The Destructive Path of Addiction: Experiences of Six Parents Who are Substance Dependent

REFERENCES

• American Psychiatric Association . ( 2000 ). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders () , 4th Ed. . Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , A. R. , & Henry , C. S. ( 1994 ). Family system characteristics and parental behaviors as predictors of adolescent substance use . Adolescence , 29 ( 114 ), 405 – 420 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annas , G. J. ( 2001 ). Testing poor pregnant women for cocaine—Physicians as police investigators. [Special Issue] . New England Journal of Medicine , 344 ( 22 ), 1729 – 1732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthony , J. C. , Warner , L. A. , & Kessler , R. C. ( 1994 ). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Survey . Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology , 2 , 244 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arenas , M. L. , & Greif , G. L. ( 2000 ). Issues of fatherhood and recovery for VA substance abuse patients. [Short Communication] . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 32 ( 3 ), 339 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird , C. ( 2008 ). Treating women with children: What does the evidence say? Journal of Addictions Nursing , 19 , 83 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , P. L. ( 2000 ). I didn't know: Discoveries and identity transformation of women addicts in treatment. [Electronic version] . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 ( 4 ), 863 – 881 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker , P. L. , & Carson , A. ( 1999 ). “I take care of my kids”: Mothering practices of substance-abusing women . Gender & Society , 13 ( 3 ), 347 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldauf , S. ( 2000 ). When parents are part of the problem . Christian Science Monitor , 92 ( 193 ), 3 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , M. , & Barlow , J. ( 2002 ). Discovering parental drug dependence: Silence and disclosure. [Electronic version] . Children & Society , 17 , 45 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Barnard , M. , & McKeganey , N. ( 2004 ). The impact of parental problem drug use on children: What is the problem and what can be done to help? [Electronic version] . Addiction , 99 ( 5 ), 552 – 559 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , S. W. ( 1999 ). Street youths and substance use: The role of background, street lifestyle, and economic factors . Youth & Society , 31 ( 1 ), 3 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , E. M. , & Kemper , K. J. ( 1994 ). Is abuse during childhood a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems as an adult? Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics , 15 ( 6 ), 426 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berridge , V. ( 2002 ). Substance abuse and the compromise of fathering. [Commentaries] . Addiction , 97 , 1117 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blatt , S. D. , Meguid , V. , & Church , C. C. (2000). Prenatal cocaine: What's known about outcomes? Contemporary OB/GYN , 45(9), 67–77.
   Google Scholar
• Blunt , B. ( 2009 ). Supporting mothers in recovery: Parenting classes . Neonatal Network , 28 ( 4 ), 231 – 234 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogdan , R. C. , & Biklen , S. K. ( 1998 ). Qualitative research for education: An introduction to theory and methods () , 3rd Ed. . Boston , MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Boyd , C. , & Holmes , C. ( 2002 ). Women who smoke crack and their family substance abuse problems . Health Care for Women International , 23 , 576 – 586 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Califano , J. A. ( 2001 ). Carrots, sticks and children: A revolution in drug policy . America , 184 ( 9 ), 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Camp , J. M. , & Finkelstein , N. ( 1997 ). Parenting training for women in residential substance abuse treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 14 ( 5 ), 411 – 422 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carten , A. J. ( 1996 ). Mothers in recovery: Rebuilding families in the aftermath of addiction . Social Work , 41 ( 2 ), 214 – 223 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattapan , O. , & Grimwade , J. ( 2008 ). Parental illicit drug use and family life: Reports from those who sought help . Australian & New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy , 29 ( 2 ), 77 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Chasnoff , I. J. ( 1998 ). Silent Violence: Is prevention a moral obligation? Pediatrics , 102 ( 1 ), 145 – 149 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chasnoff , I. J. , Landress , H. J. , & Barrett , M. E. ( 1990 ). The prevalence of illicit-drug or alcohol use during pregnancy and discrepancies in mandatory reporting in Pinellas County, Florida. [Special article] . The New England Journal of Medicine , 322 ( 17 ), 1202 – 1206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chasnoff , I. J , McGourty , R. F. , Bailey , G. W. , Hutchins , E. , Lighfoot , S. O. , et al. . ( 2006 ). The 4P's Plus screen for substance use in pregnancy: Clinical application and outcomes . Journal of Perinatology , 25 , 368 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Cheal , D. ( 2008 ). Families in today's world: A comparative approach . New York : Routledge Taylor & Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• Children's Defense Fund . ( August, 2005 ). Child abuse and neglect fact sheet . Retrieved June 1, 2009, from http://www.childrensdefense.org/site/DocServer/factsheet 0805.pdf?docID+397 .
   Google Scholar
• Children's Defense Fund . ( October, 2007 ). Children in the United States. Retrieved June 1, 2009, from www.childrensdefense.org .
   Google Scholar
• Children's Defense Fund . ( January 2010 ). Child Warfare in the United States. Retrieved April 14, 2010, from www.childrensdefense.org .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , W. H. ( 2001 ). Residential substance abuse treatment for pregnant and postpartum Women and their children: Treatment and policy implications. [Electronic version] . Child Welfare , 80 ( 2 ), 179 – 199 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colten , M. E. ( 1982 ). Attitudes, experiences, and self-perceptions of heroin addicted mothers . The Journal of Social Issues , 38 ( 2 ), 77 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conger , R. D. , Lorenz , F. O. , Elder , G. H. , Melby , J. N. , Simons , R. L. , & Conger , K. J. ( 1991 ). A process model of family economic pressure and early adolescent alcohol use . Journal of Early Adolescence , 11 ( 4 ), 430 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• Copello , A. , & Orford , J. ( 2002 ). Addiction and the family: Is it time for services to take notice of the evidence? [Editorial] . Society for the Study of Addiction to Alcohol and Other Drugs , 97 , 1361 – 1363 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coughey , K. , Feighan , K. , Cheney , R. , & Klein , G. (1998). Retention in an aftercare program for recovering women. Substance Use & Misuse , 33(4), 917–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyer , S. M. ( 2003 ). Women in recovery discuss parenting while addicted to cocaine . American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing , 28 ( 1 ), 45 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis , S. ( 1994 ). Effects of chemical dependency in parenting women . In R. R. Watson (Ed.), Addictive behaviors in women (pp. 381 – 413 ). Totowa , NJ : Humana Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , S. ( 1997 ). Comprehensive interventions for affecting the parenting effectiveness of chemically dependent women . Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing , 26 ( 5 ), 604 – 610 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• deMarrais , K. , & Tisdale , K. ( 2002 ). What happens when researchers inquire into difficult motions?: Reflections on studying women's anger through qualitative interviews . Educational Psychologist , 37 ( 2 ), 115 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo , R. , Wothke , W. , Shemwell , M. , Pacheco , K. , Seeberger , W. , et al. . ( 2000 ). Testing a longitudinal model of the influence of family problem factors on high risk youths' troubled behavior: A replication and update . Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse , 10 ( 2 ), 9 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , S. R. , Felitte , V. J. , Dong , M. , Chapman , D. P. , Giles , W. H. , & Anda , R. F. ( 2003 ). Childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The adverse childhood experiences study . Pediatrics , 111 ( 3 ), 564 – 572 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas , L. ( 1992 ). Addicted women. Profiles from the inner city . Nursing Clinics of North America , 27 ( 4 ), 901 – 915 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eliason , M. J. , & Skinstad , A. H. ( 1995 ). Drug/alcohol addictions and mothering . Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly , 12 ( 1 ), 83 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Ely , M. , Anzul , M. , Friedman , T. , Garner , D. , & Steinmetz , A. M. ( 1991 ). Doing qualitative research: Circles within circles . New York : The Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ely , M. , Vinz , R. , Downing , M. , & Anzul , M. ( 1997 ). On writing qualitative research: Living by words . New York : The Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Etherington , K. ( 2007 ). Creation as transformation: Parenting as a turning point in drug users' lives . Counseling and Psychotherapy Research , 7 ( 2 ), 71 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Fanning , P. , & O'Neill , J. T. ( 1996 ). The addiction workbook: A step-by-step guide to quitting alcohol and drugs . New York : MFJ Books .
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson , S. J. ( 2007 ). Shifting the center: Understanding contemporary families () , 3rd Ed. . New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Finger , B. , Kachadourian , L. K. , Molnar , D. S. , Eiden , R. D. , Edwards , E. P. , & Leonard , K. E. ( 2010 ). Alcoholism, associated risk factors, and harsh parenting among fathers: Examining the role of martial aggression . Addictive Behaviors , 35 , 541 – 548 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkelstein , N. ( 1994 ). Treatment issues for alcohol- and drug-dependent pregnant and parenting women . Health & Social Work , 19 ( 1 ), 7 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finzi-Dottan , R. , Cohen , O. , Iwaniec , D. , Sapir , Y. , & Weizman , A. ( 2006 ). The child in the family of a drug using father: Attachment styles and family characteristics . Journal of Social Work Practice in Addictions , 6 , 89 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiorentine , R. , Nakashima , J. , & Anglin , M. D. ( 1999 ). Client engagement in drug treatment . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 17 ( 3 ), 199 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerstein , D. R. , Johnson , R. A. , & Larison , C. L. ( 1997 ). Alcohol and other drug treatment for parents and welfare recipients: Outcomes, costs, and benefits (HHS-100-95-0036). Retrieved June 27, 2001, from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: http://aspe.hhs.gov/search/hsp/Caldrug/Caltin97.htm
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , M. E. (1995). Substance-abusing women: False stereotypes and real needs. Social Work , 40(6), 789–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grafanaki , S. ( 1996 ). How research can change the researcher: The need for sensitivity, flexibility and ethical boundaries in conducting qualitative research in counseling/psychotherapy . British Journal of Guidance & Counseling , 24 ( 3 ), 329 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Greif , G. L. , & Drechsler , M. ( 1993 ). Common issues for parents in a methadone maintenance group . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 10 , 339 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , E. J. , Hall , L. A. , Rayens , M. K. , Burt , A. V. , Corley , D. , & Sheffel , K. L. ( 2000 ). Kindergarten children's knowledge and perceptions of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs . Journal of Social Health , 70 ( 2 ), 51 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hampton , R. L. , Senatore , V. , & Gullotta , T. P. (Ed.). ( 1998 ). Substance abuse, family violence, and child welfare ( Vol. 10 ). Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Hardesty , M. , & Black , T. ( 1999 ). Mothering through addiction: A survival strategy among Puerto Rican addicts . Qualitative Health Research , 9 ( 5 ), 602 – 619 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmer , A. L. M. , & Sanderson , J. ( 1999 ). Influence of negative childhood experiences on psychological functioning, social support, and parenting for mothers recovering from addiction . Child Abuse & Neglect , 23 ( 5 ), 421 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinojosa , J. ( 2003 ). The issue is: Therapist or scientist—How do these roles differ? The American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 57 ( 2 ), 225 – 226 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirshorn , B. A. , Van Meter , M. , & Brown , D. R. ( 2000 ). When grandparents raise grandchildren due to substance abuse: Responding to a uniquely destabilizing factor . In B. Hayslip & R. G. Glen (Eds.), Grandparents raising grandchildren: Theoretical, empirical, and clinical perspectives (pp. 269 – 287 ). New York : Springer Publishing Company, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins , D. C. , & El-Guebaly , N. ( 1997 ). Treatment of substance abusers: Single or mixed gender programs? [Electronic version] . Addiction , 92 ( 7 ), 805 – 813 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , L. X. , Cerbone , F. G. , & Gfroerer , J. C. ( 1998 , February ). Children at risk because of parental substance abuse (OAS Working Paper No. RPO965) . Rockville , MD : National Household Survey on Drug Abuse .
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe , M. L. ( 1997 ). Understanding parenting () , 2nd Ed. . Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , H. D. , & Young , D. S. ( 2002 ). Addiction, abuse, and family relationships: Childhood experiences of five incarcerated African American women . Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse , 1 ( 4 ), 29 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Kandel , D. B. ( 1990 ). Parenting styles, drug use, and children's adjustment in families of young adults . Journal of Marriage and the Family , 52 , 183 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan-Sanoff , M. , & Leib , S. A. ( 1995 ). Model intervention programs for mothers and children impacted by substance abuse . School Psychology Review , 24 ( 2 ), 186 – 199 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarabada , N. D. , Hser , Y. , Boles , S. M. , & Huang , Y. C. ( 2002 ). Do patients' perceptions of their counselors influence outcomes of drug treatment? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 23 ( 4 ), 327 – 334 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin , A. E. ( 1993 ). Adolescent mental health: Prevention and treatment programs . American Psychologist , 48 ( 2 ), 127 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kearney , M. H. , Murphy , S. , & Rosenbaum , M. ( 1994 ). Mothering on crack cocaine: A grounded theory analysis . Social Science Medicine , 38 ( 2 ), 351 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelley , M. L. , Klostermann , K. , Doane , A. N. , Mignone , T. , Lam , W. K. K. , et al.. (2010). The case for examining and treating the combined effects of parental drug use and interparental violence on children in their homes. Aggression and Violent Behavior , 15, 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby , K. C. , Dugosh , K. L. , Benishek , L. A. , & Harrington , V. M. ( 2005 ). The significant other checklist: Measuring the problems experienced by family members of drug users . Addictive Behaviors , 30 , 29 – 47 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knis-Matthews , L. ( 2007 ). The role of spouses and extended family members as primary caretakers of children during a parent's drug addiction: The parent perspective . Occupational Therapy in Mental Health , 23 ( 1 ), 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Kolar , A. F. , Brown , B. S. , Haertzen , C. A. , & Michaelson , B. S. ( 1994 ). Children of substance abusers: The life experiences of children of opiate addicts in methadone maintenance . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 20 ( 2 ), 159 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn , C. , Swartzwelder , S. , & Wilson , W. ( 1998 ). Buzzed: The straight facts about the most used and abused drugs from alcohol to ecstasy . New York : W.W. Norton & Company .
   Google Scholar
• Lafave , L. , Desportes , L. , & Mcbride , C. ( 2009 ). Treatment outcomes and perceived benefits: A qualitative and quantitative assessment of a women's substance abuse treatment program . Women & Therapy , 32 , 51 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lief , N. R. ( 1985 ). The drug user as a parent . The International Journal of the Addictions , 20 ( 1 ), 63 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. , & Guba , E. G. ( 1985 ). Naturalistic inquiry . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Luthar , S. S. , & Walsh , K. G. ( 1995 ). Treatment needs of drug-addicted mothers . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 12 ( 5 ), 341 – 348 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malow , R. M. , Ireland , S. J. , Halpert , E. S. , Szapocznik , J. , McMahon , R. C. , & Habor , L. ( 1994 ). A description of the maternal addiction program of the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Medical Center . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 11 ( 1 ), 55 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcenko , M. O. , Kemp , S. P. , & Larson , N. C. ( 2000 ). Childhood experiences of abuse, later substance use, and parenting outcomes among low-income mothers . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 70 ( 3 ), 316 – 326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , J. C. , D'Aunno , T. A. , & Smith , B. D. ( 2000 ). Increasing access and providing social services to improve drug abuse treatment for women with children . Addiction , 95 ( 8 ), 1237 – 1247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntosh , T. J. , & McKeganey , N. ( 2000 ). Addict's narratives of recovery from drug use: Constructing a non-addict identity . Social Science & Medicine , 50 , 1501 – 1510 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , & Luthar , S. S. ( 1998 ). Bridging the gap for children as their parents enter substance abuse treatment . In R. L. Hampton , V. Senators , & T. P. Gullotta (Eds.), Substance abuse, family violence, and child welfare: Bridging perspectives (pp. 143 – 187 ). London : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Luthar , S. S. , & Rounsaville , B. J. ( 1999 , June ). Looking for poppa: A developmental-ecological perspective on fathers enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment . Poster session presented at the annual scientific meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence , Acapulco , Mexico .
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Luthar , S. S. , & Rounsaville , B. J. (2001 , June). Finding poppa: A comparative study of fathers enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment . Poster session presented at the annual scientific meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Scottsdale , Arizona.
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , & Rounsaville , B. J. ( 2002 ). Substance abuse and fathering: Adding poppa to the research agenda. [For debate] . Addiction , 97 , 1109 – 1115 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Winkel , J. D. , & Rounsaville , B. J. ( 2007 ). Drug abuse and responsible fathering: A comparative study of men enrolled in methadone maintenance treatment . Addiction , 103 , 269 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Winkel , J. D. , Luthar , S. S. , & Rounsaville , B. J. ( 2003 ). Looking for poppa: Parenting status of men versus women seeking drug abuse treatment . Manuscript submitted for publication .
   Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Winkel , J. D. , Suchman , N. E. , & Luthar , S. S. ( 2002 ). Drug dependence, parenting responsibilities, and treatment history: Why doesn't mom go for help? Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 65 , 105 – 114 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , T. J. , Winkel , J. D. , Suchman , N. E. , & Rounsaville , B. J. ( 2007 ). Drug-abusing fathers: Patterns of pair bonding, reproduction, and paternal involvement . Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 33 , 295 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano , M. A. , Hatch , J. P. , Zule , W. A. , & Desmond , D. P. ( 2002 ). Psychological distress in childhood trauma survivors who abuse drugs . American Journal Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 28 ( 1 ), 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez , J. P. ( 2004 ). Personal Narratives of Several Long-Term Incarcerated African American Men on the Meaning of Fatherhood. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University, New York .
   Google Scholar
• Mertens , J. R. , & Weisner , C. M. ( 2000 ). Predictors of substance abuse treatment retention among women and men in an HMO . Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research , 24 ( 10 ), 1525 – 1533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metsch , L. R. , Rivers , J. E. , Miller , M. , Bohs , R. , McCoy , C. B. , et al. . ( 1995 ). Implementation of a family-centered treatment program for substance-abusing women and their children: Barriers and resolutions . Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 27 ( 1 ), 73 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , J. , & Finkelstein , N. ( 2001 ). Parenting services for families affected by substance abuse . Child Warfare , 80 ( 2 ), 221 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , L. B. ( 2003 ). Qualitative research interviews: Therapeutic benefits for the participants . Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing , 10 ( 2 ), 231 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muzi , M. J. ( 2000 ). The experience of parenting . Upper Saddle River , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Nardi , D. ( 1998 ). Addiction recovery for low income-pregnant and parenting women: A process of becoming . Archives of Psychiatric Nursing , 12 ( 2 ), 81 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Association for Children of Alcoholics . ( 1998 ). Children of alcoholics: Important facts . Retrieved October 31, 2000, from http://www.nacoa.net/impfacts.htm
   Google Scholar
• National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University . ( 1999 , January 27 ). Helping children of addicted parents . Retrieved October 31, 2000, from http://www.jointogether.org/sa/wire/news/reader.jtml?object_id=257225
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Health . ( 2000 ). Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research-based guide (NIH Publication No. 00-4180) . Rockville , MD : Author .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Health , National Institute on Drug Abuse. ( 1993 ). Pregnancy and drug use trends . Infofax retrieved September 19, 2001, from http://www.nida.nih.gov/infofax/pregnancytrends.html
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2003). Drug Use Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities (NIH Publication No. 03-3888). Rockville , MD : Author.
   Google Scholar
• O'Donnell , J. M. , Johnson , W. E. , D'Aunno , L. E. , & Thornton , H. L. ( 2005 ). Fathers in child welfare: Caseworkers' perspectives . Child Welfare League of Amercia , 30 , 387 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsen , L. J. ( 1995 ). Services for substance abuse-affected families: The project connect experience . Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 12 ( 3 ), 183 – 197 .
   Google Scholar
• Peel , E. , Douglas , M. , & Lawton , J. ( 2006 ). “It's no skin off my nose:” Why people take part in qualitative research . Qualitative Health Research , 16 , 1335 – 1349 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez , D. M. ( 2000 ). The relationship between physical abuse, sexual victimization, and adolescent illicit drug use . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 ( 3 ), 641 – 662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasse , B. R. ( 1995 ). Parenting groups for recovering addicts in a day treatment program . Social Work , 40 ( 1 ), 65 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plasse , B. R. ( 2000 ). Components of engagement: Women in a psychoeducational parenting skills group in substance abuse treatment. [Electronic version] . Social Work with Groups , 22 ( 4 ), 33 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Poitier , V. L. , Niliwaambieni , M. , & Rowe , C. L. ( 1997 ). A rite of passage approach designed to preserve the families of substance-abusing African American women . Child Welfare , 76 ( 1 ), 173 – 195 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Polansky , M. , Lauterbach , W. , Litzke , C. , Coulter , B. , & Sommers , L. ( 2006 ). A qualitative study of an attachment-based parenting group for mothers with drug addictions: On being and having a mother . Journal of Social Work Practice , 20 , 115 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redelinghuys , J. , & Dar , K. ( 2008 ). A survey of parents receiving treatment for substance dependence: The impact on their children . Journal of Substance Use , 13 ( 1 ), 37 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed , B. G. ( 1987 ). Developing women-sensitive drug dependence treatment services: Why so difficult? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs , 19 ( 2 ), 151 – 164 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid , J. , Macchetto , P. , & Foster , S. ( 1999 ). No safe haven: Children of substance-abusing parents . New York : The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , C. A. ( 1999 ). Drug use among inner-city African American women: The process of managing loss. [Electronic version] . Qualitative Health Research , 9 ( 5 ), 620 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts , T. W. ( 1994 ). A systems perspective of parenting: The individual, the family, and the social network . Pacific Grove , CA : Brooks/Cole Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Rossow , I. , & Lauritzen , G. ( 2001 ). Shattered childhood: A key issue in suicidal behavior among drug addicts? Addiction , 96 ( 2 ), 227 – 241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , S. , Delva , J. , & Gruber, ( 2001 ). A study of family fighting and illegal drug use among adults who completed substance abuse treatment . Journal of Family Social Work , 6 ( 1 ), 69 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Sands , R. G. , Goldberg-Glen , R. S. , & Shin , H. ( 2009 ). The voices of grandchildren of grandparent caregivers: A strengths-resilience perspective . Child Welfare League of America , 88 , 25 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder , V. , Kelley , M. L. , & Fals-Stewart , W. (2006). Effects of parental substance abuse on youths in their homes. The Prevention Researcher , 13(4), 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Shulman , L. H. , Shapira , S. R. , & Sabina , H. ( 2000 ). Outreach developmental services to children of patients in treatment for substance abuse . American Journal of Public Health , 90 ( 12 ), 1930 – 1934 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverman , P. R. ( 1999 ). Research, clinical practice, and the human experience: Putting the pieces together . Death Studies , 24 , 469 – 478 .
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , G. M. , & Lawrence-Webb , C. ( 2009 ). Responsibility without community resources: Informal kinship care among low-income, African American grandmother caregivers . Journal of Black Studies , 39 , 825 – 847 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner , M. L. , Haggerty , K. P. , Fleming , C. B. , & Catalano , R. F. ( 2009 ). Predicting functional resilience among young-adult children of opiate-dependent parents . Society of Adolescent Medicine , 44 , 283 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Spradley , J. P. ( 1970 ). You owe yourself a drunk: An ethnography of urban nomads (Rev. Ed.) . Prospect Height , IL : Waveland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spradley , J. P. ( 1979 ). The ethnographic interview . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson , A. L. , Henry , C. S. , & Robinson , L. C. ( 1996 ). Family characteristics and adolescent substance use . Adolescence , 31 ( 121 ), 59 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterk , C. E. , Elifson , K. W. , & Theall , K. ( 2000 ). Women and drug treatment experiences: A generational comparison of mothers and daughters . Journal of Drug Issues , 30 ( 4 ), 839 – 862 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , D. , Gossop , M. , & Trakada , K. ( 2006 ). Drug dependent parents: Childcare responsibilities, involvement with treatment services, and treatment outcomes . Addictive Behaviors , 32 , 1657 – 1668 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoffel , V. C. ( 1994 ). Occupational therapists' role in treatment of substance abuse . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 45 ( 1 ), 21 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stoffel , V. C. , & Moyers , P. A. ( 2005 ). Occupational therapy and substance use disorders . In E. Cara & A. MacRae (Eds.), Psychosocial occupational therapy: A clinical practice () , 2nd Ed. (pp. 446 – 473 ). United States : Thompson Delmar Learning .
   Google Scholar
• Stoffel , V. C. , & Moyers , P. A. ( 2001 ). Occupational therapy practice guidelines for substance use disorders () , 3rd Ed. . Bethesda , MD : American Occupational Therapy Association .
   Google Scholar
• Stoffel , V. C. , & Moyers , P. A. ( 2004 ). An evidence-based and occupational perspective of interventions for persons with substance-use disorders . The American Journal of Occupational Therapy , 58 , 570 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoudemire , A. (Ed.). ( 1998 ). Human Behavior: An introduction for medical students () , 3rd Ed. . New York : Lippincott-Raven .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 1999 , July ). The science of addiction: Simplified . Substance Abuse in Brief , 1 – 4 .
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 2003 ). Children living with substance-abusing or substance-dependent parents. Retrieved June 1, 2004 from http://www.oas.samsha.gov/2k3/children/children/cfm
   Google Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . ( 2007 ). Results from the 2007 national survey on drug use and health: National findings. Retrieved September 25, 2009, from http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nhduh/2k2nsduh/2k6Results.cfm#High
   Google Scholar
• Tarter , R. E. , Blackson , T. , Martin , C. , Loeber , R. , & Moss , H. B. (1993). Characteristics and correlates of child discipline practice in substance abuse and normal families. The American Journal on Addictions , 2(1), 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Twomey , J. E. ( 2007 ). Partners of perimarel substance users: Forgotten, failing or fit to father? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 77 , 563 – 572 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . ( 2005 ). Results from the 2004 national survey on drug use and health. National findings Retrieved June 11, 2010 from http://www.drugabusestatistics.samsha.gov/NSDUH/2KANSDUH/2k4results/2k4results.htm#ch3
   Google Scholar
• Wald , R. , Harvey , M. , & Hibbard , J. ( 1995 ). A treatment model for women substance users . The International Journal of the Addictions , 30 ( 7 ), 881 – 888 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , M. ( 2009 ). Program characteristics and the length of time clients are in substance abuse treatment . The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research , 36 ( 3 ), 330 – 343 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wills , T. A. , Schreibman , D. , Benson , G. , & Vaccaro , D. ( 1994 ). Impact of parental substance use on adolescents: A test of a mediational model . Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 19 ( 5 ), 537 – 556 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolcott , H. F. ( 1990 ). Writing up qualitative research . Newbury Park , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Wong , J. Y. ( 2009 ). Understanding and utilizing parallel processes of social interaction for attachment-based parenting interventions . Clinical Social Work Journal , 37 , 163 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward , A. , Epstein , J. , Gfoerer , J. , Melnick , D. , Thoreson , R. , & Wilson , D. ( 1997 ). The drug abuse treatment gap: Recent estimates . Health Care Financing Review , 18 ( 3 ), 5 – 17 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• This manuscript is dedicated to the author's mother—Veronica Knis.
   Google Scholar