Examining lactate in severe TBI using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy

References

• National Institutes of Health. Rehabilitation of Persons with Brain Injury. NIH Consensus Statement. 1998; 16: 1–41, 26–28
   Google Scholar
• Corrigan JD, Mysiw WJ. Agitation following traumatic head injury: Equivocal evidence for a discrete stage of cognitive recovery. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998; 69: 487–492
   Google Scholar
• Levin HS. Neurobehavioral recovery. Journal of Neurotrauma 1992; 9(Suppl 1)S359–S373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whyte J, Hart T, Laborde A, Rosenthal M. Rehabilitation of the patient with head injury. Delisa JA, editor. Rehabilitation medicine: Principles and practice. 3rd ed. J.B. Lippincott Publishing, Co., Philadelphia, PA 1998; 1191–1240
   Google Scholar
• Levin HS. Prediction of recovery from traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neurotrauma 1995; 12: 913–922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshino A, Hovda DA, Katayama Y, Kawamata T, Becker DP. Hippocampal CA3 lesion prevents postconcussive metabolic dysfunction in CA1. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 1992; 12: 996–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunami K, Nakamura T, Ozawa Y, Kubota M, Namba H, Yamaura A. Hypermetabolic state following experimental head injury. Neurosurgical Review 1989; 12: 400–415
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergsneider M, Hovda DA, Shalmon E, Kelly DF, Vespa PM, Martin NA, Phelps ME, McArthur DL, Caron MJ, Kraus JF, et al. Cerebral hyperglycolysis following severe traumatic brain injury in humans: A positron emission tomography study. Journal of Neurosurgery 1997; 86: 241–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroda Y, Inglis FM, Miller JD, McCulloch J, Graham DI, Bullock R. Transient glucose hypermetabolism after acute subdural hematoma in the rat. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992; 76: 471–477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata S, Hodge CP, Pappius HM. Effect of experimental ischemia on cerebral water and electrolytes. Journal of Neurosurgery 1974; 41: 146–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klatzo I. Presidental address. Neuropathological aspects of brain edema. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 1967; 26: 1–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman RA. Brain edema. New England Journal of Medicine 1975; 293: 706–711
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faden AI, Demediuk P, Panter SS, Vink R. The role of excitatory amino acids and NMDA receptors in traumatic brain injury. Science 1989; 244: 798–800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katayama Y, Becker DP, Tamura T, Hovda DA. Massive increases in extracellular potassium and the indiscriminate release of glutamate following concussive brain injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 1990; 73: 889–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amara SG, Fontana AC. Excitatory amino acid transporters: Keeping up with glutamate. Neurochemistry International 2002; 41: 313–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unterberg AW, Stover J, Kress B, Kiening KL. Edema and brain trauma. Neuroscience 2004; 129: 1021–1029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statler KD, Janesko KL, Melick JA, Clark RS, Jenkins LW, Kochanek PM. Hyperglycolysis is exacerbated after traumatic brain injury with fentanyl vs. isoflurane anesthesia in rats. Brain Research 2003; 994: 37–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faden AI, O’Leary DM, Fan L, Bao W, Mullins PG, Movsesyan VA. Selective blockade of the mGluR1 receptor reduces traumatic neuronal injury in vitroand improves outcome after brain trauma. Experimental Neurology 2001; 167: 435–444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeSalles AA, Kontos HA, Ward JD, Marmarou A, Becker DP. Brain tissue pH in severely head-injured patients: A report of three cases. Neurosurgery 1987; 20: 297–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siesjo BK. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part I: Pathophysiology. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992; 77: 169–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siesjo BK. Pathophysiology and treatment of focal cerebral ischemia. Part II: Mechanisms of damage and treatment. Journal of Neurosurgery 1992; 77: 337–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glenn TC, Kelly DF, Boscardin WJ, McArthur DL, Vespa P, Oertel M, Hovda DA, Bergsneider M, Hillered L, Martin NA. Energy dysfunction as a predictor of outcome after moderate or severe head injury: Indices of oxygen, glucose, and lactate metabolism. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 2003; 23: 1239–1250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillered L, Vespa PM, Hovda DA. Translational neurochemical research in acute human brain injury: The current status and potential future for cerebral microdialysis. Journal of Neurotrauma 2005; 22: 3–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecil KM, Hills EC, Sandel ME, Smith DH, McIntosh TK, Mannon LJ, Sinson GP, Bagley LJ, Grossman RI, Lenkinski RE. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of axonal injury in the splenium of the corpus callosum of brain-injured patients. Journal of Neurosurgery 1998; 88: 795–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnett MR, Blamire AM, Rajagopalan B, Styles P, Cadoux-Hudson TAD. Evidence for cellular damage in normal-appearing white matter correlates with injury severity in patient following TBI: A magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Brain 2000; 123: 1403–1409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WM, Friedman SD, Gasparovic C. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2001; 16: 149–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SD, Brooks WM, Jung RE, Hart BL, Yeo RA. Proton MR spectroscopic findings correspond to neuropsychological function in traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1998; 19: 1879–1885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon SJ, Lee JH, Kim ST, Chun MH. Evaluation of traumatic brain injured patients in correlation with functional status by localized 1H-MR spectroscopy. Clinical Rehabilitation 2005; 19: 209–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shutter L, Tong KA, Holshouser BA. Proton MRS in acute traumatic brain injury: Role for glutamate/glutamine and choline for outcome prediction. Journal of Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 1693–1705
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holshouser BA, Tong KA, Ashwal S, Oyoyo U, Ghamsary M, Saunders D, Shutter L. Prospective longitudinal proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in adult traumatic brain injury. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 2006; 24: 33–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross BD, Ernst T, Kreis R, Haseler LJ, Bayer S, Danielsen E, Bluml S, Shonk T, Mandigo JC, Caton W, et al. 1H MRS in acute traumatic brain injury. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1998; 8: 829–840
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condon B, Oluoch-Olunya D, Hadley D, Teasdale G, Wagstaff A. Early 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of acute head injury: four cases. Journal of Neurotrauma 1998; 15: 563–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan CS, Wild JM, Wardlaw JM, Andrews PJ, Marshall I, Easton VJ. Traumatic brain injury and subarachnoid hemorrhage: In vivooccult pathology demonstrated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy may not be ‘ischaemic’. A primary study and review of the literature. Acta Neurochirugica (Wien) 2002; 144: 853–862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SD, Brooks WM, Jung RE, Chiulli SJ, Sloan JH, Montoya BT, Hart BL, Yeo RA. Quantitative 1H-MRS predicts outcome following traumatic brain injury. Neurology 1999; 52: 1384–1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinson G, Bagley LJ, Cecil KM, Torchia M, McGowan JC, Lenkinski RE, McIntosh TK, Grossman RI. Magnetization transfer imaging and proton MR spectroscopy in the evaluation of axonal injury: Correlation with clinical outcome after traumatic brain injury. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology 2001; 22: 143–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WM, Friedman SD, Stidely CA. Reproducibility of 1H MRS in vivo. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1999; 41: 193–197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmer T, Auer AP. On the reliability of quantitative clinical magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the human brain. NMR in Biomedicine 2000; 13: 28–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provencher SW. Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivoproton NMR spectra. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 1993; 30: 672–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madigan NK, DeLuca J, Diamond BJ, Tramontano G, Averill A. Speed of information processing in traumatic brain injury: Modality-specific factors. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 2000; 15: 943–956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca J, Schultheis MT, Madigan NK, Christodoulou C, Averill A. Acquisition versus retrieval deficits in traumatic brain injury: Implications for memory rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2000; 81: 1327–1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makoroff KL, Cecil KM, Care M, Ball Jr WS. Elevated lactate as an early marker of brain injury in inflicted traumatic brain injury. Pediatric Radiology 2005; 35: 668–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vespa PM, McArthur D, O’Phelan K, Glenn T, Etchepare M, Kelly D, Bergsneider M, Martin NA, Hovda DA. Persistently low extracellular glucose correlates with poor outcome 6 months after human traumatic brain injury despite a lack of increased lactate: A microdialysis study. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 2003; 23: 865–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan MT, Ng SC, Lam JM, Poon WS, Gin T. Re-defining the ischemic threshold for jugular venous oxygen saturation—a microdialysis study in patients with severe head injury. Acta Neurochirugica Supplement 2005; 95: 63–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar