241
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

Contractures and involuntary muscle overactivity in severe brain injury

, , , &
Pages 421-432 | Received 27 Oct 2006, Accepted 03 Mar 2007, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • Burridge JH, Wood DE, Hermens HJ, Voerman GE, Johnson GR, van Wijck F, Platz T, Gregoric M, Hitchcock R, Pandyan AD. Theoretical and methodological considerations in the measurement of spasticity. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005; 27: 69–80
  • Mayer NH, Esquenazi A, Childers MK. Common patterns of clinical motor dysfunction. Muscle & Nerve 1997; 6(Suppl.)S21–35
  • Mayer NH, Esquenazi A. Muscle overactivity and movement dysfunction in the upper motoneuron syndrome. Physical & Medical Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 2003; 14: 855–883
  • Gracies J. Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of muscle overactivity. Muscle & Nerve 2005; 31: 552–571
  • O’Dwyer NJ, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996; 119: 1737–1749
  • Gracies JM. Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle & Nerve 2005; 31: 535–551
  • Akeson WH, Amiel D, Abel MF, Garfin SR, Woo SL. Effects of immobilization on joints. Clinical Orthopaedics 1987; 219: 28–37
  • Edstrom L. Selective changes in the sizes of red and white muscle fibres in upper motor lesions and Parkinsonism. Journal of Neurological Science 1970; 11: 537–550
  • Dietz V, Quintern J, Berger W. Electrophysiological studies of gait in spasticity and rigidity. Evidence that altered mechanical properties of muscle contribute to hypertonia. Brain 1981; 104: 431–449
  • Mayer NH. Clinicophysiologic concepts of spasticity and motor dysfunction in adults with an upper motoneuron lesion. Muscle & Nerve 1997; 6(Suppl.)S1–13
  • Botte MJ, Nickel VL, Akeson WH. Spasticity and contracture. Physiologic aspects of formation. Clinical Orthopaedics 1988; 233: 7–18
  • O’Dwyer NJ, Ada L. Reflex hyperexcitability and muscle contracture in relation to spastic hypertonia. Current Opinion in Neurology 1996; 9: 451–455
  • Singer B, Dunne J, Allison G. Reflex and non-reflex elements of hypertonia in triceps surae muscles following acquired brain injury: Implications for rehabilitation. Disability & Rehabilitation 2001; 23: 749–757
  • Singer BJ, Jegasothy GM, Singer KP, Allison GT, Dunne JW. Incidence of ankle contracture after moderate to severe acquired brain injury. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 2004; 85: 1465–1469
  • Katz RT, Rovai GP, Brait C, Rymer Z. Objective quantification of spastic hypertona: Correlation with clinical findings. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 1992; 73: 339–347
  • Pohl M, Rockstroh G, Rückriem S, Mehrholz J, Mrass G, Pause M. Measurement of the effect of a bolus dose of intrathecal baclofen by continuous measurement of force under fibreglass casts. Journal of Neurology 2002; 249: 1254–1262
  • Wood DE, Burridge JH, van Wijck FM, McFadden C, Hitchcock RA, Pandyan AD, Haugh A, Salazar-Torres JJ, Swain ID. Biomechanical approaches applied to the lower and upper limb for the measurement of spasticity: A systematic review of the literature. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005; 27: 19–32
  • Dietz V, Trippel M, Berger W. Reflex activity and muscle tone during elbow movements in patients with spastic paresis. Annals of Neurology 1991; 30: 767–779
  • Faist M, Ertel M, Berger W, Dietz V. Impaired modulation of quadriceps tendon jerk reflex during spastic gait: Differences between spinal and cerebral lesions. Brain 1999; 122(Pt 3)567–579
  • Platz T, Eickhof C, Nuyens G, Vuadens P. Clinical scales for the assessment of spasticity, associated phenomena, and function: A systematic review of the literature. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005; 27: 7–18
  • Hobart JC, Riazi A, Thombson AJ, Styles IM, Ingram W, Vickery PJ, Warner M, Fox PJ, Zajicek JP. Getting the measure of spasticity in multiple sclerosis: The multiple sclerosis spasticity scale (MSSS-88). Brain 2005; 129: 224–234
  • Gracies JM, Marosszeky JE, Renton R, Sandanam J, Gandevia SC, Burke D. Short-term effects of dynamic lycra splints on upper limb in hemiplegic patients. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 2000; 81: 1547–1555
  • Mehrholz J, Wagner K, Meissner D, Grundmann K, Zange C, Koch R, Pohl M. Reliability of the modified Tardieu scale and the modified Ashworth scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: A comparison study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005; 19: 751–759
  • Voerman GE, Gregoric M, Hermens HJ. Neurophysiological methods for the assessment of spasticity: The Hoffmann reflex, the tendon reflex, and the stretch reflex. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005; 27: 33–68
  • van Schaeybroeck P, Nuttin B, Lagae L, Schrijvers E, Borghgraef C, Feys P. Intrathecal baclofen for intractable cerebral spasticity: A prospective placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Neurosurgery 2000; 46: 603–609
  • Pohl M, Rockstroh G, Rückriem S, Mehrholz J, Pause M, Koch R, Strik H. Time course of the effect of a bolus dose of intrathecal baclofen on severe cerebral spasticity. Journal of Neurology 2003; 250: 1195–1200
  • Bohannon RW, Smith MB. Interrater reliability of a modified Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Physical Therapy 1987; 67: 206–207
  • Held J, Pierrot-Deseilligny E. Reeducation motrice des affections neurologiques. Paris 1969; JB Bailleve et Fus: 31–42
  • Gregson JM, Leathley M, Moore AP, Sharma AK, Smith TL, Watkins CL. Reliability of the Tone Assessment Scale and the modified Ashworth scale as clinical tools for assessing poststroke spasticity. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 1999; 80: 1013–1016
  • Blackburn M, van Vliet P, Mockett SP. Reliability of measurements obtained with the modified Ashworth scale in the lower extremities of people with stroke. Physical Therapy 2002; 82: 25–34
  • Mehrholz J, Major Y, Meissner D, Sandi-Gahun S, Koch R, Pohl M. The influence of contractures and variation in measurement stretching velocity on the reliability of the modified Ashworth scale in patients with severe brain injury. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005; 19: 63–72
  • Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CI, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth scales as measures of spasticity. Clinical Rehabilitation 1999; 13: 373–383
  • Boyd R, Ada L. Physiotherapy management of spasticity. Upper motor neuron syndrome and spasticity. Clinical management and neurophysiology, M Barnes, G Johnson. Cambridge University press, Cambridge, UK 2001; 96–121
  • Fosang AL, Galea MP, McCoy AT, Reddihough DS, Story I. Measures of muscle and joint performance in the lower limb of children with cerebral palsy. Developmental & Medical Child Neurology 2003; 45: 664–670
  • Pohl M, Rückriem S, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Strik H, Pause MR. Effectiveness of serial casting in patients with severe cerebral spasticity: A comparison study. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 2002; 83: 784–790
  • Rückriem S, Rockstroh G, Mehrholz J, Meißner D, Pohl M. Mindert die serielle Gelenkredression die cerebrale Spastik?. Neurological Rehabilitation 2001; 7: S13
  • Burne JA, Carleton VL, O’Dwyer NJ. The spasticity paradox: Movement disorder or disorder of resting limbs?. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2005; 76: 47–54
  • Pandyan AD, Cameron M, Powell J, Stott DJ, Granat MH. Contractures in the post-stroke wrist: A pilot study of its time course of development and its association with upper limb recovery. Clinical Rehabilitation 2003; 17: 88–95
  • Pandyan AD, Gregoric M, Barnes MP, Wood D, Van Wijck F, Burridge J, Hermens H, Johnson GR. Spasticity: Clinical perceptions, neurological realities and meaningful measurement. Disability & Rehabilitation 2005; 27: 2–6
  • Pohl M, Mehrholz J. A new shoulder range of motion screening measurement: Its reliability and application in the assessment of the prevalence of shoulder contractures in patients with impaired consciousness caused by severe brain damage. Archives of Physical & Medical Rehabilitation 2005; 86: 98–104

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.