1,201
Views
152
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The assessment of executive functions: coming out of the office

, &
Pages 1067-1081 | Received 03 Jul 2003, Accepted 20 Jan 2004, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • GOLDBERG, E.: The Executive Brain (New York: Oxford University Press), 2001.
  • STUSS, D. T. and BENSON, F. D.: Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95: 3–28, 1984.
  • STUSS, D. T. and BENSON, F. D.: Control of cognition and memory. In: E. Perecman (editor), The Frontal Lobes Revisited (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.), pp. 141–154, 1986.
  • MALLOY, P., BIHRLE, A., DUFFY, J. et al.: The orbito medial frontal syndrome. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 8: 185–201, 1993.
  • D'EsPosno, M., POSTLE B. R., and RYPMA, B.: Prefrontal cortical contributions to working memory: evidence from event related fMRI studies. Experimental Brain Research, 133: 3–11, 2000.
  • Ross, E. S. and STEWART, R. M.: Akinetic mutism from hypothalamic damage: successful treatment with dopamine agonists. Neurology, 31: 1435–1439, 1981.
  • TRANEL, D., ANDERSON, S. W. and BENTON, A. L.: Development of the concept of 'executive function' and its relationship to the frontal lobes. Handbook of Neuropsychology, 9: 125–148, 1994.
  • BADDELEY, A. D.: Working Memory (Oxford: Clarendon Press), 1986.
  • BADDELEY, A. D. and WILSON, B. A.: Frontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 7: 212–230, 1988.
  • LEZAK, M. D.: The problem of assessing executive functions. International Journal of Psychology, 17:281–297, 1982.
  • DAMASIO, A.: Descartes' Error. Emotion, Reason and the Human Brain (London: Papemiac), 1994.
  • SHALLICE, T. and BURGESS, P. W.: Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain, 114: 727–740, 1991.
  • ESLINGER, P. J. and DAMASIO, A. R.: Severe disturbance of higher cognition after bilateral frontal lobe ablation: Patient EVR. Neurology, 35: 1731–1741, 1987.
  • GRIPE, L. I.: The ecological validity of executive function testing. In: R. Sbordone and C. Long (editors), Ecological validity of neuropsychological testing (New York: St Lucie Press), pp. 171–202, 1998.
  • Wool), R. L.: Neuropsychological assessment in brain injury. In: M. G. Eisenburgh, and R. C. Greziak (editors), Advances in Clinical Rehabilitation, vol. 1, pp. 47–92 (New York: Springer), 1987.
  • &wool), R. W.: Psychological tests and clinical discriminations: beginning to address the base rate problem. Clinical Psychology Review, 13: 409–419, 1993.
  • MATTHEY, S.: p 0.05-But is it clinically significant? Practical examples for clinicians. Behaviour Change, 15: 140–146, 1998.
  • CRAWFORD, J.: Assessment of executive dysfunction. In: P. W. Halligan and N. Wade (editors), The Effectiveness of Rehabilitation for Cognitive Deficits (London: Oxford University Press), in press, 2003.
  • MEEHL, P. E. and ROSEN, A.: Antecedent probability and the efficiency of psychometric signs, patterns, or cutting scores. Psychological Bulletin, 52: 194–216, 1955.
  • MOEHLE, K. A., FITZHUGH-BELL, K. B., ENGLEMAN, E. et al.: Diagnostic accuracy of the Halstead Category Test and a short fonn.Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 9: 37 (abstract), 1987.
  • REITAN, R. M. and WOLFSON, D.: The Halstead Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery: Theory and clinical interpretation (Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press), 1993.
  • GOUVIER, W. M. D.: Base rates and clinical decision making in neuropsychology. In: J. J. Sweet (editor), Forensic Neuropsychology: Fundamentals and Practice (Lisse: Sweets and Zeitlinger).
  • STROOP, J. R.: Studies of interferences in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18: 643–662, 1935.
  • WILDGRUBER, D., KISCHKA, U., GASSBENDER, K. etal.: The frontal lobe score: part II: evaluation of its clinical validity. Clinical Rehabilitation, 14: 272–278, 2000.
  • GRANT, A. D. and BERG, E. A.: A behavioural analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card sorting. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38: 404–411, 1948.
  • HEINRICHS, R. W.: Variables associated with Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance. In neuro-psychiatric patients referred for assessment. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology, 3: 107–112, 1990.
  • MORICE, R.: Cognitive inflexibility and pre-frontal dysfunction in schizophrenia and mania. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157: 50–54, 1990.
  • ANDERSON, C. V., BIGLER, E. D. and BLATTER, D. D.: Frontal lobe lesions, diffuse damage, and neuropsychological functioning in traumatic brain-injured patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17: 900–908, 1995.
  • ANDERSON, S. W., DAMASIO, H., JONES, R. D. et al.: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, 13: 909–922, 1991.
  • MOUNTAIN, M. A. and SNO W. G.: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test as a measure of frontal pathology: a review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 7: 108–118, 1993.
  • SHALLICE, P. and BURGESS, T.: Higher-order cognitive impairments, and frontal lobe lesions in man. In: H. S. Levin, H. M. Eisenberg and A. L. Benton (editors), Frontal Lobe Function and Dysfunction (New York: Oxford University Press), pp. 125–137, 1991.
  • REITAN, R. M. and WOLFSON, D.: Category Test and Trail Making Test as measures of frontal lobe functions. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 9: 50–56, 1995.
  • AHOLA, K., Vwxxi, J. and SERVO, A.: Frontal tests do not detect frontal infarctions after ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Brain and Cognition, 31: 1–16, 1996.
  • BURGESS, P. W., ALDERMAN, N., EVANS, J. et al.: The ecological validity of tests of executive function. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4: 547–558, 1998.
  • NoRms, G. and TATE, R. L.: The Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (BADS): ecological, concurrent and construct validity. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 10: 33–45, 2000.
  • MILLER, E.: Verbal fluency as a function of a measure of verbal intelligence and in relation to different types of pathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 23: 53–57, 1984.
  • SHALLICE, T. and EVANS, M. E.: The involvement of the frontal lobes in cognitive estimation. Cortex, 14: 294–303, 1978.
  • TAYLO R. and O'CARRon, R.: Cognitive estimation in neurological disorders. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 34: 223–228, 1995.
  • WILSON, B. A., ALDERMAN, N., BURGESS, P., EMSLIE, H., and EVANS, J.: Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome (Bury, St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company Limited), 1996.
  • BURGESS, P. W. and SHALLICE, T.: The Hayling and Brixton Tests (Bury, St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company Limited), 1997.
  • WILSON, B. A., EVANS, J. J., EMSLIE, H. et al.: The development of an ecologically valid test for assessing patients with a dysexecutive syndrome. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8: 213–228, 1998.
  • SoHLBERG, M. M. and MATEER, C. A.: Cognitive Rehabilitation: An Integrative Neuropsychological Approach (New York: The Guilford Press), 2001.
  • BURGESS, P. W. and SHALLICE, T.: The Hayling and Brixton Tests Manual (Bury, St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company Limited), 1997.
  • BURGESS, P. W. and SHALLICE, T.: Bizarre responses, rule detection and frontal lobe lesions. Cortex, 32: 241–259, 1996.
  • ANDRES, P. and VAN DER LINDEN, M.: Supervisory attentional system in patients with focal frontal lesions. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 23: 225–239, 2001.
  • BADDELEY, A. D., DELLA SALA, S., PAPAGNO, C. et al.: Dual task performance in dys-executive and non-dysexecutive patients with frontal lobe lesions. Neuropsychology, 11: 187–194, 1997.
  • STUSS, D. T.: Disturbances of self awareness after frontal system damage. In: G. P. Prigatano and D. L. Schacter (editors), Awareness of Deficit After Brain Injury. Clinical and Theoretical Issues, pp. 63–83 (Washington: Oxford University Press), 1991.
  • GRACE, J. and MALLOY, P. F.: The Frontal Systems Behavior Scale (California: Psychological Assessment Resources), 2002.
  • DYWAN, J. and SEGALOWITZ, S.: Self and family ratings of adaptive behaviour after traumatic brain injury: psychometric scores and frontally generated ERPs. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 11: 79–95, 1996.
  • JACKSON, H. F., HOPEWELL, C. A., GLASS, C. et al.: The Katz Social Adjustment Scale: modification for use with victims of traumatic brain and spinal injury. Brain Injury, 6: 109–127, 1992.
  • FLEMING, J. M., STRONG, J. and ASHTON, R.: Self awarenessof deficits in adults with traumatic brain injury: how best to measure? Brain Injury, 10: 1–15, 1996.
  • CHEVIGNARD, M., PILLON, B., PRADAT-DMHL, P. et al.: An ecological approach to planning dysfunction: script execution. Cortex, 36: 649–669, 2000.
  • CAVELLO, M. M., KAY, T. and EZRACHIO, O.: Problems and changes after traumatic brain injury: differing perceptions within and between families. Brain Injury, 6: 327–335, 1992.
  • SoHLEERG, M. M., MATEER, C. A., PENIC/vIAN, L. et al.: Awareness intervention: who needs it? Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 13: 62–78, 1998.
  • SBORDONE, R. J.: Ecological validity: some critical issues for the neuropsychologist. In: R. J. Sbordone and C. J. Long (editors), Ecological Validity of Neuopsychological Testing, pp. 15–42 (New York: St Lucie Press), 1996.
  • HEATON, R. K. and PENDLETON, M. G.: Use of neuropsychologgical tests to predict adult patient's everyday functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49: 807–821, 1981.
  • DODRILL, C. B. and CLEMMONS, D.: Use of neuropsychological tests to identify high school students with epilepsy who later demonstrate in adequate performances in life. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52: 520–527, 1984.
  • GUILMETTE, T. J., FAUST, D., HART, K. et al.: A national survey of psychologists who offer neuropsychological services. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 5: 373–392, 1990.
  • FAUST, D.: Forensic neuropsychology: the art of practising a science that does not yet exist. Neuropsychology Review, 2: 205–231, 1991.
  • WILLIAMS, J. M.: A practical model of everyday memory assessment. In: R. Sbordone and C. Long (editors), Ecological validity of neuropsychological testing, pp. 129–146 (Delray Beach, FL: GR Press/St Lucie Press), 1996.
  • BAJO, A. and NATHANIEL-JAMES, D.: The Hayling and Brixton Tests of Dysexecutive Syndrome. What do they measure in everyday life? Poster presentation at the 4th World Congress on Brain Injury, May, Turin, Italy, 2001.
  • DELIS, D. C., KAPLAN, E. and KRAmER, J. H.: The Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation), 2001.
  • SHALLICE, T.: Specific impairments of planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, 298: 199–209, 1982.
  • FRANZEN, M. D. and SMITH-SEEMILLAR, L.: Behavioural neuropsychology. In: A. S. Bellack and M. Hersen (editors), Behavioral Assessment: A Practical Handbook, 4th edn, pp. 407–417 (Boston: Allyn and Bacon), 1998.
  • POWELL, G. and Wool), R. L.: Assessing the nature, and extent of neurobehavioural disability. In: R. L. Wood and T. McMillan (editors), Neuro behavioural Disability and Social Handicap Following Traumatic Brain Injury, pp. 65–90 (Hove: Psychology Press), 2001.
  • KNIGHT, C., ALDERMA N. and BURGESS, P.: Development of a simplified version of the multiple errands test for use in hospital settings. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 12: 231–255, 2002.
  • MCCUE, M. and AITICEN, S.: Ecological validity of assessment of problem solving and executive abilities. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 17 August, San Francisco, CA, 1998.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.