Tour de France Champions born or made: where do we take the genetics of performance?

References

• Abecasis, G. R., Auton, A., Brooks, L. D., DePristo, M. A., Durbin, R. M., Handsaker, R. E., … McVean, G. A. (2012). An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature, 491(7422), 56–65. doi:10.1038/nature11632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmetov, I. I., Astratenkova, I. V., & Rogozkin, V. A. (2007). Association of a PPARD polymorphism with human physical performance. Molecular Biology, 41(5), 776–780. doi:10.1134/S002689330705010X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmetov, I. I., Druzhevskaya, A. M., Astratenkova, I. V., Popov, D. V., Vinogradova, O. L., & Rogozkin, V. A. (2010). The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism in Russian endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(9), 649–652. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmetov, I. I., Hakimullina, A. M., Popov, D. V., Lyubaeva, E. V., Missina, S. S., Vinogradova, O. L., … Rogozkin, V. A. (2009). Association of the VEGFR2 gene His472Gln polymorphism with endurance-related phenotypes. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(1), 95–103. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1105-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmetov, I. I., Khakimullina, A. M., Popov, D. V., Missina, S. S., Vinogradova, O. L., & Rogozkin, V. A. (2008). Polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF) and aerobic performance in athletes. Human Physiology, 34(4), 477–481. doi:10.1134/S0362119708040129
   Google Scholar
• Ahmetov, I. I., Popov, D. V., Missina, S. S., Vinogradova, O. L., & Rogozkin, V. A. (2010). Association of mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM) gene polymorphism with physical performance in athletes. Human Physiology, 36(2), 229–233. doi:10.1134/S0362119710020155
   Google Scholar
• Alfred, T., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Cooper, R., Hardy, R., Cooper, C., Deary, I. J., … Day, I. N. M. (2011). ACTN3 genotype, athletic status, and life course physical capability: Meta-analysis of the published literature and findings from nine studies. Human Mutation, 1815739. doi:10.1002/humu.21526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez, R., Terrados, N., Ortolano, R., Iglesias-Cubero, G., Reguero, J. R., Batalla, A., … Coto, E. (2000). Genetic variation in the renin-angiotensin system and athletic performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(1–2), 117–120. doi:10.1007/s004210050660
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aristotle (2002). Book II. In S. Broadie & C. J. Rowe, (Eds.), Nicomachean ethics (p. 112). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baggish, A. L., Hale, A., Weiner, R. B., Lewis, G. D., Systrom, D., Wang, F., … Chan, S. Y. (2011). Dynamic regulation of circulating microRNA during acute exhaustive exercise and sustained aerobic exercise training. The Journal of Physiology, 16, 3983–3994. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2011.213363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrès, R., Yan, J., Egan, B., Treebak, J. T., Rasmussen, M., Fritz, T., … Zierath, J. R. (2012). Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metabolism, 15(3), 405–411. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman, Y., & North, K. N. (2010). A gene for speed: The emerging role of alpha-actinin-3 in muscle metabolism. Physiology (Bethesda, Md.), 25(4), 250–259. doi:10.1152/physiol.00008.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, B. E., Birney, E., Dunham, I., Green, E. D., Gunter, C., & Snyder, M. (2012). An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature, 489(7414), 57–74. doi:10.1038/nature11247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, C., An, P., Rice, T., Skinner, J. S., Wilmore, J. H., Gagnon, J., … Rao, D. C. (1999). Familial aggregation of VO(2max) response to exercise training: Results from the HERITAGE Family Study. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md.: 1985), 87(3), 1003–1008. doi:10.1055/s-2000-12983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchard, C., Daw, E. W., Rice, T., Pérusse, L., Gagnon, J., Province, M. A., … Wilmore, J. H. (1998). Familial resemblance for VO2max in the sedentary state: The HERITAGE family study. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(2), 252–258. doi:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Ba, Y., Ma, L., Cai, X., Yin, Y., Wang, K., … Zhang, C. Y. (2008). Characterization of microRNAs in serum: A novel class of biomarkers for diagnosis of cancer and other diseases. Cell Research, 18(10), 997–1006. doi:10.1038/cr.2008.282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., Gómez-Gallego, F., Villa, J. G., Bandrés, F., Celaya, P., & Lucia, A. (2004). Mutations in the hereditary haemochromatosis gene HFE in professional endurance athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(4), 418–421. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2002.003921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle, E. F., Feltner, M. E., Kautz, S. A., Hamilton, M. T., Montain, S. J., Baylor, A. M., … Petrek, G. W. (1991). Physiological and biomechanical factors associated with elite endurance cycling performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(1), 93–107. doi:10.1249/00005768-199101000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick, F. (1970). Central dogma of molecular biology. Nature, 227(5258), 561–563. doi:10.1038/227561a0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsen, P. K., Gallagher, I. J., Hartman, J. W., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Dela, F., Helge, J. W., … Phillips, S. M. (2011). High responders to resistance exercise training demonstrate differential regulation of skeletal muscle microRNA expression. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 110(2), 309–317. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00901.2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De la Chapelle, A., Träskelin, A. L., & Juvonen, E. (1993). Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(10), 4495–4499. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Moor, M. H. M., Spector, T. D., Cherkas, L. F., Falchi, M., Hottenga, J. J., Boomsma, D. I., & De Geus, E. J. C. (2007). Genome-wide linkage scan for athlete status in 700 British female DZ twin pairs. Twin Research and Human Genetics: The Official Journal of the International Society for Twin Studies, 10(6), 812–820. doi:10.1375/twin.10.6.812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deugnier, Y., Loréal, O., Carré, F., Duvallet, A., Zoulim, F., Vinel, J. P., … Guinot, M. (2002). Increased body iron stores in elite road cyclists. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 34(5), 876–880. doi:10.1097/00005768-200205000-00023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djebali, S., Davis, C. A., Merkel, A., Dobin, A., Lassmann, T., Mortazavi, A., … Gingeras, T. R. (2012). Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature, 489(7414), 101–108. doi:10.1038/nature11233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durussel, J., Daskalaki, E., Anderson, M., Chatterji, T., Wondimu, D. H., Padmanabhan, N., … Pitsiladis, Y. P. (2013). Haemoglobin mass and running time trial performance after recombinant human erythropoietin administration in trained men. PloS One, 8(2), e56151. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginevičienė, V., Jakaitienė, A., Pranculis, A., Milašius, K., Tubelis, L., & Utkus, A. (2014). AMPD1 rs17602729 is associated with physical performance of sprint and power in elite Lithuanian athletes. BMC Genetics, 15, 58. doi:10.1186/1471-2156-15-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginevičienė, V., Pranckevičienė, E., Milašius, K., & Kučinskas, V. (2010). Gene variants related to the power performance of the Lithuanian athletes. Central European Journal of Biology, 6(1), 48–57. doi:10.2478/s11535-010-0102-5
   Google Scholar
• Gómez-Gallego, F., Ruiz, J. R., Buxens, A., Artieda, M., Arteta, D., Santiago, C., … Lucia, A. (2009). The −786 T/C polymorphism of the NOS3 gene is associated with elite performance in power sports. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 107(5), 565–569. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1166-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., González-Freire, M., Yvert, T., Muniesa, C. A., Serratosa, L., … Lucia, A. (2009). The C allele of the AGT Met235Thr polymorphism is associated with power sports performance. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquée, Nutrition et Métabolisme, 34(6), 1108–1111. doi:10.1139/H09-108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guay, C., Roggli, E., Nesca, V., Jacovetti, C., & Regazzi, R. (2011). Diabetes mellitus, a microRNA-related disease? Translational Research, 157(4), 253–264. doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2011.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussein, K., Percy, M., & McMullin, M. F. (2012). Clinical utility gene card for: Familial erythrocytosis. European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG, 20(5), 1–4. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyllegard, R., Radlo, S. J., & Early, D. (2001). Attribution of athletic expertise by college coaches. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 92(1), 193–207. doi:10.2466/pms.2001.92.1.193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International HapMap Consortium. (2005). A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature, 437(7063), 1299–1320. doi:10.1038/nature04226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby, T. J., & McCarthy, J. J. (2013). MicroRNAs in skeletal muscle biology and exercise adaptation. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 64, 95–105. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunorozva, L., Stephenson, K. J., Rae, D. E., & Roden, L. C. (2012). Chronotype and PERIOD3 variable number tandem repeat polymorphism in individual sports athletes. Chronobiology International, 29(8), 1004–1010. doi:10.3109/07420528.2012.719966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, E. S. (1996). The new genomics: Global views of biology. Science (New York, N.Y.), 274(5287), 536–539. doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., … Szustakowki, J. (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling, C., & Rönn, T. (2014). Epigenetic adaptation to regular exercise in humans. Drug Discovery Today, 00(00), 1–4. doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Gómez-Gallego, F., Barroso, I., Rabadán, M., Bandrés, F., San Juan, A. F., … Franks, P. W. (2005). PPARGC1A genotype (Gly482Ser) predicts exceptional endurance capacity in European men. Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 99(1), 344–348. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00037.2005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucía, A., Gómez-Gallego, F., Chicharro, J. L., Hoyos, J., Celaya, K., Córdova, A., … Earnest, C. P. (2005). Is there an association between ACE and CKMM polymorphisms and cycling performance status during 3-week races? International Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(6), 442–447. doi:10.1055/s-2004-821108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Gómez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., Bandrés, F., Earnest, C., Rabadán, M., … Foster, C. (2006). ACTN3 genotype in professional endurance cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(11), 880–884. doi:10.1055/s-2006-923862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucia, A., Hoyos, J., & Chicharro, J. L. (2001). Physiology of professional road cycling. Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 31(5), 325–337. doi:10.2165/00007256-200131050-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo, W., Nie, Q., & Zhang, X. (2013). MicroRNAs involved in skeletal muscle differentiation. Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao, 40(3), 107–116. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2013.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, S. L., Fairlie, E., Garnham, A. P., & Hargreaves, M. (2009). Exercise-induced histone modifications in human skeletal muscle. The Journal of Physiology, 587(24), 5951–5958. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2009.181065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, P. S., Parkin, R. K., Kroh, E. M., Fritz, B. R., Wyman, S. K., Pogosova-Agadjanyan, E. L., … Tewari, M. (2008). Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(30), 10513–10518. doi:10.1073/pnas.0804549105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran, C. N., Yang, N., Bailey, M. E. S., Tsiokanos, A., Jamurtas, A., MacArthur, D. G., … Wilson, R. H. (2007). Association analysis of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and complex quantitative body composition and performance phenotypes in adolescent Greeks. European Journal of Human Genetics : EJHG, 15(1), 88–93. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniesa, C. A., González-Freire, M., Santiago, C., Lao, J. I., Buxens, A., Rubio, J. C., … Lucia, A. (2010). World-class performance in lightweight rowing: Is it genetically influenced? A comparison with cyclists, runners and non-athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(12), 898–901. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.051680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogales-Gadea, G., Pinós, T., Ruiz, J. R., Marzo, P. F., Fiuza-Luces, C., López-Gallardo, E., … Lucia, A. (2011). Are mitochondrial haplogroups associated with elite athletic status? A study on a Spanish cohort. Mitochondrion, 11(6), 905–908. doi:10.1016/j.mito.2011.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olympic.org. (2014). Eero MANTYRANTA |Olympic Athlete |Grenoble 1968, Innsbruck 1964, Sapporo 1972, Squaw Valley 1960. Official website of the Olympic Movement. Retrieved August 02, 2014, from http://www.olympic.org/eero-mantyranta
   Google Scholar
• Peloso, G. M., Auer, P. L., Bis, J. C., Voorman, A., Morrison, A. C., Stitziel, N. O., … Cupples, L. A. (2014). Association of low-frequency and rare coding-sequence variants with blood lipids and coronary heart disease in 56,000 whites and blacks. American Journal of Human Genetics, 94(2), 223–232. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistilli, E. E., Bogdanovich, S., Garton, F., Yang, N., Gulbin, J. P., Conner, J. D., … Khurana, T. S. (2011). Loss of IL-15 receptor α alters the endurance, fatigability, and metabolic characteristics of mouse fast skeletal muscles. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 121(8), 3120–3132. doi:10.1172/JCI44945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsiladis, Y., Wang, G., Wolfarth, B., Scott, R., Fuku, N., Mikami, E., … Lucia, A. (2013). Genomics of elite sporting performance: What little we know and necessary advances. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 550–555. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. J., & Hennessy, E. J. (2013). Extracellular communication via microRNA: Lipid particles have a new message. The Journal of Lipid Research, 54(5), 1174–1181. doi:10.1194/jlr.R034991
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rissman, E. F., & Adli, M. (2014). Minireview: Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: Focus on endocrine disrupting compounds. Endocrinology, 155(8), 2770–2780. doi:10.1210/en.2014-1123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera-Brown, A. M., & Frontera, W. R. (2012). Principles of exercise physiology: Responses to acute exercise and long-term adaptations to training. PM & R : The Journal of Injury, Function, and Rehabilitation, 4(11), 797–804. doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.10.007
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodríguez, L. P., López-Rego, J., Calbet, J. A. L., Valero, R., Varela, E., & Ponce, J. (2002). Effects of training status on fibers of the musculus vastus lateralis in professional road cyclists. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 81(9), 651–660. doi:10.1097/00002060-200209000-00004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Romo, G., Yvert, T., de Diego, A., Santiago, C., Díaz de Durana, A. L., Carratalá, V., … Lucia, A. (2013). No association between ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and elite judo athletic status. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 8(5), 579–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubio, J. C., Martín, M. A., Rabadán, M., Gómez-Gallego, F., San Juan, A. F., Alonso, J. M., … Lucia, A. (2005). Frequency of the C34T mutation of the AMPD1 gene in world-class endurance athletes: Does this mutation impair performance? Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 98(6), 2108–2112. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01371.2004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, J. R., Buxens, A., Artieda, M., Arteta, D., Santiago, C., Rodríguez-Romo, G., … Lucia, A. (2010). The −174 G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene is associated with elite power performance. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport /Sports Medicine Australia, 13(5), 549–553. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2009.09.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell, A. P., Lamon, S., Boon, H., Wada, S., Güller, I., Brown, E. L., … Akimoto, T. (2013). Regulation of miRNAs in human skeletal muscle following acute endurance exercise and short-term endurance training. The Journal of Physiology, 591(Pt 18), 4637–4653. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santiago, C., Ruiz, J. R., Buxens, A., Artieda, M., Arteta, D., González-Freire, M., … Lucia, A. (2011). Trp64Arg polymorphism in ADRB3 gene is associated with elite endurance performance. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(2), 147–149. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.061366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahmoradi, S., Ahmadalipour, A., & Salehi, M. (2014). Evaluation of ACE gene I/D polymorphism in Iranian elite athletes. Advanced Biomedical Research, 3, 207. doi:10.4103/2277-9175.143242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stadler, Z. K., Schrader, K. A., Vijai, J., Robson, M. E., & Offit, K. (2014). Cancer genomics and inherited risk. Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 32(7), 687–698. doi:10.1200/JCO.2013.49.7271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, R., & Collins, M. (2012). What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(8), 555–561. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wetterstrand, K. A. (2014). DNA Sequencing Costs: Data from the NHGRI Genome Sequencing Program (GSP). Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.genome.gov/sequencingcosts/
   Google Scholar
• Williams, A. M., & Reilly, T. (2000). Talent identification and development in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(9), 657–667. doi:10.1080/02640410050120041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfarth, B., Rankinen, T., Hagberg, J. M., Loos, R. J. F., Pérusse, L., Roth, S. M., … Bouchard, C. (2014). Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2013. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(5), 851–859. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000000300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, N., MacArthur, D. G., Gulbin, J. P., Hahn, A. G., Beggs, A. H., Easteal, S., & North, K. (2003). ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 73(3), 627–631. doi:10.1086/377590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar