Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type

References

• Albert , M. L. 1978 . “ Subcortical dementia ” . In Alzheimer's disease: Senile dementia and related disorders , Edited by: Katzman , R. , Terry , R. D. and Bick , K. L. 173 – 180 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arendt , T. , Bigl , V. , Tennstedt , A. and Arendt , A. 1985 . Neuronal loss in different parts of the nucleus basalis is related to neuritic plaque formation in cortical target areas in Alzheimer's disease . Neuroscience , 14 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. 1973 . “ The measurement of aphasic disorders ” . In Aspectos patológicos del langage , Edited by: Velasquez , A. C. Lima : Centro Neuropsicológico .
   Google Scholar
• Benton , A. L. 1974 . The Revised Visual Retention Test: Clinical and Experimental Applications , 4th Ed. , 1 – 21 . New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Brun , A. and Gustafson , L. 1976 . Distribution of cerebral degeneration in Alzheimer's disease: A clinico‐pathological study . Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten , 223 : 15 – 33 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bryden , M. P. 1982 . Laterality: Functional asymmetry in the intact brain , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Buschke , H. 1973 . Selective reminding for analysis of memory and learning . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 12 : 543 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Butters , N. , Sax , D. , Montgomery , K. and Tarlow , S. 1978 . Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease . Archives of Neurology , 35 : 585 – 589 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caplan , L. R. and Richardson , E. P. 1986 . A 79 year old woman with a progressive neurological disorder of 12 years duration . New England Journal of Medicine , 314 : 1101 – 1111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crapper McLachlan , D. R. , Dalton , A. J. , Galin , H. , Schlotterer , G. and Daicar , E. 1984 . Alzheimer's disease: Clinical course and cognitive disturbances . Acta Neurologica Scandinavica , 99 : 83 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Crystal , H. A. , Horoupian , D. S. , Katzman , R. and Jotkowitz , J. 1982 . Biopsy‐proven Alzheimer disease presenting as a right parietal syndrome . Annals of Neurology , 12 : 186 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings , J. L. and Benson , D. F. 1983 . Dementia: A clinical approach , Boston : Butterworth Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Duara , R. , Grady , C. , Haxby , J. , Ingvar , D. , Sokoloff , L. , Margolin , R. A. , Manning , R. G. , Cutler , N. R. and Rapoport , S. I. 1984 . Human brain glucose utilization and cognitive function in relation to age . Annals of Neurology , 16 : 702 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duara , R. , Grady , C. L. , Haxby , J. V. , Sundaram , M. , Cutler , N. R. , Heston , L. , Moore , A. , Schlageter , N. L. , Larson , S. and Rapoport , S. I. 1986 . Positron emision tomography in Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 36 : 879 – 887 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duara , R. , Margolin , R. A. , Robertson‐Tchabo , E. A. , London , E. D. , Schwartz , M. , Renfrew , J. W. , Koziarz , B. J. , Sundaram , M. , Grady , C. , Moore , A. M. , Ingvar , D. H. , Sokoloff , L. , Weingartner , H. , Kessler , R. M. , Manning , R. G. , Channing , M. A. , Cutler , N. R. and Rapoport , S. I. 1983 . Cerebral glucose utilization, as measured with positron emission tomography in 21 resting healthy men between the ages of 21 and 83 years . Brain , 106 : 761 – 775 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eycleshymer , A. C. and Shoemaker , D. M. 1911 . A Cross‐section anatomy , New York : Appleton and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Folstein , M. F. , Folstein , S. E. and McHugh , P. R. 1975 . “Mini‐Mental State”–a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 12 : 189 – 198 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , N. L. , Chase , T. N. , Fedio , P. , Patronas , N. J. , Brooks , R. A. and DiChiro , G. 1983 . Alzheimer's disease: Focal cortical changes shown by positron emission tomography . Neurology , 33 : 961 – 965 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , N. L. , Chase , T. N. , Mansi , L. , Brooks , R. , Fedio , P. , Patronas , N. J. and DiChiro , G. 1984 . Cortical abnormalities in Alzheimer's disease . Annals of Neurology , 16 : 649 – 654 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frackowiak , R. S. J. , Pozzilli , C. , Legg , N. J. , Du Boulay , G. H. , Marshall , J. , Lenzi , G. L. and Jones , T. 1981 . Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilization in dementia: A clinical and physiological study with oxygen‐15 and positron tomography . Brain , 104 : 753 – 778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland , R. P. , Brun , A. and Budinger , T. F. 1985 . Pathological and positron emission tomographic correlations in Alzheimer's disease . Lancet , I : 228
   Google Scholar
• Friedland , R. P. , Budinger , T. F. , Koss , E. and Ober , B. A. 1985 . Alzheimer's disease: Anterior‐posterior and lateral hemispheric alterations in cortical glucose utilization . Neuroscience Letters , 53 : 235 – 240 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golden , C. J. 1978 . The Stroop Color and Word Test: A Manual for Clinical and Experimental Uses , Chicago : Stoelting .
   Google Scholar
• Grady , C. L. , Haxby , J. V. , Schlageter , N. L. , Berg , G. and Rapoport , S. I. 1986 . Stability of metabolic and neuropsychological asymmetries in dementia of the Alzheimer type . Neurology , 36 : 1390 – 1392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady , C. L. , Haxby , J. V. , Sundaram , M. , Berg , G. and Rapoport , S. I. 1985 . Longitudinal relations between cognitive and cerebral metabolic deficits in Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 7 : 622
   Google Scholar
• Hasher , L. and Zacks , R. T. 1979 . Automatic and effortful processes in memory . Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , 108 : 356 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haxby , J. V. , Duara , R. , Grady , C. L. , Cutler , N. R. and Rapoport , S. I. 1985 . Relations between neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism , 5 : 193 – 200 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haxby , J. V. , Grady , C. L. , Duara , R. , Schlageter , N. L. , Berg , G. and Rapoport , S. I. 1986 . Neocortical metabolic abnormalities precede non‐memory cognitive deficits in early Alzheimer‐type dementia . Archives of Neurology , 43 : 882 – 885 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiskey , M. S. 1965 . Manual: Hiskey‐Nebraska Test of Learning Aptitude , Lincoln : College View Printers .
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz , B. 1988 . Neuroplasticity and the progression of Alzheimer's disease . International Journal of Neuroscience , 41 : 1 – 14 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz , B. , Grady , C. L. , Schlageter , N. L. , Duara , R. and Rapoport , S. I. 1987 . Intercorrelations of regional cerebral glucose metabolic rates in Alzheimer's disease . Brain Research , 407 : 294 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang , S. C. , Phelps , M. E. , Hoffman , E. J. , Sideris , K. , Selin , C. J. and Kuhl , D. E. 1980 . Non‐invasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man . American Journal of Physiology , 238 : E69 – E82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamada , M. and Mehraein , P. 1968 . Verteilungsmuster der senilen Veränderungen im Gehirn: Die Beteiligung des Limbischen Systems bei hirnatrophischen Prozessen des Seniums und bei Morbus Alzheimer . Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten , 211 : 308 – 324 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorm , A. F. 1986 . Controlled and automatic information processing in senile dementia: A review . Psychological Medicine , 16 : 77 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshner , H. S. , Webb , W. G. , Kelly , M. P. and Wells , C. E. 1984 . Language disturbance: An initial symptom of cortical degenerations and dementia . Archives of Neurology , 41 : 491 – 496 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knesevich , J. W. , Toro , F. R. , Morris , J. C. and Labarge , E. 1985 . Aphasia, family history, and the longitudinal course of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type . Psychiatric Research , 14 : 255 – 263 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lezak , M. D. 1983 . Neuropsychological assessment , 2nd Ed. , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , A. , Brouwers , P. , Lalonde , F. , Cox , C. , Teleska , P. , Fedio , P. , Foster , N. and Chase , T. 1986 . Towards a behavioral typology of Alzheimer's patients . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 8 : 594 – 610 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattis , S. 1976 . “ Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient ” . In Geriatric psychiatry: A handbook for psychiatrists and primary care physicians , Edited by: Bellack , L. and Karasu , T. 77 – 121 . New York : Grune and Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• McKhann , G. , Drachman , D. , Folstein , M. , Katzman , R. , Price , D. and Stadlan , E. M. 1984 . Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of Health and Human Services task force on Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 34 : 939 – 944 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam , M. M. 1981 . A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect . Annals of Neurology , 10 : 309 – 325 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesulam , M. M. , Mufson , E. J. , Levey , A. I. and Wainer , B. H. 1983 . Cholinergic innervation of cortex by the basal forebrain: Cytochemistry and cortical connections of the septal area, diagonal band nuclei, nucleus basalis (substantia innominata), and hypothalamus in the rhesus monkey . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 214 : 170 – 197 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milner , B. 1972 . Disorders of learning and memory after temporal lobe lesions in man . Clinical Neurosurgery , 19 : 421 – 446 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mishkin , M. 1978 . Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus . Nature , 273 : 297 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson , R. C. A. , Esiri , M. M. , Hiorns , R. W. , Wilcock , G. K. and Powell , T. P. S. . Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer disease . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . USA. Vol. 82 , pp. 4531 – 4534 .
   Google Scholar
• Pirozzolo , F. J. , Hansch , E. C. , Mortimer , J. A. , Webster , D. D. and Kuskowski , M. A. 1982 . Dementia in Parkinson disease: A neuropsychological analysis . Brain and Cognition , 1 : 71 – 83 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Porteus , S. D. 1965 . Porteus Maze Test: Fifty years application , Palo Alto : Pacific Books .
   Google Scholar
• Raven , J. C. , Court , J. H. and Raven , J. 1976 . Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales , London : H. K. Lewis .
   Google Scholar
• Reitan , R. M. 1958 . Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage . Perceptual Motor Skills , 8 : 271 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosen , W. G. and Mohs , R. C. 1982 . “ Evolution of cognitive decline in dementia ” . In Aging, Vol 19: Alzheimer's Disease: A report of progress , Edited by: Corkin , S. , Davis , K. L. , Growden , J. H. , Usdin , E. and Wurtman , R. J. 183 – 188 . New York : Raven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , E. W. 1975 . A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 800 – 809 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider , W. and Shiffrin , R. M. 1977 . Controlled & automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search and attention . Psychological Reviews , 84 : 1 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sim , M. and Sussman , I. 1962 . Alzheimer's disease: Its natural history and differential diagnosis . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 135 : 489 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , A. F. , Verity , M. A. , Rosenschein , S. R. , Fried , I. and Scheibel , A. B. 1982 . Pick's disease: A clinical, computed tomographic, and histologic study with golgi impregnation observations . Archives of Neurology , 39 : 287 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. A. 1945 . A standardized memory scale for clinical use . Journal of Psychology , 19 : 87 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler , D. A. 1955 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale , New York : Psychological Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse , P. J. , Price , D. L. , Clark , A. W. , Coyle , J. T. and Delong , M. R. 1981 . Alzheimer disease: Evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis . Annals of Neurology , 10 : 122 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar