The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on athletic performance: Recommendations for the maintenance of physical fitness

References

• Abedelmalek , S. , Souissi , N. , Takayuki , A. , Hadouk , S. and Tabka , Z. 2011 . Effect of acute maximal exercise on circulating levels of Interleukin-12 during Ramadan fasting . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 154 – 160 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Afyon , Y.A. and Micoogulari , B.O. 2003 . “ Effectiveness of fast on some physiologic and motor parameters in soccer players ” . In Book of abstracts of science & football 299 Lisbon, Portugal 5th World Congress on Science and Football, 11–15 April
   Google Scholar
• Al-Hourani , H.M. and Atoum , M.F. 2007 . Body composition, nutrient intake and physical activity patterns in young women during Ramadan . Singapore Medical Journal , 48 : 906 – 910 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armstrong , L.E. 2006 . Nutritional strategies for football: Counteracting heat, cold, high altitude, and jet lag . Journal of Sports Sciences , 24 : 723 – 740 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asl , N.S. 2011 . The effects of Ramadan fasting on endurance running performance in male athletes . International Journal of Sport Studies , 1 : 18 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Aziz , A.R. , Chia , M. , Singh , R. and Wahid , M.F. 2011 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on perceived exercise intensity during high-intensity interval training sessions in elite youth soccer players . International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching , 6 : 87 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz , A.R. , Slater , G.J. , Chia , M.Y.H. and Teh , K.C. 2012 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on training induced adaptations to a seven-week high-intensity interval exercise programme . Science and Sports , 27 : 31 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aziz , A.R. , Wahid , M.F. , Png , W. and Jesuvadian , C.V. 2010 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on 60 min of endurance running performance in moderately trained men . British Journal of Sport Medicine , 44 : 516 – 521 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangsbo , J. , Mohr , M. , Poulsen , A. , Perez-Gomez , J. and Krustrup , P. 2006 . Training and testing the elite athlete . Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness , 4 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Ben Salama , F. , Hsairi , M. , Belaid , J. , Achour , N. , Achour , A. and Nacef , T. 1993 . Food intake and energy expenditure in high school athletes before, during and after the month of Ramadan: Effect of fasting on performance . Tunisie Médicale , 71 ( 2 ) : 85 – 89 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bigard , A.X. , Boussif , M. , Chalabi , H. and Guezennec , C.Y. 1998 . Alterations in muscular performance and orthostatic tolerance during Ramadan . Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine , 69 ( 4 ) : 341 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billat , L.V. 1996 . The use of blood lactate measurements for prediction of exercise performances and for the control of training. Recommendations for long-distance running . Sports Medicine , 22 : 157 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borg , G. 1970 . Perceived exertion as an indicator of somatic stress . Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine , 2 : 92 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouhlel , E. , Salhi , Z. , Mdella , S. , Amamou , A. , Zaouali , M. , Mercier , J. and Shephard , R.J. 2006 . Effect of Ramadan fasting on fuel oxidation during exercise in trained male rugby players . Diabetes & Metabolism , 32 : 617 – 624 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisswalter , J. , Bouhlel , E. , Falola , J.M. , Abbiss , C.R. , Vallier , J.M. and Hausswirth , C. 2011 . Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on middle-distance running performance in well-trained runners . Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine , 21 : 422 – 427 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , L. 2010 . Fasting and recovery from exercise . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 502 – 508 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke , L.M. and King , C. 2012 . Ramadan fasting and the goals of sports nutrition around exercise . Journal of Sports Sciences , doi:10.1080/02640412.2012.680484
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouachi , A. , Coutts , A.J. , Chamari , K. , Wong , del. P. , Chaouachi , M. , Chtara , M. and Amri , M. 2009a . Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on aerobic and anaerobic performance and perception of fatigue in male elite judo athletes . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 23 ( 9 ) : 2702 – 2709 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouachi , A. , Leiper , J.B. , Souissi , N. , Coutts , A.J. and Chamari , K. 2009b . Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on sports performance and training: A review . International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance , 4 : 419 – 434 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chennaoui , M. , Desgorces , F. , Drogou , C. , Boudjemaa , B. , Tomaszewski , A. , Depiesse , F. and Gomez-Merino , D. 2009 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners . Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism , 34 : 587 – 594 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chtourou , H. , Driss , T. , Souissi , S. , Gam , A. , Chaouachi , A. and Souissi , N. 2012a . The effect of strength training at the same time of the day on the diurnal fluctuations of muscular anaerobic performances . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 26 : 217 – 225 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chtourou , H. , Hammouda , O. , Chaouachi , A. , Chamari , K. and Souissi , N. 2012b . The effect of time-of-day and Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performances . International Journal of Sports Medicine , 33 ( 2 ) : 142 – 147 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chtourou , H. , Hammouda , O. , Souissi , H. , Chamari , K. , Chaouachi , A. and Souissi , N. 2011a . The effect of Ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 177 – 185 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chtourou , H. , Zarrouk , N. , Chaouachi , A. , Dogui , M. , Behm , D.G. , Chamari , K. and Souissi , N. 2011b . Diurnal variation in Wingate-test performance and associated electromyographic parameters . Chronobiology International , 28 : 706 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drust , B. , Waterhouse , J. , Atkinson , G. , Edwards , B. and Reilly , T. 2005 . Circadian rhythms in sports performance-an update . Chronobiology International , 22 : 21 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faye , J. , Fall , A. , Badji , L. , Cisse , F. , Stephan , H. and Tine , P. 2005 . Effects of Ramadan fast on weight, performance and glycemia during training for resistance . Dakar Medical , 50 : 146 – 151 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2011 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on repeated sprint ability in young children . Science & Sports , doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2011.09.006
   Google Scholar
• Grantham , N. 2010 . Ramadan can take its toll . Sports Injury Bulletin , 103 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Gueye , L. , Seck , D. , Samb , A. , Cisse , F. , Camara , K. and Martineaud , J. 2003 . Physiological adaptations to exercise during a short-term fasting . Scripta Medica , 76 : 291 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Güvenç , A. 2011 . Effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic performance and lactate, heart rate and perceptual responses in young soccer players . Journal of Human Kinetics , 29 : 79 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamouda , O. , Chtourou , H. , Farjallah , M.A. , Davenne , D. and Souissi , N. 2012 . The effect of Ramadan fasting on the diurnal variations in aerobic and anaerobic performances in Tunisian youth soccer players . Biological Rhythms Research , 43 ( 2 ) : 177 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenetidis , K. 2011 . Ramadan fasting and endurance running performance in army officer cadets . International Review of the Armed Forces Medical Services , 84 : 68 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , D.W. , Cuerton , K.J. and Collins , M.A. 1989 . Circadian specificity in exercise training . Ergonomics , 32 : 79 – 92 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , D.W. , Leiferman , J.A. , Lynch , N.A. , Dangelmaier , B.S. and Brut , S.E. 1998 . Temporal specificity in adaptations to high intensity exercise training . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 30 : 450 – 455 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karli , U. , Guvenç , A. , Aslan , A. , Hazir , T. and Acikada , C. 2007 . Influence of Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performance and recovery following short time high intensity exercise . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 6 : 490 – 497 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , R. and Ahmad Munir , C.M. , eds. Glucose level during fasting month among competitive endurance athletes . Proceedings of the Fasting and Sustainable Health Conference 2010 . pp. 113 – 117 . Pulau Pinang, Malaysia : Healthy Lifestyle Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia .
   Google Scholar
• Kinugasa , T. , Nair , G. and Aziz , A.R. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and psychological characteristics in youth soccer players . Proceedings of the III International Conference of Physical Education and Sports Science . May 25–28 . Edited by: Chia , M. , Wang , J. , Balasekaran , G. and Chatzisarantis , N. pp. 292 – 297 . Singapore : National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University . National Institute of Education: Singapore
   Google Scholar
• Kirkendall , D.T. , Leiper , J.B. , Bartagi , Z. , Dvorak , J. and Zerguini , Y. 2008 . The influence of Ramadan on physical performance measures in young Muslim footballers . Journal of Sports Sciences , 26 ( 3 ) : S15 – S27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kordi , R. , Abdollahi , M. , Memari , A-H. and Najafabadi , M.G. 2011 . Investigating two different training time frames during Ramadan fasting . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 205 – 210 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leiper , J.B. , Junge , A. , Maughan , R.J. , Zerguini , Y. and Dvorak , J. 2008b . Alteration of subjective feelings in football players undertaking their usual training and match schedule during the Ramadan fast . Journal of Sports Sciences , 26 ( 3 ) : S55 – S69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper , J.B. , Molla , A.M. and Molla , A.M. 2003 . Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan . European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 57 ( 2 ) : 30 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiper , J.B. , Watson , P. , Evans , G. and Dvorak , J. 2008a . Intensity of a training session during Ramadan in fasting and non-fasting Tunisian youth football players . Journal of Sports Sciences , 26 ( 3 ) : S71 – S79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfi , S. , Madani , M. , Abassi , A. , Tazi , A. , Boumahmaza , M. and Talbi , M. 2010 . CNS activation, reaction time, blood pressure, and heart rate variation during Ramadan intermittent fasting and exercise . World Journal of Sport Sciences , 3 : 37 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Maughan , R.J. 2010 . Fasting and sport: An introduction . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 473 – 475 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2012 . Fasting and sports: a summary statement of the IOC workshop . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 46 : 457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maughan , R.J. , Fallah , J. and Coyle , E.F. 2010 . The effects of fasting on metabolism and performance . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 490 – 494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair , D.M. and Droppleman , L.F. 1971 . Manual for the profile of mood states , San Diego, CA : Educational and Industrial Testing Service .
   Google Scholar
• Meckel , Y. , Ismaeel , A. and Eliakim , A. 2008 . The effect of the Ramadan fast on physical performance and dietary habits in adolescent soccer players . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 102 : 651 – 657 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Memari , A-H. , Kordi , R. , Panahi , N. , Nikookar , L.R. , Abdollahi , M. and Akbarnejad , A. 2011 . Effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 161 – 166 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mirza , L.A. , Aziz , A.R. , Wahid , M.F. and Chia , M.Y.H. Impact of Ramadan fasting in submaximal running performance of professional football players . Conference Handbook of the 4th Asian Football Confederation Conference 2011, Science & Football Medicine . March 18–20 , Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . pp. 209
   Google Scholar
• Mujika , I. , Chaouachi , A. and Chamari , K. 2010 . Precompetition taper and nutritional strategies: Special reference to training during Ramadan intermittent fast . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 495 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolas , A. , Gauthier , A. , Bessot , N. , Moussay , S. and Davenne , D. 2005 . Time-of-day effects on myoelectric and mechanical properties of muscle during maximal and prolonged isokinetic exercise . Chronobiology International , 22 : 997 – 1011 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noble , B.J. , Borg , G.A. , Jacobs , I. , Ceci , R. and Kaiser , P. 1983 . A category-ratio perceived exertion scale: Relationship to blood and muscle lactates and heart rate . Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise , 15 : 523 – 528 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chia , M. , Wang , J. , Balasekaran , G. and Chatzisarantis , N. , eds. Ramadan fasting and sports performance: A Malaysian perspective . Proceedings of the III International Conference of Physical Education and Sports Science . May 25–28 . pp. 187 – 193 . Singapore : National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University .
   Google Scholar
• Ramadan , J.M. and Barac-Nieto , M. 2000 . Cardio-respiratory responses to moderately heavy aerobic exercise during the Ramadan fasts . Saudi Medical Journal , 21 : 238 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramadan , J. , Telahoun , G. , Al-Zaid , N.S. and Barac-Nieto , M. 1999 . Responses to exercise, fluid, and energy balances during Ramadan in sedentary and active males . Nutrition , 15 : 735 – 739 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. 2007 . The Science of training-soccer. A scientific approach to developing strength, speed and endurance , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. and Edwards , B. 2007 . Altered sleep-wake cycles and physical performance in athletes . Physiology & Behavior , 90 : 274 – 284 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. and Waterhouse , J. 2007 . Altered sleep-wake cycles and food intake: The Ramadan model . Physiology & Behavior , 90 : 219 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , T. and Waterhouse , J. 2009 . Sports performance: Is there evidence that the body clock plays a role? . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 106 : 321 – 332 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , N.R. , DiMarco , N.M. and Langley , S. 2009 . Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance . Journal of the American Dietetic Association , 109 : 509 – 227 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roky , R. , Houti , I. , Moussamih , S. , Qotbi , S. and Aadil , N. 2004 . Physiological and chronobiological changes during Ramadan intermittent fasting . Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism , 48 : 296 – 303 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy , J. , Ooi , C.H. , Singh , R. , Aziz , A.R. and Chai , W.J. 2011 . Self-generated coping strategies among Muslim athletes during Ramadan fasting . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 10 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedliak , M. , Finni , T. , Cheng , S. , Lind , M. and Häkkinen , K. 2009 . Effect of time-of-day-specific strength training on muscular hypertrophy in men . Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research , 23 : 2451 – 2457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 2011 . Subjective perception of sports performance, training, sleep, and dietary pattern of Malaysian Junior Muslim athletes during Ramadan intermittent fasting . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 167 – 176 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Souissi , H. , Chtourou , H. , Chaouachi , A. , Dogui , M. , Chamari , K. , Amri , M. and Souissi , N. 2012 . The effect of training at a specific time of day on the diurnal variations of short-term exercise performances in 10-11-years-old boys . Pediatric Exercise Science , 24 ( 1 ) : 84 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souissi , N. , Souissi , H. , Sahli , S. , Tabka , Z. , Dogui , M. , Ati , J. and Davenne , D. 2007 . Effect of Ramadan on the diurnal variation in short-term high power output . Chronobiology International , 24 : 991 – 1007 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souissi , N. , Souissi , M. , Souissi , H. , Chamari , K. , Tabka , Z. , Dogui , M. and Davenne , D. 2008 . Effect of time of day and partial sleep deprivation on short-term, high-power output . Chronobiology International , 25 : 1062 – 1076 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stannard , S.R. and Thompson , M.W. 2008 . The effect of participation in Ramadan on substrate selection during submaximal cycling exercise . Journal of Sports Science and Medicine , 11 ( 5 ) : 510 – 517 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweileh , N. , Schnitzler , A. , Hunter , G.R. and Davis , B. 1992 . Body composition and energy metabolism in resting and exercising Muslims during Ramadan fast . Journal of Sports Medicine & Physical Fitness , 32 : 156 – 163 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian , H.H , Aziz , A.R , Png , W. , Wahid , M.F , Yeo , D. and Png , A.L.C. 2011 . Effects of fasting during Ramadan month on cognitive function in Muslim athletes . Asian Journal of Sports Medicine , 2 : 145 – 153 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torii , J. , Shinkai , S. and Hino , S. 1992 . Effect of time of day on adaptive response to a 4-week aerobic exercise program . Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 32 : 348 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , M.M. 2008 . “ Veteran Zainal finishes 3rd ” . In The Sunday Times 35 October 26
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse , J. 2010 . Effects of Ramadan on physical performance: Chronobiological considerations . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 509 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waterhouse , J. , Alabed , H. , Edwards , B. and Thomas , R. 2009 . Changes in sleep, mood and subjective and objective responses to physical performance during the daytime in Ramadan . Biological Rhythm Research , 40 : 367 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerguini , Y. , Kirkendall , D. , Junge , A. and Dvorak , J. 2007 . Impact of Ramadan on physical performance in professional soccer players . British Journal of Nutrition , 41 : 398 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar