460
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Risk assessment of food-contact materials: past experience and future challenges

Pages 1526-1533 | Received 07 Nov 2008, Accepted 04 Aug 2009, Published online: 01 Oct 2009

References

  • Cariello , NF , Wilson , JD , Brit , BH , Wedd , DJ , Burlinson , B and Gombar , V . 2002 . Comparison of the computer programs DEREK and TOPKAT to predict bacterial mutagenicity . Mutagenesis , 17 : 321 – 329 .
  • Cheeseman , MA , Machuga , EJ and Bailey , AB . 1999 . A tiered approach to threshold of regulation . Food Chem Toxicol , 37 : 387 – 412 .
  • Commission of the European Communities (CEC) . 1976 . Council of the European Communities. Council Directive of 23 November 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (76/893/EEC) . Off J Eur Comm. L , 340 : 19 – 24 .
  • Commission of the European Communities (CEC) . 1989 . Council of the European Communities Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs (89/109/EEC) . Off J Eur Comm. L , 40 : 38 – 44 .
  • Commission of the European Communities (CEC) . 2004 . Regulation (EC) No. 1935/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 2004 on materials and articles intended to come into contact with food and repealing Directives 80/590/EEC and 89/109/EEC . Off J Eur Comm. L , 338 : 4 – 17 .
  • Cooper , RL , Lamb , JC , Barlow , SM , Bentley , K , Brady , AM , Doerrer , NG , Eisenbrandt , DL , Fenner-Crisp , PA , Hines , RN , Irvine , LFH , Kimmel , CA , Koeter , H , Li , AA , Makris , SL , Sheets , LP , Speijers , GJA and Whitby , KE . 2006 . A tiered approach to life stages testing for agricultural chemical safety assessment . Crit Rev Toxicol , 36 : 69 – 98 .
  • Dole , P , Voulzatis , Y , Vitrac , O , Reynier , A , Hankemaeier , T , Aucejo , S and Feigenbaum , A . 2006 . Modelling of migration from multi-layers and functional barriers: estimation of parameters . Food Addit Contam , 23 : 1038 – 1052 .
  • ECHA (European Chemicals Agency). 2008. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Available from: http://reach.jrc.it/docs/guidance_document/information_requirements_en.htm?time=1225898368/
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2005. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, Flavourings, Processing Aids and Materials in Contact with Food on a request from the Commission related to 2-isopropyl-thioxanthone (ITX) and 2-ethylhexyl-4-dimethylaminobenzoate (EHDAB) in food contact materials (adopted on 7 December 2005). EFSA J 293:1–15. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178620770832.htm/
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2008. Guidelines on submission of a dossier for safety evaluation by the EFSA of a recycling process to produce recycled plastics intended to be used for manufacture of materials and articles in contact with food. Adopted on 21 May 2008. EFSA J 717:1–12. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178717811412.htm/
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2009a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food-Contact Materials, Enzymes, Flavourings and Processing Aids (CEF). Guidelines on submission of a dossier for safety evaluation by the EFSA of active or intelligent substances present in active and intelligent materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Question No. EFSA-Q-2005-041. Adopted on 21/07/2009. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/2/43230513.pdf
  • European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). 2009b. The potential risks arising from nanoscience and nanotechnologies on food and feed safety. Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Committee. Question No. EFSA-Q-2007-124a. Adopted on 10 February 2009. Available from: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1211902361968.htm/
  • Hurtt , ME , Cappon , GD and Browning , A . 2003 . Proposal for a tiered approach to developmental toxicity testing for veterinary pharmaceutical products for food-producing animals . Food Chem Toxicol , 41 : 611 – 619 .
  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1987. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, Supplement 7. Lyon (France), IARC
  • Janer , G , Slob , W , Hakkert , BC , Vermeire , T and Piersma , AH . 2008 . A retrospective analysis of developmental toxicity studies in rat and rabbit: what is the added value of the rabbit as an additional test species? . Regul Toxicol Pharmacol , 50 : 206 – 217 .
  • Kazius , J , McGuire , R and Bursi , R . 2005 . Derivation and validation of toxicophores for mutagenicity prediction . J Med Chem , 48 : 312 – 320 .
  • Kroes , R , Renwick , AG , Cheeseman , M , Kleiner , J , Mangelsdorf , I , Piersma , A , Schilter , B , Schlatter , J , Van Schothorst , F , Vos , JG and Wurtzen , G . 2004 . Structure-based thresholds of toxicological concern (TTC): Guidance for application to substances present at low levels in the diet . Food Chem Toxicol , 42 : 65 – 82 .
  • Mazzatorta , P , Tran , LA , Schilter , B and Grigorov , M . 2007 . Integration of structure–activity relationship and artificial intelligence systems to improve in silico prediction of Ames test mutagenicity . J Chem Inform Model , 47 : 34 – 38 .
  • Munro , IC , Renwick , AG and Danielewska-Nikiel , B . 2008 . The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) in risk assessment . Toxicol Lett , 180 : 151 – 156 .
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2008. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study. Adopted 3 October 2008. Paris (France): OECD. Available from: http://puck.sourceoecd.org/vl=7360383/cl=14/nw=1/rpsv/cw/vhosts/oecdjournals/1607310x/v1n4/contp1-1.htm/
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2009. Draft extended one-generation reproductive toxicity test guideline. Paris (France): OECD. Available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/59/2/43230513.pdf/
  • Rothfuss , A , Steger-Hartmann , T , Heinrich , N and Wichard , J . 2006 . Computational prediction of the chromosome-damaging potential of chemicals . Chem Res Toxicol , 19 : 1313 – 1319 .
  • Rulis , A . 1989 . “ Establishing a threshold of regulation ” . In Risk assessment in setting national priorities. , Edited by: Bonin , JJ and Stevenson , DE . Vol. 7 , 271 – 278 . New York, NY : Plenum .
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1975. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on vinyl chloride monomer. Opinion expressed 27 June 1975. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, First Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1977. Toxicological evaluation of a substance for materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Opinion expressed 1 October 1976. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Third Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1978. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on the positive list of substances to be authorized in the manufacture of regenerated cellulose films intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Opinion expressed 28 September 1978. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Sixth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1982. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food concerning acrylonitrile monomer (opinion expressed 15 January 1981), vinylidene chloride monomer (opinion expressed 15 January 1981), styrene monomer (opinion expressed 5 March 1982). Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Thirteenth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1984. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food concerning di-2-ethylhexylphthalate and di-2-ethylhexyladipate. Opinion expressed 27 June 1975. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Fourteenth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1986. Report of the Scientific Committee for Food on certain monomers and other starting substances to be used in the manufacture of plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food. Opinion expressed 14 December 1984. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Seventeenth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1992a. Health aspects of the release of lead from capsules for wine (opinion expressed on 7 December 1989). Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Twenty-sixth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1992b. Toxicity of lead and cadmium in ceramics (opinion expressed on 7 December 1989). Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Twenty-sixth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 1992c. Guidelines for presentation of data for toxicological evaluation of a substance to be used in materials and articles intended to come into contact with foodstuffs. Adopted 18 May 1990. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Twenty-sixth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports_en.html/
  • Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). 2001. Guidelines of the Scientific Committee on Food for the presentation of an application for safety assessment of a substance to be used in food contact materials prior to its authorisation. Adopted 18 May 1990. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, Twenty-sixth Series. Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/out82_en.pdf/
  • Sotomayor , RE , Arvidson , K , Mayer , J , McDougal , A and Sheu , C . 2007 . Regulatory Report: Assessing the safety of food contact substances. . Food Saf Mag. , August/September Available from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/fcnrpt2.html/
  • US Food and Drug Administration USFDA . 1995 . Food additives: threshold of regulation of substances used in food-contact articles; final rule . Federal Register , 60 : 36582 – 36596 .
  • US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). 2006. Guidance for Industry. Summary table of recommended toxicity testing for additives used in food. In: Toxicological principles for the safety assessment of food ingredients: Redbook 2000, June. Washington (DC): USFDA, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. Available from: http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/opatxgui.html/

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.