Does Vestibular-Ocular-Motor (VOM) Impairment Affect Time to Return to Play, Symptom Severity, Neurocognition and Academic Ability in Student-Athletes following acute Concussion?

References

• McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Dvořák J, Aubry M, Bailes J, Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Cassidy D, Echemendia RJ, Castellani RJ, et al. Consensus statement on concussion in sport—the 5th international conference on concussion in sport held in Berlin, October 2016. Br J Sports Med. 2017 Jun 1;51(11):838–47. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2017-097699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuckerman S, Kerr ZY, Yengo-Kahn A, Wasserman E, Covassin T, Solomon GS. Epidemiology of sports-related concussion in NCAA Athletes From 2009-2010 to 2013-2014: incidence, recurrence, and mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2015 Nov 1;43(11):2654–62. doi:10.1177/0363546515599634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp S, Brown R, Stokes K, Roberts S. BUCS super rugby injury surveillance project. 2018. https://www.englandrugby.com/dxdam/ec/ecda2636-4d2d-4baf-b27a-341982c775fe/BUCS%2018-19%20FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Giza CC, Hovda DA. The new neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Neurosurgery. 2014;75(4):S24–33.doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000000505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blake TA, McKay CD, Meeuwisse WH, Emery CA. The impact of concussion on cardiac autonomic function: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2016;30(2):132–45.doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1093659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pertab JL, Merkley TL, Cramond AJ, Cramond K, Paxton H, Wu T. Concussion and the autonomic nervous system: an introduction to the field and the results of a systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation. [Internet]. 2018 Jun 29;424:397–427. doi: 10.3233/NRE-172298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KJ. Concussion - Part I: the need for a multifaceted assessment. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019 Jul;1(42):140–50. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2019.05.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucha A, Collins MW, Elbin RJ, Furman JM, Troutman-Enseki C, Dewolf R, Marchetti G, Kontos AP. Brief VOMS assessment to eval concussions. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42(10):2479–86.doi:10.1177/0363546514543775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucha A, Trbovich A. Considerations for diagnosis and management of concussion. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy 2019;49(11):787–98. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.8855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos AP, Deitrick JMA, Collins MW, Mucha A. Review of vestibular and oculomotor screening and concussion rehabilitation. J Athl Train. [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1;52(3):256–61. doi:10.4085/1062-6050-51.11.05.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbin RJ, Sufrinko A, Anderson MN, Mohler S, Schatz P, Covassin T, Mucha A, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Prospective changes in vestibular and ocular motor impairment after concussion. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2018 Jul 1;42(3):142–48. doi:10.1097/NPT.0000000000000230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney SL, Eagle SR, Marchetti GF, Mucha A, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Association of acute vestibular/ocular motor screening scores to prolonged recovery in collegiate athletes following sport-related concussion. Brain Inj. Internet. 2020;34(6):840–45. doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1755055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos AP, Ortega J. Future directions in sport neuropsychology. In: Frank Webbe, editors. The handbook of sport neuropsychology. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Co; 2011. p. 383–93.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ. Vision disturbances following traumatic brain injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2002 Aug;4(4):271–80. doi:10.1007/s11940-002-0027-z.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D, Suchoff IB, Han ME, Craig S. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis. Optometry. 2007 Apr;78(4):155–61. doi:10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran R, Covassin T. Risk factors associated with baseline King-Devick performance. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Dec;15(383):101–04. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran RN, Covassin T. King-Devick test normative reference values and internal consistency in youth football and soccer athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. [Internet]. 2018 Dec 1;2812:2686–90. doi: 10.1111/sms.13286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy R, Goetschius J, Hertel J, Resch JE. Test-retest reliability and the effects of exercise on the King-Devick test. Clin J Sport Med. 2020 May 1;30(3):239–44. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worts PR, Schatz P, Burkhart SO. Test performance and test-retest reliability of the vestibular/ocular motor screening and King-Devick test in adolescent athletes during a competitive sport season. Am J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2018 Jul 9;468:2004–10. doi: 10.1177/0363546518817763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller GW, Cross MJ, Stokes KA, Kemp SPT. King-Devick concussion test performs poorly as a screening tool in elite Rugby union players: a prospective cohort study of two screening tests versus a clinical reference standard. Br J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2018 Mar 21 [2019 Nov 29];1–7. Available from https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/53/24/1526?utm_source=alert&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=bjsm&utm_content=toc&utm_term=29112019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy JH, Murphy I, Gissane C. The King–Devick (K–D) test and concussion diagnosis in semi-professional Rugby union players. J Sci Med Sport. 2017 Aug 1;20(8):708–11. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yorke AM, Smith L, Babcock M, Alsalaheen BA. Validity and reliability of the vestibular/ocular motor screening and associations with common concussion screening tools. Sports Health. 2017 Mar 1;9(2):174–80. doi: 10.1177/1941738116678411.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran RN, Covassin T, Elbin RJ, Gould D, Nogle S. Reliability and normative reference values For The Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in youth athletes. Am J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2018 May;46(6):1475–80. DOI:10.1177/0363546518756979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontos AP, Sufrinko A, Elbin RJ, Puskar A, Collins MW. Reliability and associated risk factors for performance on the Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) tool in healthy collegiate athletes. Am J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2016 Jun 15;446:1400–06. doi: 10.1177/0363546516632754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corwin DJ, Wiebe DJ, Zonfrillo MR, Grady MF, Robinson RL, Goodman AM, Master CL. Vestibular deficits following youth concussion. J Pediatr. [Internet]. 2015 May;1665:1221–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.01.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau BC, Kontos AP, Collins MW, Mucha A, Lovell MR. Which on-field signs/symptoms predict protracted recovery from sport-related concussion among high school football players? Am J Sports Med. 2011 Nov;39(11):2311–18. doi:10.1177/0363546511410655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Master CL, Scheiman M, Gallaway M, Goodman A, Robinson RL, Master SR, Grady MF. Vision diagnoses are common after concussion in adolescents. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2016 Mar 1;55(3):260–67. doi:10.1177/0009922815594367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DuPrey KM, Webner D, Lyons A, Kucuk CH, Ellis JT, Cronholm PF. Convergence insufficiency identifies athletes at risk of prolonged recovery from sport-related concussion. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Aug;45(10):2388–93. doi:10.1177/0363546517705640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce KL, Sufrinko A, Lau BC, Henry L, Collins MW, Kontos AP. Near point of convergence after a sport-related concussion. Am J Sports Med. Internet. 2015;43(12):3055–61. doi:10.1177/0363546515606430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider KJ. Concussion part II: rehabilitation – the need for a multifaceted approach. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019 Jul;42(42):151–61. doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2019.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis MJ, Leddy JJ, Willer B. Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: an evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment. Brain Inj. [Internet]. 2015 Jan 28;292:238–48. doi: 10.3109/02699052.2014.965207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessy AM, Yuk FJ, Maniya AY, Gometz A, Rasouli JJ, Lovell MR, Choudhri TF. Review of assessment scales for diagnosing and monitoring sports-related concussion. Cureus. 2017Dec7;912.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5802754/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sufrinko AM, Marchetti GF, Cohen PE, Elbin RJ, Re V, Kontos AP. Using acute performance on a comprehensive neurocognitive, vestibular, and ocular motor assessment battery to predict recovery duration after sport-related concussions. Am J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2017 Apr 1;455:1187–94. doi: 10.1177/0363546516685061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjarks BJ, Dorman JC, Valentine VD, Munce TA, Thompson PA, Kindt SL, Bergeron MF. Comparison and utility of King-Devick and ImPACT® composite scores in adolescent concussion patients. J Neurol Sci. [Internet]. 2013 Nov;3341–2:148–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.08.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell DR, Brilliant AN, Storey EP, Podolak OE, Meehan WP, Master CL. Objective eye tracking deficits following concussion for youth seen in a sports medicine setting. J Child Neurol. [Internet]. 2018 Oct 8;3312:794–800. doi: 10.1177/0883073818789320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anzalone AJ, Blueitt D, Case T, McGuffin T, Pollard K, Garrison JC, Jones MT, Pavur R, Turner S, Oliver JM, et al. A positive Vestibular/Ocular Motor Screening (VOMS) is associated with increased recovery time after sports-related concussion in youth and adolescent athletes. Am J Sports Med. Internet 2017 Feb;45(2):474–79. doi: 10.1177/0363546516668624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chorney SR, Suryadevara AC, Nicholas BD. Audiovestibular symptoms as predictors of prolonged sports-related concussion among NCAA athletes. Laryngoscope. [Internet]. 2017 Dec;12712:2850–53. doi: 10.1002/lary.26564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis MJ, Cordingley D, Vis S, Reimer KM, Leiter JRS, Russell K. Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion. J Neurosurgery-Pediatrics. 2015 Sep;16(3):248–55. doi:10.3171/2015.1.PEDS14524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins MW, Kontos AP, Reynolds E, Murawski CD, Fu FH. A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion. Knee Surgery, Sport Traumatol Arthrosc. [Internet]. 2014 Feb 12 ;222:235–46. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2791-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall EE, Ketcham CJ, Crenshaw CR, Baker MH, McConnell JM, Patel K. Concussion management in collegiate student-athletes: return-to-academics recommendations. Clin J Sport Med. 2015;25(3):291–96.doi:10.1097/JSM.0000000000000133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath N. Supporting the student-athlete’s return to the classroom after a sport-related concussion. J Athl Train. Internet]. 2010 Sep ;455:492–98. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-45.5.492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker J, Leddy J, Darling S, Rieger B, Mashtare T, Sharma T, Willer BS. Factors associated with problems for adolescents returning to the classroom after sport-related concussion. Clin Pediatr (Phila). [Internet]. 2015 Sep 17;5410:961–68. doi: 10.1177/0009922815588820
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons VH, Moore M, Guiney R, Ayyagari RC, Thompson L, Rivara FP, Fleming R, Crawley D, Harper D, Vavilala MS, et al. Strategies to address unmet needs and facilitate return to learn guideline adoption following concussion. J Sch Health. [Internet]. 2017 Jun 1;876:416–26. doi: 10.1111/josh.12510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Lovell MR, Collins MW. Interpreting change on ImPACT following sport concussion. Clin Neuropsychol. [Internet]. 2003 Nov 9;174:460–67. doi: 10.1076/clin.17.4.460.27934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz P, Pardini JE, Lovell MR, Collins MW, Podell K. Sensitivity and specificity of the ImPACT test battery for concussion in athletes. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. Internet. 2006;21(1):91‐99. doi:10.1002/central/CN-00552120/full.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell MR, Iverson GL, Collins MW. Validity of ImPACT for measuring processing speed following sports-related concussion. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2005 Aug;27(6):683–89. doi:10.1081/13803390490918435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piland SG, Motl R, Guskiewicz KM, Mccrea M, Ferrara MS. Structural validity of a self-report concussion symptom scale. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2006;38(1):27–32. Med Sci Sport. doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000183186.98212.d5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt VC, Meyer JE, Arnett PA. A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the post-concussion symptom scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. [Internet]. 2015 Aug 9;377:764–75. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1060950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill N, Hutchison MG, Graham SJ, Schweizer TA. Symptom correlates of cerebral blood flow following acute concussion. NeuroImage Clin. Internet]. 2017:234–39. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman EB, Bazarian JJ, Mapstone M, Block R, Van Wijngaarden E. Academic dysfunction after a concussion among US high school and college students. Am J Public Health. 2016 Jul 1;106(7):1247–53. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod T, Lewis JH, Whelihan K, Bacon CEW. Rest and return to activity after sport-related concussion: a systematic review of the literature. J Athl Train [Internet]. 2017 Mar;52(3):262–87. doi:10.4085/1052-6050-51.6.06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Brooks BL, Collins MW, Lovell MR. Tracking neuropsychological recovery following concussion in sport. BRAIN Inj. 2006 Mar;20(3):245–52. doi:10.1080/02699050500487910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mucha A, Collins MW, Elbin RJ, Furman JM, Troutman-Enseki C, DeWolf R, Marchetti G, Kontos AP. A brief vestibular/ocular motor screening (VOMS) assessment to evaluate concussions: preliminary findings. Am J Sports Med. 2014 Oct 11;42(10):2479–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hair J. Multivariate data analysis [Internet]. Pearson Education; 2006. 107 p. Available from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VUJw1u-_tF0C
   Google Scholar
• Grossberg S. From brain synapses to systems for learning and memory: object recognition, spatial navigation, timed conditioning, and movement control. Brain Res. [Internet]. 2015 Sep 24;1621:270–93. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.018
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell DR, Brilliant AN, Oldham JR, Berkstresser B, Wang F, Meehan WP. Exercise in the first week following concussion among collegiate athletes: preliminary findings. J Sci Med Sport. Internet]. 2020 Feb 1;232:112–17. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• England Rugby. Adult Concussion Management Guidelines 2 [Internet]. 2019 [2020 Jun 18]. Available from: https://www.englandrugby.com/b60e6e31-e1cd-4d88-a268-4b6e76fb6593//dxdam/86/86c7a5b7-e65a-4f58-ae9c-3c3c1449b519/HEADCASE Adult Concussion Management Guidelines.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Silverberg ND, Iverson GL. Is rest after concussion “the best medicine?”: recommendations for activity resumption following concussion in athletes, civilians, and military service members. J Head Trauma Rehabil. [Internet]. 2013 Jul;284:250–59. doi: 10.1097/HTR.0b013e31825ad658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnis I, Cobb J, Tierney R, Russ A. vestibular rehabilitation for dizziness and imbalance following concussion: a critically appraised topic. Int J Athl Ther Train. [Internet]. 2019 May;243:95–99. doi: 10.1123/ijatt.2018-0007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leddy JJ, Hinds A, Sirica D, Willer B. The role of controlled exercise in concussion management. Am Acad Phys Med Rehabil. [Internet]. 2016 Mar;83:S91–100. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.10.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willer BS, Haider MN, Bezherano I, Wilber CG, Mannix RC, Kozlowski K, Leddy JJ. Comparison of rest to aerobic exercise and placebo-like treatment of acute sport-related concussion in male and female adolescents. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2019; 2267–75
   Google Scholar
• Leddy JJ, Cox JL, Baker JG, Wack DS, Pendergast DR, Zivadinov R, Willer B. Exercise treatment for postconcussion syndrome: a pilot study of changes in functional magnetic resonance imaging activation, physiology, and symptoms. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2013 Jul;28(4):241–49. doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e31826da964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merritt VC, Rabinowitz AR, Arnett PA. Personality factors and symptom reporting at baseline in collegiate athletes. Dev Neuropsychol. [Internet]. 2015 Jan 2;40(1):45–50. doi: 10.1080/87565641.2014.979928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meehan WP, O’Brien MJ, Geminiani E, Mannix RC, Meehan III WP, O’Brien MJ. Initial symptom burden predicts duration of symptoms after concussion. J Sci Med Sport. [Internet]. 2016 Sep;199:722–25. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP, Ponsford JL, Sills AK, Broshek DK, Solomon GS. Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. [Internet]. 2017Jun;5112:941–48. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace J, Beidler E, Covassin T. Sport-related concussion assessment and management teaching trends in athletic training education programs. Athl Train Educ J (Allen Press Publ Serv Inc) [Internet]. 2018 Jan;13(1):85–86. Available from. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=s3h&AN=129516467&site=ehost-live.
   Google Scholar
• Rozbacher A, Selci E, Leiter JRS, Ellis MJ, Russell K. The effect of concussion or mild traumatic brain injury on school grades, national examination scores, and school attendance: a systematic review. J Neurotrauma. [Internet]. 2017 Jul 15;3414:2195–203. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Concussion Safety Protocol Management | NCAA.org - The Official Site of the NCAA [Internet]. 2020 Nov 4]. http://www.ncaa.org/sport-science-institute/concussion-safety-protocol-management
   Google Scholar