When normal scores don’t equate to independence: Recalibrating ratings of neurobehavioural disability from the ‘St Andrew’s – Swansea Neurobehavioural Outcome Scale’ to reflect context-dependent support

References

• Wood RL. Understanding neurobehavioural disability. In: Wood R, McMillan T, editors. Neurobehavioural disability and social handicap following traumatic brain injury. Hove: Psychology Press; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Kreutzer J, Marwitz J, Seel R, Serio C. Validation of a neurobehavioral functioning inventory for adults with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:116–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly G, Brown S, Todd J, Kremer P. Challenging behaviour profiles of people with acquired brain injury living in community settings. Brain Inj. 2008;22:457–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler D, Unsworth C, Sloan S. Factors that lead to successful community integration following severe traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21:8–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam S, McKay A, Sloan S, Ponsford J. The experience of challenging behaviours following severe TBI: a family perspective. Brain Inj. 2015;29:813–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke HH, Wesolowski MD, Lane I. A positive approach to the treatment of aggressive brain injured clients. Int J Rehabil Res. 1988;11:235–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigatano GP. Personality disturbances associated with traumatic brain injury. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;3:360–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Wood R. Neurobehavioural approaches to the rehabilitation of challenging behaviour. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32:761–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood R, Alderman N, Worthington A. Neurobehavioural rehabilitation. In: Bodani M, Faruqui R, Agrawal N, editors. Oxford textbook of neuropsychiatry. Oxford: Oxford University Press; in press.
   Google Scholar
• Tate RL. A compendium of tests, scales, and questionnaires: the practitioner’s guide to measuring outcomes after acquired brain impairment. New York: Psychology Press; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Wood R, Alderman N, Williams C. Assessment of neurobehavioural disability: a review of existing measures and recommendations for a comprehensive assessment tool. Brain Inj. 2008;22:905–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youngson HA, Alderman N. Fear of incontinence and its effects on a community based rehabilitation programme after severe brain injury: successful remediation of escape behaviour using behaviour modification. Brain Inj. 1994;8:23–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Knight C. Managing disorders of social and behavioural control and disorders of apathy. In: Wilson BA, Van Heugten C, Winegardner J, Ownsworth T, editors. The international handbook of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Abingdon, Oxfordshire: Psychology Press; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Wood R, Worthington A. Environmental and behavioral management. In: Silver JM, McAllister TW, Arciniegas DB, editors. Textbook of traumatic brain injury. 3rd ed.. American Psychiatric Publishing Inc.; in press.
   Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Scott H, Williams H, Siegert R. The rehabilitation complexity scale–extended version: detection of patients with highly complex needs. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34:715–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Shaw A, Law J, Rose H. Development and initial validation of the Northwick Park therapy dependency assessment. Clin Rehabil. 2009;23:922–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner-Stokes L, Tonge P, Nyein K, Hunter M, Neilson S, Robinson I. The Northwick Park dependency score (NPDS): a measure of nursing dependency in rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil. 1998;12:304–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Da Silva Ramos S Neurobehavioural rehabilitation assessments and outcomes. United Kingdom Acquired Brain Injury Forum 7th Annual Brain Injury Conference held at The Royal College of General Practitioners; 2015 Nov 11; London.
   Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Knight C, Morgan C. Use of a modified version of the Overt Aggression Scale in the measurement and assessment of aggressive behaviours following brain injury. Brain Inj. 1997;11:503–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Burgess PW, Knight C, Henman C. Ecological validity of a simplified version of the Multiple Errands Test. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2003;9:31–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swan L, Alderman N. Measuring the relationship between overt aggression and expectations: a methodology for determining clinical outcomes. Brain Inj. 2004;18:143–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Wood R, Williams C. The development of the St Andrew’s-Swansea neurobehavioural outcome scale: validity and reliability of a new measure of neurobehavioural disability and social handicap. Brain Inj. 2011;25:83–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman N, Williams C, Knight C, Wood R. Measuring change in symptoms of neurobehavioural disability: responsiveness of the St Andrew’s – Swansea neurobehavioural outcomes scale (SASNOS). Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017:1–12. doi:10.1093/arclin/acx026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar