenile Offenders: Comparing Strain and Social Learning Variables.” Justice Quarterly 24 (1):106–32. doi: 10.1080/07418820701201024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, Kenneth J.,James J. Frank,Brad W. Smith, andRobin S. Engel. 2002. “Revisiting the Decision to Arrest: Comparing Beat and Community Officers.” Crime & Delinquency 48 (1):70–98. doi: 10.1080/00330124.2010.547154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, Kenneth J.,Robert A. Brown, andJames Frank. 2011. “Women on Patrol: An Analysis of Differences in Officer Arrest Behavior.” Policing 34 (4):566–87. doi: 10.1108/13639511111180216
   Google Scholar
• Osgood, D. Wayne. 2000. “Poisson-Based Regression Analysis of Aggregate Crime Rates.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16:21–43. doi: 10.1023/A:1007521427059
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ousey, Graham C. andMatthew R. Lee. 2002. “Examining the Conditional Nature of the Illicit Drug Market-Homicide Relationship: A Partial Test of the Theory of Contingent Causation.” Criminology 40:73–102. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.2002.tb00950.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, Karen F. andScott R. Maggard. 2005. “Structural Theories and Race-Specific Drug Arrests: What Structural Factors Account for the Rise in Race-Specific Drug Arrests over Time.” Crime & Delinquency 51:521–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paternoster, Raymond andPaul Mazerolle. 1994. “General Strain Theory and Delinquency: A Replication and Extension.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31:235–63. doi: 10.1177/0022427894031003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearlin, Leonard I. andMartin A. Lieberman. 1979. “Social Sources of Emotional Distress.” Pp. 217–48 in Research in Community and Mental Health, edited by Robert G. Simmons. Greenwich, CT: JAI,
   Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, Rebecca,Pablo Ormachea, andDavid Eagleman. 2017. “Gendered Outcomes in Prostitution Arrests in Houston, Texas.” Crime & Delinquency. Online First. doi:10.1177/0011128717748576
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, Nicole Leeper,Alex R. Kristan Fox,George Capowich Piquero, andPaul Mazerolle. 2010. “Gender, General Strain Theory, Negative Emotions, and Disordered Eating.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 39:380–92. doi: 10.1007/s10964-009-9466-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, Nicole Leeper andMiriam D. Sealock. 2004. “Gender and General Strain Theory: A Preliminary Test of Broidy and Agnew’s Gender/GST Hypotheses.”.” Justice Quarterly 21:125–58. doi: 10.1080/07418820400095761
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabe-Hemp, Cara E. 2008. “Female Officers and the Ethic of Care: Does Officer Gender Impact Police Behavior?.” Journal of Criminal Justice 36:426–34. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, Jerry H. andClairissa Breen. 2011. “Crime Diffusion and Displacement: Measuring the Side Effects of Police Operations.” The Professional Geographer 63:230–43. doi: 10.1080/00330124.2010.547154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reckdenwald, Amy andKaren F. Parker. 2008. “The Influence of Gender Inequality and Marginalization on Types of Female Offending.” Homicide Studies 12 (2):208–26. doi: 10.1177/1088767908314270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves, Jimmie L. andRichard Campbell. 1994. Cracked Coverage: Television News, the Anti-Cocaine Crusade, and the Regan Legacy. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Riehman, Kara S.,Ricky Bluthenthal,Jaana Juvonen, andAndrew Morral. 2003. “Adolescent Social Relationships and the Treatment Process: Findings from Quantitative and Qualitative Analyses.” Journal of Drug Issues 33:865–96. doi: 10.1177/002204260303300405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, Kevin J. 1997. Crack, Powder Cocaine, and Heroin: Purchase and Use Patterns in Six Cities. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and Office of National Drug Control Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Nancy,Charles Katz,Vincent J. Webb, andDavid R. Schaefer. 2005. “Examining the Impact of Individual, Community, and Market Factors on Methamphetamine Use: A Tale of Two Cities.” Journal of Drug Issues 35:665–93. doi: 10.1177/002204260503500402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, Richard andScott H. Decker. 1999. ““Are Arrest Statistics a Valid Measure of Illicit Drug Use? the Relationship between Criminal Justice and Health Indicators of Cocaine, Heroin, and Marijuana Use.” Justice Quarterly 16:685–99. doi: 10.1080/07418829900094311
   Google Scholar
• Roussell, Aaron,Malcom D. Holmes, andRichard Anderson-Sprecher. 2009. “Community Characteristics and Methamphetamine Use in a Rural State: An Analysis of Pre-Incarceration Usage by Prison Inmates.” Crime & Delinquency 59:1036–63. doi: 10.1177/0011128709336939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, Robert J.,Stephen W. Raudenbush, andFelton Earls. 1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science 277:918–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuck, Amie M. andCara Rabe-Hemp. 2007. “Women Police: The Use of Force by and against Female Officers.” Women & Criminal Justice 16 (4):91–117. doi: 10.1300/J012v16n04_05
   Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier, Darrell andDana Haynie. 2000. “Gender, Structural Disadvantage, and Urban Crime: Do Macrosocial Variables Also Explain Female Offending Rates?.” Criminology 38 (2):403–38. doi: 10.1111/crim.2000.38.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterling, Eric E. 1997. “Drug Policy: A Smorgasbord of Conundrums Spiced by Emotions around Children and Violence.” Valparaiso University Law Review 31:597–645.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Bruce G.,Nora Fitzgerald,Dana Hunt,Judy A. Reardon, andHenry Brownstein. 2001. 2000 Findings on Drug Use and Drug Markets: Adult Male Arrestees. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Thoits, Peggy. 1983. “Dimensions of Live Events that Influence Psychological Distress: An Evaluation and Synthesis of the Literature.” Pp. 33–103 in Psychosocial Stress: Trends in Theory and Research, edited by Howard B. Kaplan. New York, NY: Academic Press,
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, Shaun A. andRick Dierenfeldt. 2018. “Assessing (In)Equality in the Structural Covariates of Drug-Specific Arrest Counts.” Crime & Delinquency 64 (1):88–114. doi: 10.1177/0011128716682226
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonry, Michael. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Visher, Christy A. 1983. “Gender, Police Arrest Decisions, and Notions of Chivalry.” Criminology 21 (1):5–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9125.1983.tb00248.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, Barry M. andBruce E. Compas. 1990. “Gender, Instrumentality, and Expressivity: Moderators of the Relation between Stress and Psychological Symptoms during Adolescence.” American Journal of Community Psychology 18:383–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisheit, Ralph A. andJason Fuller. 2004. “Methamphetamines in the Heartland: A Review and Initial Exploration.” Journal of Criminal Justice 27:131–51.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, Chyvette T. andCarl A. Latkin. 2007. “Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, Personal Network Attributes, and Use of Heroin and Cocaine.” American Journal of Preventative Medicine 32:203–10. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, William J. 1996. When Work Disappears: The New World of the Urban Poor. New York, NY: Knopf Press.
   Google Scholar