Neuroimaging of deployment-associated traumatic brain injury (TBI) with a focus on mild TBI (mTBI) since 2009

References

• Van Boven RW, Harrington GS, Hackney DB, Ebel A, Gauger G, Bremner JD, D’Esposito M, Detre JA, Haacke EM, Jack CR, Jr., et al. Advances in neuroimaging of traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2009;46(6):717–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander MP. Mild traumatic brain injury: pathophysiology, natural history, and clinical management. Neurology. 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Alosco ML, Aslan M, Du M, Ko J, Grande L, Proctor SP, Concato J, Vasterling JJ. Consistency of recall for deployment-related traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2016;31(5):360–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagarde E, Salmi L-R, Holm LW, Contrand B, Masson Fß, Rib√©reau-Gayon Rg, Laborey M, Cassidy JD. Association of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury with posttraumatic stress disorder vs postconcussion syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014;71(9):1032–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French L, McCrea M, Baggett M. The military acute concussion evaluation (MACE). J Spec Oper Med. 2008;8(1):68–77.
   Google Scholar
• Ibarra S. Automated neuropsychological assessment metrics. Encyclopedia of clinical neuropsychology. Springer; 2011. p 325–7.
   Google Scholar
• Han K, Mac Donald CL, Johnson AM, Barnes Y, Wierzechowski L, Zonies D, Oh J, Flaherty S, Fang R, Raichle ME, et al. Disrupted modular organization of resting-state cortical functional connectivity in U.S. military personnel following concussive ‘mild’ blast-related traumatic brain injury. NeuroImage. 2014;84:76–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Donald C, Johnson A, Cooper D, Malone T, Sorrell J, Shimony J, Parsons M, Snyder A, Raichle M, Fang R, et al. Cerebellar White Matter Abnormalities following Primary Blast Injury in US Military Personnel. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(2):e55823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Donald CL, Johnson AM, Cooper D, Nelson EC, Werner NJ, Shimony JS, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Witherow JR, Fang R, et al. Detection of blast-related traumatic brain injury in U.S. military personnel. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(22):2091–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, Maas AI, Demographics, Clinical Assessment Working Group of the I, Interagency Initiative toward Common Data Elements for Research on Traumatic Brain I, Psychological H. Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(11):1637–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Management of Concussion/mTBI Working Group. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2009;46(6): CP1.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer CM, Krull H, Concannon TW, Simmons M, Pillemer F, Ruder T, Parker AM, Purohit MP, Hiatt L, Batorsky B, et al. Understanding treatment of mild traumatic brain injury in the military health system; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Belanger HG, Vanderploeg RD, Soble JR, Richardson M, Groer S. Validity of the Veterans Health Administration’s traumatic brain injury screen. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(7):1234–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson NW, Anderson CR, Thuras P, Kehle-Forbes SM, Arbisi PA, Erbes CR, Polusny MA. Factors associated with inconsistency in self-reported mild traumatic brain injury over time among military personnel in Iraq. Br J Psychiatry. 2015;206(3):237–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling GS, Marshall SA. Management of traumatic brain injury in the intensive care unit. Neurol Clin. 2008;26(2):409–26, viii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale G, Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness. A practical scale. Lancet. 1974;2(7872):81–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H, Wintermark M, Gean AD, Ghajar J, Manley GT, Mukherjee P. Focal lesions in acute mild traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive outcome: CT versus 3T MRI. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(9):1049–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niogi SN, Mukherjee P. Diffusion tensor imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25(4):241–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedy G, Senseney JS, Liu W, Ollinger J, Sham E, Krapiva P, Patel JB, Smith A, Yeh PH, Graner J, et al. Findings from structural MR imaging in military traumatic brain injury. Radiology. 2016;279(1):207–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shenton ME, Hamoda HM, Schneiderman JS, Bouix S, Pasternak O, Rathi Y, Vu MA, Purohit MP, Helmer K, Koerte I, et al. A review of magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(2):137–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler ED, Maxwell WL. Neuropathology of mild traumatic brain injury: relationship to neuroimaging findings. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(2):108–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eierud C, Craddock RC, Fletcher S, Aulakh M, King-Casas B, Kuehl D, LaConte SM. Neuroimaging after mild traumatic brain injury: review and meta-analysis. NeuroImage Clin. 2014;4:283–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graner J, Oakes TR, French LM, Riedy G. Functional MRI in the investigation of blast-related traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol. 2013;4:16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JP, Bigler ED, Verfaellie M. Traumatic brain injury as a disorder of brain connectivity. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22(2):120–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duhaime AC, Gean AD, Haacke EM, Hicks R, Wintermark M, Mukherjee P, Brody D, Latour L, Riedy G, Common Data Elements Neuroimaging Working Group Members PWGM. Common data elements in radiologic imaging of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(11):1661–6.
   Google Scholar
• Haacke EM, Duhaime AC, Gean AD, Riedy G, Wintermark M, Mukherjee P, Brody DL, DeGraba T, Duncan TD, Elovic E, et al. Common data elements in radiologic imaging of traumatic brain injury. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;32(3):516–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kou Z, Wu Z, Tong KA, Holshouser B, Benson RR, Hu J, Haacke EM. The role of advanced MR imaging findings as biomarkers of traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25(4):267–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald BC, Saykin AJ, McAllister TW. Functional MRI of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): progress and perspectives from the first decade of studies. Brain Imaging Behav. 2012;6(2):193–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner LA. Neuropsychological and neuroimaging findings in traumatic brain injury and post-traumatic stress disorder. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2011;13(3):311–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hunter JV, Wilde EA, Tong KA, Holshouser BA. Emerging imaging tools for use with traumatic brain injury research. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(4):654–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkhoudarian G, Hovda DA, Giza CC. The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury. Clin Sports Med. 2011;30(1):33–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson BC, Bakkour A, Salat DH, Feczko E, Pacheco J, Greve DN, Grodstein F, Wright CI, Blacker D, Rosas HD, et al. The cortical signature of Alzheimer’s disease: regionally specific cortical thinning relates to symptom severity in very mild to mild AD dementia and is detectable in asymptomatic amyloid-positive individuals. Cereb Cortex. 2009;19(3):497–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pun PB, Kan EM, Salim A, Li Z, Ng KC, Moochhala SM, Ling E-A, Tan MH, Lu J. Low level primary blast injury in rodent brain. Traumat Injur Nerv Syst. 2011:29.
   Google Scholar
• Lindemer ER, Salat DH, Leritz EC, McGlinchey RE, Milberg WP. Reduced cortical thickness with increased lifetime burden of PTSD in OEF/OIF Veterans and the impact of comorbid TBI. Neuroimage Clin. 2013;2:601–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michael AP, Stout J, Roskos PT, Bolzenius J, Gfeller J, Mogul D, Bucholz R. Evaluation of cortical thickness after traumatic brain injury in military veterans. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(22):1751–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate DF, York GE, Reid MW, Cooper DB, Jones L, Robin DA, Kennedy JE, Lewis J. Preliminary findings of cortical thickness abnormalities in blast injured service members and their relationship to clinical findings. Brain Imaging Behav. 2014;8(1):102–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate DF, Wade BS, Velez CS, Drennon AM, Bolzenius J, Gutman BA, Thompson PM, Lewis JD, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, et al. Volumetric and shape analyses of subcortical structures in United States service members with mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurol. 2016;263(10):2065–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone JR, Okonkwo DO, Dialo AO, Rubin DG, Mutlu LK, Povlishock JT, Helm GA. Impaired axonal transport and altered axolemmal permeability occur in distinct populations of damaged axons following traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol. 2004;190(1):59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernak I, Wang Z, Jiang J, Bian X, Savic J. Ultrastructural and functional characteristics of blast injury-induced neurotrauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2001;50(4):695–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler ED. Neuropsychological results and neuropathological findings at autopsy in a case of mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2004;10(5):794–806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cubon VA, Putukian M, Boyer C, Dettwiler A. A diffusion tensor imaging study on the white matter skeleton in individuals with sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2011;28(2):189–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton ML, Gulko E, Zimmerman ME, Friedman BW, Kim M, Gellella E, Gold T, Shifteh K, Ardekani BA, Branch CA. Diffusion-tensor imaging implicates prefrontal axonal injury in executive function impairment following very mild traumatic brain injury. Radiology. 2009;252(3):816–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipton ML, Gellella E, Lo C, Gold T, Ardekani BA, Shifteh K, Bello JA, Branch CA. Multifocal white matter ultrastructural abnormalities in mild traumatic brain injury with cognitive disability: a voxel-wise analysis of diffusion tensor imaging. J Neurotrauma. 2008;25(11):1335–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulkower MB, Poliak DB, Rosenbaum SB, Zimmerman ME, Lipton ML. A decade of DTI in traumatic brain injury: 10 years and 100 articles later. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(11):2064–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin HS, Wilde E, Troyanskaya M, Petersen NJ, Scheibel R, Newsome M, Radaideh M, Wu T, Yallampalli R, Chu Z, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of mild to moderate blast-related traumatic brain injury and its sequelae. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(4):683–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport ND, Lim KO, Armstrong MT, Sponheim SR. Diffuse and spatially variable white matter disruptions are associated with blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. NeuroImage. 2012;59(3):2017–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JP, Miller DR, Lafleche G, Salat DH, Verfaellie M. The nature of white matter abnormalities in blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. NeuroImage Clin. 2015;8(0):148–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DR, Hayes JP, Lafleche G, Salat DH, Verfaellie M. White matter abnormalities are associated with chronic postconcussion symptoms in blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Human Brain Mapp. 2016;37(1):220–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jorge RE, Acion L, White T, Tordesillas-Gutierrez D, Pierson R, Crespo-Facorro B, Magnotta VA. White matter abnormalities in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Psychiatry. 2012;169(12):1284–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DR, Hayes JP, Lafleche G, Salat DH, Verfaellie M. White matter abnormalities are associated with overall cognitive status in blast-related mTBI. Brain Imag Behav. 2016:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorg SF, Delano-Wood L, Luc N, Schiehser DM, Hanson KL, Nation DA, Lanni E, Jak AJ, Lu K, Meloy MJ, et al. White matter integrity in veterans with mild traumatic brain injury: associations with executive function and loss of consciousness. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013;29(1):21–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport ND, Lim KO, Sponheim SR. White matter abnormalities associated with military PTSD in the context of blast TBI. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36(3):1053–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mac Donald CL, Barber J, Andre J, Evans N, Panks C, Sun S, Zalewski K, Sanders RE, Temkin N. 5-Year imaging sequelae of concussive blast injury and relation to early clinical outcome. NeuroImage Clin. 2017;14:371–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer BL, Parsons M, Durgerian S, Reece C, Mourany L, Lowe MJ, Beall EB, Koenig KA, Jones SE, Newsome MR, et al. Neural activation during response inhibition differentiates blast from mechanical causes of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(2):169–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibel RS, Newsome MR, Troyanskaya M, Lin X, Steinberg JL, Radaideh M, Levin HS. Altered brain activation in military personnel with one or more traumatic brain injuries following blast. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(1):89–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheibel RS, Newsome MR, Troyanskaya M, Lin X, Steinberg JL, Radaideh M, Levin HS. Altered brain activation in military personnel with one or more traumatic brain injuries following blast. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(01):89–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallakuri S, Desai A, Feng K, Tummala S, Saif T, Chen C, Zhang L, Cavanaugh JM, King AI. Neuronal injury and glial changes are hallmarks of open field blast exposure in swine frontal lobe. PloS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai Y-D, Liliang P-C, Cho C-L, Chen J-S, Lu K, Liang C-L, Wang KW. Delayed neurovascular inflammation after mild traumatic brain injury in rats. Brain Inj. 2013;27(3):361–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vakhtin AA, Calhoun VD, Jung RE, Prestopnik JL, Taylor PA, Ford CC. Changes in intrinsic functional brain networks following blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2013;27(11):1304–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore CS, Camchong J, Davenport ND, Nelson NW, Kardon RH, Lim KO, Sponheim SR. Deficits in visual system functional connectivity after blast-related mild TBI are associated with injury severity and executive dysfunction. Brain Behav. 2016;6(5):e00454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DE, Oakes TR, Yeh PH, French LM, Harper JF, Liu W, Wolfowitz RD, Wang BQ, Graner JL, Riedy G. Exploring variations in functional connectivity of the resting state default mode network in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Connect. 2015;5(2):102–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spielberg JM, McGlinchey RE, Milberg WP, Salat DH. Brain network disturbance related to posttraumatic stress and traumatic brain injury in veterans. Biol Psychiatry. 2015;78(3):210–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newsome MR, Mayer AR, Lin X, Troyanskaya M, Jackson GR, Scheibel RS, Walder A, Sathiyaraj A, Wilde EA, Mukhi S, et al. Chronic effects of blast-related tbi on subcortical functional connectivity in veterans. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2016;22(6):631–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baalman KL, Cotton RJ, Rasband SN, Rasband MN. Blast wave exposure impairs memory and decreases axon initial segment length. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(9):741–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greer JE, Hnell A, McGinn MJ, Povlishock JT. Mild traumatic brain injury in the mouse induces axotomy primarily within the axon initial segment. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(1):59–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudeau DL, Anderson J, Hansen LM, Shagalov DN, Schmoller J, Nugent S, Barton S. Findings of mild traumatic brain injury in combat veterans with PTSD and a history of blast concussion. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(3):308–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sponheim SR, McGuire KA, Kang SS, Davenport ND, Aviyente S, Bernat EM, Lim KO. Evidence of disrupted functional connectivity in the brain after combat-related blast injury. NeuroImage. 2011;54 Suppl 1:S21–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu IW, Onton JA, Prabhakar N, O’Connell RM, Simmons AN, Matthews SC. Combat veterans with PTSD after mild TBI exhibit greater ERPs from posterior-medial cortical areas while appraising facial features. J Affect Disord. 2014;155:234–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu IW, Onton JA, O’Connell RM, Simmons AN, Matthews SC. Combat veterans with comorbid PTSD and mild TBI exhibit a greater inhibitory processing ERP from the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. Psychiatry Res. 2014;224(1):58–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franke LM, Walker WC, Hoke KW, Wares JR. Distinction in EEG slow oscillations between chronic mild traumatic brain injury and PTSD. Int J Psychophysiol. 2016;106:21–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarapore PE, Findlay AM, Lahue SC, Lee H, Honma SM, Mizuiri D, Luks TL, Manley GT, Nagarajan SS, Mukherjee P. Resting state magnetoencephalography functional connectivity in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 2013;118(6):1306–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang MX, Nichols S, Robb A, Angeles A, Drake A, Holland M, Asmussen S, D’Andrea J, Chun W, Levy M, et al. An automatic MEG low-frequency source imaging approach for detecting injuries in mild and moderate TBI patients with blast and non-blast causes. NeuroImage. 2012;61(4):1067–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo Q, Xu D, Roskos T, Stout J, Kull L, Cheng X, Whitson D, Boomgarden E, Gfeller J, Bucholz RD. Complexity analysis of resting state magnetoencephalography activity in traumatic brain injury patients. J Neurotrauma. 2013;30(20):1702–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peskind ER, Petrie EC, Cross DJ, Pagulayan K, McCraw K, Hoff D, Hart K, Yu CE, Raskind MA, Cook DG, et al. Cerebrocerebellar hypometabolism associated with repetitive blast exposure mild traumatic brain injury in 12 Iraq war Veterans with persistent post-concussive symptoms. NeuroImage. 2011;54 Suppl 1:S76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provenzano FA, Jordan B, Tikofsky RS, Saxena C, Van Heertum RL, Ichise M. F-18 FDG PET imaging of chronic traumatic brain injury in boxers: a statistical parametric analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2010;31(11):952–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stocker RP, Cieply MA, Paul B, Khan H, Henry L, Kontos AP, Germain A. Combat-related blast exposure and traumatic brain injury influence brain glucose metabolism during REM sleep in military veterans. NeuroImage. 2014;99:207–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrnes KR, Wilson CM, Brabazon F, von Leden R, Jurgens JS, Oakes TR, Selwyn RG. FDG-PET imaging in mild traumatic brain injury: a critical review. Front Neuroenerget. 2014;5:13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petrie EC, Cross DJ, Yarnykh VL, Richards T, Martin NM, Pagulayan K, Hoff D, Hart K, Mayer C, Tarabochia M, et al. Neuroimaging, behavioral, and psychological sequelae of repetitive combined blast/impact mild traumatic brain injury in Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(5):425–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang MX, Theilmann RJ, Robb A, Angeles A, Nichols S, Drake A, D’Andrea J, Levy M, Holland M, Song T, et al. Integrated imaging approach with MEG and DTI to detect mild traumatic brain injury in military and civilian patients. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26(8):1213–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews SC, Strigo IA, Simmons AN, O’Connell RM, Reinhardt LE, Moseley SA. A multimodal imaging study in U.S. veterans of Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom with and without major depression after blast-related concussion. NeuroImage. 2011;54 Suppl 1:S69–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin A, Liao H, Merugumala S, Prabhu S, Meehan III W, Ross B. Metabolic imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imag Behav. 2012;6(2):208–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Xia S, Hanks R, Wiseman N, Peng C, Zhou S, Haacke EM, Kou Z. Susceptibility weighted imaging and mapping of micro-hemorrhages and major deep veins after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2016;33(1):10–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre JB. Arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance perfusion for traumatic brain injury: technical challenges and potentials. Top Magn Reson Imag. 2015;24(5):275–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catafau AM, Bullich S. Amyloid PET imaging: applications beyond Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Translat Imag. 2015;3(1):39–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villemagne VL, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Masters CL, Rowe CC. Tau imaging: early progress and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(1):114–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder GA, Mitsis EM, Ahlers ST, Cristian A. Blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2010;33(4):757–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoge CW, McGurk D, Thomas JL, Cox AL, Engel CC, Castro CA. Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(5):453–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendez MF, Owens EM, Reza Berenji G, Peppers DC, Liang L-J, Licht EA. Mild traumatic brain injury from primary blast vs. blunt forces: post-concussion consequences and functional neuroimaging. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32(2):397–407.
   Google Scholar
• Taber KH, Hurley RA, Haswell CC, Rowland JA, Hurt SD, Lamar CD, Morey RA. White matter compromise in veterans exposed to primary blast forces. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(1):E15–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazarian JJ, Donnelly K, Peterson DR, Warner GC, Zhu T, Zhong J. The relation between posttraumatic stress disorder and mild traumatic brain injury acquired during Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013;28(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trotter BB, Robinson ME, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE, Salat DH. Military blast exposure, ageing and white matter integrity. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 8):2278–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson ME, Lindemer ER, Fonda JR, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE, Salat DH. Close-range blast exposure is associated with altered functional connectivity in Veterans independent of concussion symptoms at time of exposure. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36(3):911–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seok J, Warren HS, Cuenca AG, Mindrinos MN, Baker HV, Xu W, Richards DR, McDonald-Smith GP, Gao H, Hennessy L. Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110(9):3507–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsayed M, Agoston DV. Serum-based protein biomarkers in blast-induced traumatic brain injury spectrum disorder. Front Neurol. 2012;3:107.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Giza CC, Hovda DA. The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery. 2014;75(04):S24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marklund N, Bakshi A, Castelbuono DJ, Conte V, McIntosh TK. Evaluation of pharmacological treatment strategies in traumatic brain injury. Curr Pharmaceut Des. 2006;12(13):1645–1680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid WM, Rolfe A, Register D, Levasseur JE, Churn SB, Sun D. Strain-related differences after experimental traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurotrauma. 2010;27(7):1243–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan AA, Quigley A, Smith DC, Hoane MR. Strain differences in response to traumatic brain injury in Long-Evans compared to Sprague-Dawley rats. J Neurotrauma. 2009;26(4):539–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Needham CE, Ritzel D, Rule GT, Wiri S, Young L. Blast testing issues and TBI: experimental models that lead to wrong conclusions. Front Neurol. 2015;6:72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elder GA, Gama Sosa MA, De Gasperi R, Stone JR, Dickstein DL, Haghighi F, Hof PR, Ahlers ST. Vascular and inflammatory factors in the pathophysiology of blast-induced brain injury. Front Neurol. 2015;6:48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernak I, Noble-Haeusslein LJ. Traumatic brain injury: an overview of pathobiology with emphasis on military populations. J Cerebr Blood Flow Metabol. 2010;30(2):255–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeller J, Wardlaw A, Treichler D, O’Bruba J, Weiss G. Investigation of cavitation as a possible damage mechanism in blast-induced traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(10):1970–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svetlov SI, Prima V, Glushakova O, Svetlov A, Kirk D, Gutierrez H, Serebruany V, Curley K, Wang KK, Hayes RL. Neuro-glial and systemic mechanisms of pathological responses in rat models of primary blast overpressure compared to‚ Äúcomposite‚ Äù blast. Front Neurol. 2012;3:15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Animal models of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2013;14(2):128–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent AS, Roebuck-Spencer TM, Cernich A. Cognitive changes and dementia risk after traumatic brain injury: implications for aging military personnel. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(3 Suppl):S174–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee AC, Robinson ME. Military-related traumatic brain injury and neurodegeneration. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(3 Suppl):S242–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Heuvel C, Thornton E, Vink R. Traumatic brain injury and Alzheimer’s disease: a review. Prog Brain Res. 2007;161:303–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson VE, Stewart W. Traumatic brain injury: age at injury influences dementia risk after TBI. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(3):128–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner RC, Burke JF, Nettiksimmons J, Kaup A, Barnes DE, Yaffe K. Dementia risk after traumatic brain injury vs nonbrain trauma: the role of age and severity. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(12):1490–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh PH, Guan Koay C, Wang B, Morissette J, Sham E, Senseney J, Joy D, Kubli A, Yeh CH, Eskay V, et al. compromised neurocircuitry in chronic blast-related mild traumatic brain injury. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JP, Logue MW, Sadeh N, Spielberg JM, Verfaellie M, Hayes SM, Reagan A, Salat DH, Wolf EJ, McGlinchey RE. Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with reduced cortical thickness in those at risk for Alzheimer Äôs disease. Brain. 2017:aww344.
   Google Scholar
• Fortier CB, Amick MM, Grande L, McGlynn S, Kenna A, Morra L, Clark A, Milberg WP, McGlinchey RE. The Boston Assessment of Traumatic Brain Injury-Lifetime (BAT-L) semistructured interview: evidence of research utility and validity. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(1):89–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JP, Logue MW, Sadeh N, Spielberg JM, Verfaellie M, Hayes SM, Reagan A, Salat DH, Wolf EJ, McGlinchey RE, et al. Mild traumatic brain injury is associated with reduced cortical thickness in those at risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2017;140(3):813–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifu DX, Dixon KJ. Chronic effects of neurotrauma consortium. Brain Inj. 2016;30(12):1397–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker WC, Carne W, Franke LM, Nolen T, Dikmen SD, Cifu DX, Wilson K, Belanger HG, Williams R. The Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium (CENC) multi-centre observational study: description of study and characteristics of early participants. Brain Inj. 2016;30(12):1469–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar