Recurrent traumatic brain injury is predicted by the index injury occurring under the influence of alcohol

References

• Kraus JF. Epidemiology of head injury. Head injury3rd, PR Cooper. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1993; 1–19
   Google Scholar
• Jennett B. Epidemiology of head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1996; 60: 362–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salcido R, Costich JF. Recurrent traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury 1992; 6: 293–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC. Sports-related recurrent brain injuries—United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1997; 46: 224–227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zemper ED. Two-year prospective study of relative risk of a second cerebral concussion. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2003; 82: 653–659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskiewicz KM, McCrea M, Marshall SW, Cantu RC, Randolph C, Barr W, Onate JA, Kelly JP. Cumulative effects associated with recurrent concussion in collegiate football players: The NCAA concussion study. JAMA 2003; 19: 2549–2555
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annegers JF, Grabow JD, Kurland LT, Louis LR. The incidence, causes, and secular trends of head trauma in Olmstead County, Minnesota. Neurology 1980; 30: 912–919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honkanen R, Visuri T. Blood alcohol levels in a series of injured patients with special reference to accident and type of injury. Annales chirurgiae et gynaecologiae 1976; 65: 287–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donovan JE. Really underage drinkers: The epidemiology of children's alcohol use in the United States. Prevention Science 2007; 8: 192–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkänen T, Lyyra AL, Pulkkinen L. Age of onset of drinking and the use of alcohol in adulthood: A follow-up study from age 8-42 for females and males. Addiction 2005; 100: 652–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintonen T, Rimpelä M, Vikat A, Rimpelä A. The effect of societal changes on drunkenness trends in early adolescence. Health Education Research 2000; 15: 261–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamminpää A, Vilska J. Alcohol intoxication and psychosocial problems among children. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica 1990; 81: 468–471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Watt K, Purdie DM, Roche AM, McClure MJ. Risk of injury from acute alcohol consumption and the influence of confounders. Addiction 2004; 99: 1262–1273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod R, Stockwell T, Stevens M, Phillips M. The relationship between alcohol consumption patterns and injury. Addiction 1999; 94: 1719–1734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hingson RW, Heeren T, Jamanka A, Howland J. Age of drinking onset and unintentional injury involvement after drinking. JAMA 2000; 284: 1527–1533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston JE, McGovern SJ. Alcohol related falls: An interesting pattern of injuries. Emergency Medicine Journal 2004; 21: 185–188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savola O, Niemelä O, Hillbom M. Alcohol intake and the pattern of trauma in young adults and working aged people admitted after trauma. Alcohol & Alcoholism 2005; 40: 269–273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillbom M, Holm L. Contribution of traumatic head injury to neuropsychological deficts in alcoholics. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1986; 49: 1348–1353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio RF, Portnoy J, Blow FC, Hill EM. Injury type, injury severity, and repeat occurrence of alcohol-related trauma in adolescents. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 1994; 18: 261–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rantakallio P. The longitudinal study of Northern Finland birth cohort of 1966. Pediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 1988; 2: 59–88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corrigan JD. Substance abuse as a mediating factor in outcome from traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1995; 76: 302–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drubach DA, Kelly MP, Winslow MM, Flynn JP. Substance abuse as a factor in the causality, severity, and recurrence rate of traumatic brain injury. Maryland Medical Journal 1993; 42: 989–993
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong PP, Dornan J, Schentag CT, Ip R, Keating M. Statistical profile of traumatic brain injury: A Canadian rehabilitation population. Brain Injury 1993; 7: 283–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vinson DC, Maclure M, Reidinger C, Smith GS. A population-based case-crossover and case-control study of alcohol and the risk of injury. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 2003; 64: 358–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter T, Karvonen S, Rose RJ. Does religiousness explain regional differences in alcohol use in Finland?. Alcohol & Alcoholism 2002; 37: 330–339
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winqvist S, Jokelainen J, Luukinen H, Hillbom M. Adolescents’ drinking habits predict later occurrence of traumatic brain injury: 35-year follow-up of the northern Finland 1966 birth cohort. Journal of Adolescence Health 2006; 39: 275.e1–e7
   Google Scholar
• Dikmen SS, Machamar JE, Donovan DM, Winn HR, Temkin NR. Alcohol use before and after traumatic head injury. Annals of Emergency Medicine 1995; 26: 221–223
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bombardier CH, Temkin NR, Machamer J, Dikmen SS. The natural history of drinking and alcohol-related problems after traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 2003; 84: 185–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn C, Zatzick D, Russa J, Rivara F, Roy-Byrne P, Ries R, Wisner D, Gentilello L. Hazardous drinking by trauma patients during the year after injury. Journal of Trauma 2003; 54: 707–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horner MD, Ferguson PL, Selassie AW, Labbate LA, Kniele K, Corrigan JD. Patterns of alcohol use 1 year after traumatic brain injury: A population-based, epidemiological study. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS 2005; 11: 322–330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blondell RD. Trauma and alcohol. Comprehensive handbook of alcohol related pathology, VR Preedy, RR Watson. Elsevier1, New York 2005; 321–335
   Google Scholar
• Gentilello LM, Rivara FP, Donovan DM, Jurkovich GJ, Daranciang E, Dunn CW, Villaveces A, Copass M, Ries RR. Alcohol interventions in a trauma center as a means of reducing the risk of injury recurrence. Annals of Surgery 1999; 230: 473–480
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar