Long-term mortality and causes of death among patients with mild traumatic brain injury: a 5-year multicenter study

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TBI-related emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths (EDHDs), traumatic brain injury & concussion, Atlanta (GA): CDC Injury Center; 2019 March 29. accessed 2019 Jun 17 https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/data/tbi-edhd.html
   Google Scholar
• Levin HS, Diaz-Arrastia RR. Diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical management of mild traumatic brain injury. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14:506–17. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00002-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American College of Rehabilitation Medicine. Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1993;8:86. doi:10.1097/00001199-199309000-00010.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connor KL, Baker MM, Dalton SL, Dompier TP, Broglio SP, Kerr ZY. Epidemiology of sport-related concussions in high school athletes: national Athletic Treatment, Injury and Outcomes Network (NATION), 2011–2012 through 2013–2014. J Athl Train. 2017;52:175–85. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-52.1.15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieniek KF, Blessing MM, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Serie AM, Paolini MA, Boeve BF, Savica R, Reichard RR, Dickson DW. Association between contact sports participation and chronic traumatic encephalopathy: a retrospective cohort study. Brain Pathol. cited 2019 Jun 14 Epub ahead of print doi:10.1111/bpa.12757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz-Heik RJ, Poole JH, Dahdah MN, Sullivan C, Date ES, Salerno RM, Schwab K, Harris O. Long-term outcomes after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury among military veterans: successes and challenges. Brain Inj. 2016;30:271–79. doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1113567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selassie AW, Zaloshnja E, Langlois JA, Miller T, Jones P, Steiner C. Incidence of long-term disability following traumatic brain injury hospitalization, United States, 2003. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2008;23:123–31. doi:10.1097/01.HTR.0000314531.30401.39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleminger S, Ponsford J. Long term outcome after traumatic brain injury. BMJ. 2005;331:1419–20. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7530.1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean PJA, Sterr A. Long-term effects of mild traumatic brain injury on cognitive performance. Front Hum Neurosci. 2013;7:30. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayalon L, Borodkin K, Dishon L, Kanety H, Dagan Y. 2007. Circadian rhythm sleep disorders following mild traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 68(14):1136–40. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000258672.52836.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderploeg RD, Curtiss G, Belanger HG. 2005. Long-term neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 11(3):228–36. doi:10.1017/S1355617705050289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan LM, Warden DL. Post concussion syndrome. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2003;15:310–16. doi:10.1080/09540260310001606692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Lange RT. Post-concussion syndrome. In: Schoenberg MR, Scott JG, editors. The little black book of neuropsychology: a syndrome-based approach. Boston (MA): Springer US; 2011. p. 745–63.
   Google Scholar
• Cheng P-L, Lin H-Y, Lee Y-K, Hsu C-Y, Lee -C-C, Su Y-C. Higher mortality rates among the elderly with mild traumatic brain injury: a nationwide cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2014;22:7. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-22-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitz G, Downing MG, McKenzie D, Ponsford JL. Mortality following traumatic brain injury inpatient rehabilitation. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1272–80. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadi N, Hajsadeghi F, Yehuda R, Anderson N, Garfield D, Ludmer C, Vaidya N. Traumatic brain injury, coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular mortality. Brain Inj. 2015;29:1635–41. doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1075149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teasdale TW, Engberg AW. Suicide after traumatic brain injury: a population study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:436–40. doi:10.1136/jnnp.71.4.436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pentland B, Hutton LS, Jones PA. Late mortality after head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:395–400. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2004.037861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaaramo K, Puljula J, Tetri S, Juvela S, Hillbom M. Head trauma with or without mild brain injury increases the risk of future traumatic death: a controlled prospective 15-year follow-up study. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32:1579–83. doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. Underlying and multiple cause of death codes, Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health Statistics Data Linkage; 2018 Jan 3. [accessed 2019 Sept 19 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/datalinkage/underlying_and_multiple_cause_of_death_codes.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin DJ, Berger JO, Johannesson M, Nosek BA, Wagenmakers E-J, Berk R, Bollen KA, Brembs B, Brown L, Camerer C, et al. Redefine statistical significance. Nat Hum Behav. 2018;2:6–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson LD, Temkin NR, Dikmen S, Barber J, Giacino JT, Yuh E, Levin HS, McCrea MA, Stein MB, Mukherjee P, et al. Recovery after mild traumatic brain injury in patients presenting to US level I trauma centers: a Transforming Research and Clinical Knowledge in Traumatic Brain Injury (TRACK-TBI) study. JAMA Neurol. cited 2019 Jun 3 Epub ahead of print doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.1313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckee AC, Daneshvar DH. The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2015;127:45–66. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00004-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD. Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia and brain trauma: similarities and differences. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2004;24:133–50. doi:10.1097/01.WCB.0000111614.19196.04.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar