458
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Exploring the measurement of pediatric cognitive-communication disorders in traumatic brain injury research: A scoping review

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1207-1227 | Received 29 Aug 2021, Accepted 03 Aug 2022, Published online: 27 Oct 2022

References

  • Dewan MC, Mummareddy N, Wellons JC, et al. Epidemiology of Global Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: qualitative Review. World Neurosurg. 2016;91:497–509.doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.03.045.
  • Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Thomas KE.The incidence of traumatic brain injury among children in the United States: differences by race. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2005;20(3):229–38.doi:10.1097/00001199-200505000-00006.
  • Berry JG, Jamieson LM, Harrison JE.Head and traumatic brain injuries among Australian children, July 2000-June 2006. Inj Prev. 2010;16(3):198–202.doi:10.1136/ip.2009.022442.
  • Leo P, McCrea M. Epidemiology. In: Laskowitz D, Grant G, editors. Translational Research in Traumatic Brain Injury. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor and Francis Group; 2016. p. 436.
  • Beauchamp MH, Anderson V.Cognitive and psychopathological sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2013;112:913–20.
  • Li L, Liu J.The effect of pediatric traumatic brain injury on behavioral outcomes: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2013;55(1):37–45.doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04414.x.
  • Vu JA, Babikian T, Asarnow RF.Academic and Language Outcomes in Children after Traumatic Brain Injury: a Meta-Analysis. Except Child. 2011;77(3):263–81.doi:10.1177/001440291107700301.
  • Stancin T, Drotar D, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade SL, Minich NM.Health-related quality of life of children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury. Pediatrics. 2002;109(2):E34.doi:10.1542/peds.109.2.e34.
  • Gordon WA, Spielman LA, Hahn-Ketter AE, Sy KTL.The Relationship Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Criminality in Juvenile Offenders. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017;32(6):393–403.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000274.
  • Timonen M, Miettunen J, Hakko H, Zitting P, Veijola J, von Wendt L, Räsänen P. The association of preceding traumatic brain injury with mental disorders, alcoholism and criminality: the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study. Psychiatry Res. 2002;113(3):217–26.doi:10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00269-X.
  • Yeates KO, Swift E, Taylor HG, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Minich, N. Short- and long-term social outcomes following pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(3):412–26.doi:10.1017/S1355617704103093.
  • Keenan HT, Clark AE, Holubkov R, Cox CS, Ewing-Cobbs L.Psychosocial and Executive Function Recovery Trajectories One Year after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: the Influence of Age and Injury Severity. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(2):286–96.doi:10.1089/neu.2017.5265.
  • Safaz I, Alaca R, Yasar E, Tok F, Yilmaz B.Medical complications, physical function and communication skills in patients with traumatic brain injury: a single centre 5-year experience. Brain Inj. 2008;22(10):733–39.doi:10.1080/02699050802304714.
  • American Speech-Language Association. Roles of speech-language pathologists in the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of individuals with cognitive-communication disorders: position statement;2005. Accessed 05 January 2021. Available from: www.asha.org/policy.
  • Turkstra LS, Politis AM, Forsyth R.Cognitive-communication disorders in children with traumatic brain injury. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(3):217–22.doi:10.1111/dmcn.12600.
  • de Vet HCW, Terwee CB, Mokkink LB, Knol DL. Measurement in medicine - a practical guide. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
  • Anderson V, Beauchamp MH, Rosema S, Soo C. A theoretical approach to understanding social dysfunction in children and adolescents with TBI. In: McDonald S, Togher L, Code C, editors. Social and communication disorders following traumatic brain injury. 2nd ed ed. East Sussex: Psychology Press; 2014. p. 160–89.
  • Byom L, Allison K, Turkstra L. Issues in the assessment and treatment of cognitive communication disorders in children with TBI. In: McDonald S, Togher L, Code C, editors. Social and communication disorders following traumatic brain injury. 2nd ed ed. East Sussex: Psychology Press; 2014. p. 190–217.
  • Williamson PR, Altman DG, Bagley H, Barnes KL, Blazeby JM, Brookes ST, Clarke M, Gargon E, Gorst S, Harman N, Kirkham J, McNair A, Prinsen C, Schmitt J, Terwee C, Young B. The COMET Handbook: version 1.0. Trials. 2017;18(Suppl 3):280.doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1978-4.
  • Tate RL. Measuring outcomes using the international classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF) model, with special reference to participation and environmental factors. In: Levin H, Shum D, Chan R, editors. Understanding traumatic brain injury: current research and future directions. United States of America: Oxford University Press; 2014. p. 163–89.
  • Williamson PR, Altman DG, Blazeby JM, Clarke M, Devane D, Gargon E, Tugwell P. Developing core outcome sets for clinical trials: issues to consider. Trials. 2012;13(1):132.doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-132.
  • Cappa SF, Benke T, Clarke S, Rossi B, Stemmer B, van Heugten CM.EFNS guidelines on cognitive rehabilitation: report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2005;12(9):665–80.doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2005.01330.x.
  • Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Brain injury rehabilitation in adults: a national clinical guideline (SIGN Publication No. 130). 2013. Accessed 02 February 2021. Available from: https://www.sign.ac.uk/media/1068/sign130.pdf.
  • Power E, Thomas E, Worrall L, Rose M, Togher L, Nickels L, Hersh D, GodeckeE, O'Halloran R, Lamont S, O'Connor C, Clarke K. Development and validation of Australian aphasia rehabilitation best practice statements using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method. BMJ Open. 2015;5(7):e007641.doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007641.
  • New Zealand Guidelines Group. Traumatic brain injury: diagnosis, acute management and rehabilitation. 2007. Accessed 04 February 2021. Available from: www.nzgg.org.nz.
  • Togher L, Wiseman-Hakes C, Douglas J, Stergiou-Kita M, Ponsford J, Teasell R, Bayley M, Turkstra L, INCOG Expert Panel. INCOG recommendations for management of cognition following traumatic brain injury, part IV: cognitive communication. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(4):353–68.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000071.
  • Institut national d’excellence en santé et en services sociaux–Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. INESS-ONF clinical practice guidelines for the rehabilitation of adults with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. 2017. Accessed 06 February 2021. [ Available from: https://braininjuryguidelines.org/.
  • Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. Guideline for concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury & prolonged symptoms: healthcare professional version, adults (18+ years of age) ( 3rd ed.). 2018. Accessed 07 February 2021. https://braininjuryguidelines.org/concussion/fileadmin/pdf/Concussion_guideline_3rd_edition_final.pdf.
  • McCauley SR, Wilde EA, Anderson VA, Bedell G, Beers SR, Campbell TF, Chapman S, Ewing-Cobbs L, Gerring J, Gioia G, Levin H, Michaud L, Prasad M, Swaine B, Turkstra L, Wade S, Yeates K, Pediatric TBI Outcomes Workgroup. Recommendations for the use of common outcome measures in pediatric traumatic brain injury research. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(4):678–705.doi:10.1089/neu.2011.1838.
  • MacDonald S. Introducing the model of cognitive-communication competence: a model to guide evidence-based communication interventions after brain injury. Brain Inj. 2017;31(13–14):1760–80.doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1379613.
  • Mei C, Anderson V, Waugh MC, Cahill L, Morgan AT.Evidence- and Consensus-Based Guidelines for the Management of Communication and Swallowing Disorders Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018;33(5):326–41.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000366.
  • Morris C, Janssens A, Shilling V, Allard A, Fellowes A, Tomlinson R, Williams J, Thompson Coon J, Rogers M, Beresford B, Green C, Jenkinson C, Tennant A, Logan S. Meaningful health outcomes for paediatric neurodisability: stakeholder prioritisation and appropriateness of patient reported outcome measures. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2015;13(1):87.doi:10.1186/s12955-015-0284-7.
  • United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child. General comment 12.The right of the child to be heard.Geneva:United Nations 2009;2009
  • Dennis M. Language and the young damaged brain. In: Boll T, Bryant B, editors. Clinical neuoropsychology and brain function: research, measurement and practice. United States of America: American Psychological Association; 1898. p. 89–123.
  • Allied Health Professions (AHP). Outcome Measures UK Working Group (Producer). Key questions to ask when selecting outcome measures: a checklist for allied health professionals. 2019. Accessed 03 March 2021. [ Available from: https://www.rcslt.org/wp-content/uploads/media/docs/selecting-outcome-measures.pdf.
  • Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL, Bouter L, de Vet H. The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res. 2010;19(4):539–49.doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9606-8.
  • Hanten G, Chapman SB, Gamino JF, Zhang L, Benton SB, Stallings-Roberson G, et al. Verbal selective learning after traumatic brain injury in children. Ann Neurol. 2004;56(6):847–53.
  • Roncadin C, Guger S, Archibald J, Barnes M, Dennis M.Working memory after mild, moderate, or severe childhood closed head injury. Dev Neuropsychol. 2004;25(1–2):21–36.
  • Levin HS, Hanten G.Executive functions after traumatic brain injury in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2005;33(2):79–93.doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2005.02.002.
  • Catroppa C, Anderson VA, Morse SA, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV.Children’s attentional skills 5 years post-TBI. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;32(3):354–69.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsl019.
  • Tonks J, Williams WH, Frampton I, Yates P, Slater A.Reading emotions after child brain injury: a comparison between children with brain injury and non-injured controls. Brain Inj. 2007;21(7):731–39.doi:10.1080/02699050701426899.
  • Schmidt AT, Hanten GR, Li X, Orsten KD, Levin HS.Emotion recognition following pediatric traumatic brain injury: longitudinal analysis of emotional prosody and facial emotion recognition. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(10):2869–77.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.029.
  • Hanten G, Cook L, Orsten K, Chapman SB, Li X, Wilde EA, Schnelle K, Levin H. Effects of traumatic brain injury on a virtual reality social problem solving task and relations to cortical thickness in adolescence. Neuropsychologia. 2011;49(3):486–97.doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.007.
  • Gorman S, Barnes MA, Swank PR, Prasad M, Ewing-Cobbs L.The effects of pediatric traumatic brain injury on verbal and visual-spatial working memory. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18(1):29–38.doi:10.1017/S1355617711001251.
  • Dennis M, Simic N, Agostino A, Taylor HG, Bigler ED, Rubin K, Vannatta K, Gerhardt C, Stancin T, Yeates KO. Irony and empathy in children with traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19(3):338–48.doi:10.1017/S1355617712001440.
  • Jonsson CA, Catroppa C, Godfrey C, Smedler A-C, Anderson V.Cognitive recovery and development after traumatic brain injury in childhood: a person-oriented, longitudinal study. Journal of neurotrauma. 2013;30(2):76–83.
  • Morse S, Haritou F, Ong K, Anderson V, Catroppa C, Rosenfeld J.Early effects of traumatic brain injury on young children’s language performance: a preliminary linguistic analysis. Pediatr Rehabil. 1999;3(4):139–48.doi:10.1080/136384999289405.
  • Brookshire BL, Chapman SB, Song J, Levin HS.Cognitive and linguistic correlates of children’s discourse after closed head injury: a three-year follow-up. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6(7):741–51.doi:10.1017/S1355617700677019.
  • Dennis M, Barnes MA.Speech acts after mild or severe childhood head injury. Aphasiology. 2000;14(4):391–405.doi:10.1080/026870300401423.
  • Hanten G, Li X, Newsome MR, Swank P, Chapman SB, Dennis M, Barnes M, Ewing-Cobbs L, Levin H. Oral Reading and Expressive Language After Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: Trajectory and Correlates of Change Over Time. Top Lang Disord. 2009;29(3):236–48.doi:10.1097/TLD.0b013e3181b531f0.
  • Zetterqvist B, Jennische M.Linguistic difficulties in children and adolescents after acquired brain injury: a retrospective study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2010;3(4):338–8.doi:10.3233/PRM-2010-0137.
  • Catroppa C, Anderson V.Recovery and predictors of language skills two years following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Lang. 2004;88(1):68–78.doi:10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00159-7.
  • Chapman SB, Culhane KA, Levin HS, Harward H, Mendelsohn D, Ewing-Cobbs L, Fletcher J, Bruce D. Narrative discourse after closed head injury in children and adolescents. Brain Lang. 1992;43(1):42–65.
  • Hinchliffe FJ, Murdoch BE, Chenery HJ. Towards a conceptualization of language and cognitive impairment in closed-head injury: use of clinical measures. Brain Inj. 1998;12(2):109–32.
  • Beauchamp MH, Anderson V.SOCIAL: an integrative framework for the development of social skills. Psychol Bull. 2010;136(1):39–64.
  • Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Minich N.A prospective study of short- and long-term outcomes after traumatic brain injury in children: behavior and achievement. Neuropsychology. 2002;16(1):15–27.
  • Adelson PD. Clinical trials for pediatric TBI. In: Anderson V, Yeates KO, editors. Pediatric traumatic brain injury: new frontiers in clinical and translational research: Cambridge University Press; 2010. p. 54–67.
  • Anderson VA, Morse SA, Klug G, Catroppa C, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J, et al. Predicting recovery from head injury in young children: a prospective analysis. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 1997;3(6):568–80.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Levin HS, Fletcher JM. Neuropsychological sequelae after pediatric traumatic brain injury: advances since 1985. In: Ylvisaker M, editor. Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation: children and adolescents: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1998. p. 11–26.
  • James HE. Pediatric head injury: what is unique and different. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1999;73:85–88.
  • Stockbridge MD, Doran A, King K, Newman RS. The effects of concussion on rapid picture naming in children. Brain Injury. 2018;32(4):506–14.
  • Barnes S, Bloch S. Why is measuring communication difficult? A critical review of current speech pathology concepts and measures. Clin Linguist Phon. 2019;33(3):219–36.
  • Cermak CA, Scratch SE, Reed NP, Bradley K, de Launay Kl Q, Beal DS.Cognitive Communication Impairments in Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: a Scoping Review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2019;34(2):E13–e20.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000419.
  • Salley J, Crook L, Ciccia A, Haarbauer-Krupa J, Lundine JP. Traumatic Brain Injury in Young Children: a Scoping Review. Semin Speech Lang. 2020;41(2):125–42.
  • Deighton S, Ju N, Graham SA, Yeates KO. Pragmatic Language Comprehension After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(2):E113–e26.
  • Hall A, Lundine JP, McCauley RJ. Nonstandardized Assessment of Cognitive-Communication Abilities Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Scoping Review. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2021;30(5):2296–317.
  • Peters MDJ, Godfrey CM, Khalil H, McInerney P, Parker D, Soares CB. Guidance for conducting systematic scoping reviews.JBI Evidence Implementation. 2015;13(3).
  • Armstrong R, Hall BJ, Doyle J, Waters E.‘Scoping the scope’ of a cochrane review. Journal of Public Health. 2011;33(1):147–50.
  • Arksey H, O’Malley L.Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 2005;8(1):19–32.
  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien KK.Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation Science. 2010;5(1):69.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien KK, Colquhoun H, Levac D, et al. PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(7):467–73.
  • American Psychiatric Association.Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence systematic review software Melbourne, Australia Available from: www.covidence.org.
  • Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gøtzsche PC, Ioannidis JPA, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700.
  • Tricco AC, Lillie E, Zarin W, O’Brien K, Colquhoun H, Kastner M, et al. A scoping review on the conduct and reporting of scoping reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology. 2016;16(1):15.
  • Graneheim UH, Lundman B.Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness. Nurse Educ Today. 2004;24(2):105–12.
  • Doedens WJ, Meteyard L. Measures of functional, real-world communication for aphasia: a critical review. Aphasiology. 2020;34(4):492–514.doi:10.1080/02687038.2019.1702848.
  • Barnes S, Bloch S. Communication disorders, enchrony, and other-participation in repair. Clin Linguist Phon. 2020;34(10–11):887–93.
  • Koch T.Establishing rigour in qualitative research: the decision trail. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 2006;53(1):91–100.
  • Achenbach TM. Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6–18: University of Vermont; 1991.
  • Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for the ASEBA preschool form and profiles: University of Vermont; 2000.
  • Achenbach TM. Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6– 18: University of Vermont; 2001.
  • Achenbach TM, Rescorla LA. Manual for ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles: University of Vermont.; 2001.
  • Clark R, Locke M, Bialocerkowski A.Paediatric terminology in the Australian health and health-education context: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2015;57(11):1011–18.
  • Fay GC, Jaffe KM, Polissar NL, Liao S, Martin KM, Shurtleff HA, Rivara J, Winn H. Mild pediatric traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1993;74:895–901.
  • Prinsen CA, Vohra S, Rose MR, King-Jones S, Ishaque S, Bhaloo Z, et al. Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative: protocol for an international Delphi study to achieve consensus on how to select outcome measurement instruments for outcomes included in a ‘core outcome set.’ Trials. 2014;15(1):247.
  • Vargus-Adams JN, Martin LK. Measuring what matters in cerebral palsy: a breadth of important domains and outcome measures. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(12):2089–95.
  • Denman D, Kim J-H, Munro N, Speyer R, Cordier R. Describing language assessments for school-aged children: A Delphi study. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 2019;21(6):602–12.
  • Larkins B.The application of the ICF in cognitive-communication disorders following traumatic brain injury. Semin Speech Lang. 2007;28(4):334–42.doi:10.1055/s-2007-986530.
  • Chapman SB. Cognitive-Communication Abilities in Children With Closed Head Injury. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 1997;6(2):50–58.
  • Chapman S, Levin H, Lawyer S. Communication problems resulting from brain injury in children: special issues of assessment and management. In: McDonald S, Togher L, Code C, editors. Communication Disorders following Traumatic Brain Injury. East Sussex: Psychology Press; 2016. p. 235–70.
  • Badge H, Hancock J, Waugh MC. Evaluating paediatric brain injury services in NSW. Child Care Health Dev. 2010;36(1):54–62.
  • Buckeridge K, Clarke C, Sellers D. Adolescents’ experiences of communication following acquired brain injury. Int J Lang Commun Disord. 2020;55(1):97–109.
  • Bae JM. Value-based medicine: concepts and application. Epidemiol Health. 2015;37:e2015014.
  • Laxe S, Tschiesner U, Zasler N, López-Blazquez R, Tormos JM, Bernabeu M. What domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health are covered by the most commonly used measurement instruments in traumatic brain injury research?. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2012;114(6):645–50.
  • Tate RL, Godbee K, Sigmundsdottir L. A systematic review of assessment tools for adults used in traumatic brain injury research and their relationship to the ICF. NeuroRehabilitation. 2013;32(4):729–50.
  • Sherer M, Roebuck-Spencer T, Davis LC. Outcome assessment in traumatic brain injury clinical trials and prognostic studies. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2010;25(2):92–98.
  • Stephen MH, Coster WJ, Ludlow LH. Pediatric Functional Outcome Measures. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 1991;2(4):689–723.
  • Thomas-Stonell N, Johnson P, Rumney P, Wright V, Oddson B.An evaluation of the responsiveness of a comprehensive set of outcome measures for children and adolescents with traumatic brain injuries. Pediatric Rehabilitation. 2006;9(1):14–23.
  • Gargon E, Williamson PR, Altman DG, Blazeby JM, Clarke M. The COMET Initiative database: progress and activities from 2011 to 2013. Trials. 2014;15(1):279.
  • Gil AM. Neurocognitive outcomes following pediatric brain injury: a developmental approach. Journal of School Psychology. 2003;41:337–53.
  • Elbourn E, Togher L, Kenny B, Power E. Strengthening the quality of longitudinal research into cognitive-communication recovery after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2017;19(1):1–16.
  • Covington NV, Duff MC. Heterogeneity Is a Hallmark of Traumatic Brain Injury, Not a Limitation: A New Perspective on Study Design in Rehabilitation Research. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2021;30(2s):974–85.
  • Anderson VA, Catroppa C, Dudgeon P, Morse SA, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV.Understanding predictors of functional recovery and outcome 30 months following early childhood head injury. Neuropsychology. 2006;20(1):42–57.doi:10.1037/0894-4105.20.1.42.
  • Anderson VA, Catroppa C, Haritou F, Morse S, Rosenfeld JV.Identifying factors contributing to child and family outcome 30 months after traumatic brain injury in children. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(3):401–08.doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.019174.
  • Anderson VA, Morse SA, Catroppa C, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV, Morse SA, Catroppa C, Haritou F, Rosenfeld JV, Catroppa C, et al.Thirty month outcome from early childhood head injury: a prospective analysis of neurobehavioural recovery. Brain. 2004;127(12):2608–20.doi:10.1093/brain/awh320.
  • Anderson V, Catroppa C, Godfrey C, Rosenfeld JV.Intellectual Ability 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury in Infancy and Childhood: what Predicts Outcome?. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(1):143–53.doi:10.1089/neu.2011.2012.
  • Anderson V, Catroppa C, Morse S, Haritou F, Rosenfeld J.Outcome from mild head injury in young children: a prospective study. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2001;23(6):705–17.doi:10.1076/jcen.23.6.705.1015.
  • Anderson V, Godfrey C, Rosenfeld JV, Catroppa C.Predictors of cognitive function and recovery 10 years after traumatic brain injury in young children. Pediatrics. 2012;129(2):e254–61.doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0311.
  • Anderson VA, Catroppa C, Rosenfeld JV, et al.Intellectual Ability 10 Years after Traumatic Brain Injury in Infancy and Childhood: What Predicts Outcome? Journal of Neurotrauma. Brain. 2011;29(1):143–53.
  • Arnett AB, Peterson RL, Kirkwood MW, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Brown TM, Wade S. Behavioral and cognitive predictors of educational outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19(8):881–89.doi:10.1017/S1355617713000635.
  • Arroyos-Jurado E, Paulsen JS, Merrell KW, Lindgren SD, Max JE.Traumatic Brain Injury in School-Age Children Academic and Social Outcome. J Sch Psychol. 2000;38(6):571–87.doi:10.1016/S0022-4405(00)00053-4.
  • Babikian T, Satz P, Zaucha K, Light R, Lewis RS, Asarnow RF.The UCLA longitudinal study of neurocognitive outcomes following mild pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17(5):886–95.doi:10.1017/S1355617711000907.
  • Bardoni A, Galbiati S, Recla M, Pastore V, Formica F, Strazzer S.Evolution of the cognitive profile in school-aged patients with severe TBI during the first 2 years of neurorehabilitation. Brain Inj. 2013;27(12):1395–401.doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.823652.
  • Berger E, Wörgötter G, Oppolzer A, Kessler J, Vavrik K, Fiala S.Neurological rehabilitation in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rehabil. 1997;1(4):229–33.doi:10.3109/17518429709167363.
  • Bernard CO, Ponsford JL, McKinlay A, McKenzie D, Krieser D.Do Concussive Symptoms Really Resolve in Young Children?. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017;32(6):413–24.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000298.
  • Bijur PE, Haslum M, Golding J.Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of mild head injury in children. Pediatrics. 1990;86(3):337–44.doi:10.1542/peds.86.3.337.
  • Brassel S, Kenny B, Power E, Elbourn E, McDonald S, Tate R, MacWhinney B, Turkstra L, Holland A, Togher L. Conversational topics discussed by individuals with severe traumatic brain injury and their communication partners during sub-acute recovery. Brain Inj. 2016;30(11):1329–42.doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1187288.
  • Brown FL, Whittingham K, Boyd RN, McKinlay L, Sofronoff K.Improving child and parenting outcomes following paediatric acquired brain injury: a randomised controlled trial of Stepping Stones Triple P plus Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(10):1172–83.doi:10.1111/jcpp.12227.
  • Campbell TF, Dollaghan CA.Expressive language recovery in severely brain-injured children and adolescents. J Speech Hear Disord. 1990;55(3):567–81.doi:10.1044/jshd.5503.567.
  • Catroppa C, Anderson V.A prospective study of the recovery of attention from acute to 2 years following pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11(1):84–98.doi:10.1017/S1355617705050101.
  • Catroppa C, Hearps S, Crossley L, Yeates K, Beauchamp M, Fusella J, Anderson V. Social and Behavioral Outcomes following Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury: what Predicts Outcome at 12 Months Post-Insult?. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(7):1439–47.doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4594.
  • Câmara-Costa H, Francillette L, Opatowski M, Toure H, Brugel D, Laurent-Vannier A, Meyer P, Dellatolas G, Watier L, Chevignard M. Participation seven years after severe childhood traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(17):2402–11.doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1594398.
  • Chadwick O, Rutter M, Brown G, Shaffer D, Traub MU.A prospective study of children with head injuries: II. Cognitive Sequelae Psychol Med. 1981;11(1):49–61.
  • Chambers J, Cohen SS, Hemminger L, Prall JA, Nichols JS.Mild traumatic brain injuries in low-risk trauma patients. J Trauma. 1996;41(6):976–80.doi:10.1097/00005373-199612000-00006.
  • Chapman LA, Wade SL, Walz NC, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Yeates KO.Clinically significant behavior problems during the initial 18 months following early childhood traumatic brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2010;55(1):48–57.doi:10.1037/a0018418.
  • Chapman SB, McKinnon L, Levin HS, Song J, Meier MC, Chiu S.Longitudinal outcome of verbal discourse in children with traumatic brain injury: three-year follow-up. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2001;16(5):441–55.doi:10.1097/00001199-200110000-00004.
  • Chapman SB, Levin HS, Matejka J, Harward H, Kufera JA.Discourse ability in children with brain injury: correlations with psychosocial, linguistic, and cognitive factors. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1995;10(5):36–37.doi:10.1097/00001199-199510000-00006.
  • Chu B-C, Millis S, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Hanks R, Novack T, Hart T.Measuring recovery in new learning and memory following traumatic brain injury: a mixed-effects modeling approach. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2007;29(6):617–25.doi:10.1080/13803390600878893.
  • Corrigan JD, Bogner JA, Mysiw WJ, Clinchot D, Fugate L.Life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2001;16(6):543–55.doi:10.1097/00001199-200112000-00003.
  • Corrigan JD, Smith-Knapp K, Granger CV.Validity of the functional Independence measure for persons with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Physical Medicine Rehabilitation. 1997;78:828–34.
  • Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test: children’s Version, researched.: The Psychological Corporation; 1989.
  • Delis D, Kramer J, Kaplan E, Ober B. The California Verbal Learning Test: Children’s Version: Psychological Corporation; 1986.
  • Delis DC, Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA. California Verbal Learning Test–Children’s Version.: Psychological Corporation; 1994.
  • Dégeilh F, Bernier A, Gravel J, Beauchamp MH.Developmental trajectories of adaptive functioning following early mild traumatic brain injury. Dev Psychobiol. 2018;60(8):1037–47.doi:10.1002/dev.21786.
  • Dikmen S, Machamer J, Temkin N.Psychosocial outcome in patients with moderate to severe head injury: 2-year follow-up. Brain Inj. 1993;7(2):113–24.doi:10.3109/02699059309008165.
  • Dumas HM, Haley SM, Bedell GM, Hull EM.Social function changes in children and adolescents with acquired brain injury during inpatient rehabilitation. Pediatr Rehabil. 2001;4(4):177–85.doi:10.1080/13638490210121720.
  • Dumas HM, Haley SM, Rabin JP.Short-term durability and improvement of function in traumatic brain injury: a pilot study using the Paediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) classification levels. Brain Inj. 2001;15(10):891–902.doi:10.1080/02699050110065691.
  • Dunn LM, Dunn LM. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised: American Guidance Service.; 1981.
  • Dunn LM, Dunn LM, Williams TK. Peabody Picture Vocabulary—Third. Edition: American Guidance Service; 1997.
  • Durish CL, Yeates KO, Stancin T, Taylor HG, Walz NC, Wade SL.Home Environment as a Predictor of Long-Term Executive Functioning following Early Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2018;24(1):11–21.doi:10.1017/S1355617717000595.
  • Edlow BL, Chatelle C, Spencer CA, Chu CJ, Bodien YG, O’Connor KL, Hirschberg R, Hochberg L, Giacino J, Rosenthal E, Wu O. Early detection of consciousness in patients with acute severe traumatic brain injury. Brain. 2017;140(9):2399–414.doi:10.1093/brain/awx176.
  • Eide PK, Tysnes OB.Early and late outcome in head injury patients with radiological evidence of brain damage. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86(2):194–98.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1992.tb05065.x.
  • Eilander HJ, Wijnen VJ, Schouten EJ, Lavrijsen JC.Ten-to-twelve years after specialized neurorehabilitation of young patients with severe disorders of consciousness: a follow-up study. Brain Inj. 2016;30(11):1302–10.doi:10.3109/02699052.2016.1170881.
  • Eilander HJ, van Heugten CM, Wijnen VJ, Croon MA, de Kort PL, Bosch DA, Prevo A. Course of recovery and prediction of outcome in young patients in a prolonged vegetative or minimally conscious state after severe brain injury: an exploratory study. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2013;6(2):73–83.doi:10.3233/PRM-130241.
  • Elbourn E, Kenny B, Power E, Togher L.Psychosocial Outcomes of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Relation to Discourse Recovery: a Longitudinal Study up to 1 Year Post-Injury. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. 2019;28(4):1463–78.doi:10.1044/2019_AJSLP-18-0204.
  • Emanuelson I, Wendt LV, Beckung E, Hagberg I.Late outcome after severe traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rehabil. 1998;2(2):65–70.doi:10.3109/17518429809068157.
  • Erler KS, Kew CL, Juengst SB.Participation differences by age and depression 5 years after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020;32(1):12–21.doi:10.1080/09540261.2019.1656175.
  • Erler KS, Whiteneck GG, Juengst SB, Locascio JJ, Bogner JA, Kaminski J, Giacino, J, et al. Predicting the Trajectory of Participation After Traumatic Brain Injury: a Longitudinal Analysis. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2018;33(4):257–65.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000383.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Barnes M, Fletcher JM, Levin HS, Swank PR, Song J.Modeling of longitudinal academic achievement scores after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neuropsychol. 2004;25(1–2):107–33.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Fletcher JM, Levin HS, Francis DJ, Davidson K, Miner ME.Longitudinal neuropsychological outcome in infants and preschoolers with traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(6):581–91.doi:10.1017/S135561779700581X.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Miner ME, Fletcher JM, Levin HS.Intellectual, motor, and language sequelae following closed head injury in infants and preschoolers. J Pediatr Psychol. 1989;14(4):531–47.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/14.4.531.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Prasad MR, Cox CS Jr., Granger DA, Duque G, Swank PR.Altered stress system reactivity after pediatric injury: relation with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;84:66–75.doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.06.003.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Thompson NM, Miner ME, Fletcher JM.Gunshot wounds to the brain in children and adolescents: age and neurobehavioral development. Neurosurgery. 1994;35(2):225–33. discussion 33. doi:10.1227/00006123-199408000-00007.
  • Ewing-Cobbs L, Montroy JJ, Clark AE, Holubkov R, Cox CS, Keenan HT.As Time Goes by: understanding Child and Family Factors Shaping Behavioral Outcomes After Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.687740.
  • Fay TB, Yeates KO, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Taylor HG.Predicting longitudinal patterns of functional deficits in children with traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2009;23(3):271–82.doi:10.1037/a0014936.
  • Fay GC, Jaffe KM, Polissar NL, Liao S, Rivara JB, Martin KM.Outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury at three years: a cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(7):733–41.doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90127-9.
  • Fearnside MR, Cook RJ, McDougall P, Lewis WA.The Westmead Head Injury Project. Physical and social outcomes following severe head injury. Br J Neurosurg. 1993;7(6):643–50.doi:10.3109/02688699308995093.
  • Fisher AP, Gies LM, Narad ME, Austin CA, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Zhang N, Wade S. Parent- and Adolescent-reported Executive Functioning in the Context of Randomized Controlled Trials of Online Family Problem-Solving Therapy. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022;28(2):123–29.doi:10.1017/S1355617721000308.
  • Fleming JM, Strong J, Ashton R, Hassell M.A 1-year longitudinal study of severe traumatic brain injury in Australia using the sickness impact profile. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1997;12(3):27–40.doi:10.1097/00001199-199706000-00004.
  • Fletcher JM, Ewing-Cobbs L, Miner ME, Levin HS, Eisenberg HM.Behavioral changes after closed head injury in children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(1):93–98.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.58.1.93.
  • Forslund MV, Roe C, Perrin PB, Sigurdardottir S, Lu J, Berntsen S, Andelic N. The trajectories of overall disability in the first 5 years after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2017;31(3):329–35.doi:10.1080/02699052.2016.1255778.
  • Forslund MV, Roe C, Sigurdardottir S, Andelic N.Predicting health-related quality of life 2 years after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013;128(4):220–27.doi:10.1111/ane.12130.
  • Frutiger A, Ryf C, Bilat C, Rosso R, Furrer M, Cantieni R, Rüedi T, Leutenegger A. Five years’ follow-up of severely injured ICU patients. J Trauma. 1991;31(9):1216–25. discussion 25-6. doi:10.1097/00005373-199109000-00004.
  • Gabbe BJ, Simpson PM, Sutherland AM, Palmer CS, Butt W, Bevan C, Cameron P. Agreement between parent and child report of health-related quality of life: impact of time postinjury. J Trauma. 2010;69(6):1578–82.doi:10.1097/TA.0b013e3181f8fd5f.
  • Gagner C, Dégeilh F, Bernier A, Beauchamp MH.Persistent Changes in Child Behavior After Early Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pediatr Psychol. 2020;45(1):50–60.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz071.
  • Ganesalingam K, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Walz NC, Stancin T, Wade S.Executive functions and social competence in young children 6 months following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2011;25(4):466–76.doi:10.1037/a0022768.
  • Gerrard-Morris A, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Walz NC, Stancin T, Minich N, Wade S. Cognitive development after traumatic brain injury in young children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2010;16(1):157–68.doi:10.1017/S1355617709991135.
  • Gerring JP, Brady KD, Chen A, Vasa R, Grados M, Bandeen-Roche KJ, Bryan R, Denckla M. Premorbid prevalence of ADHD and development of secondary ADHD after closed head injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(6):647–54.doi:10.1097/00004583-199806000-00015.
  • Geytenbeek M, Fleming J, Doig E, Ownsworth T.The occurrence of early impaired self-awareness after traumatic brain injury and its relationship with emotional distress and psychosocial functioning. Brain Inj. 2017;31(13–14):1791–98.doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1346297.
  • Glang A, Todis B, Ettel D, Wade SL, Yeates KO.Results from a randomized trial evaluating a hospital-school transition support model for students hospitalized with traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(5):608–16.doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1433329.
  • Glintborg C, Hansen TG.Bio-psycho-social effects of a coordinated neurorehabilitation programme: a naturalistic mixed methods study. NeuroRehabilitation. 2016;38(2):99–113.doi:10.3233/NRE-161301.
  • Gould KR, Ponsford JL.A longitudinal examination of positive changes in quality-of-life after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2015;29(3):283–90.doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.974671.
  • Gould KR, Ponsford JL, Johnston L, Schönberger M.Relationship between psychiatric disorders and 1-year psychosocial outcome following traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2011;26(1):79–89.doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e3182036799.
  • Grados MA, Vasa RA, Riddle MA, Slomine BS, Salorio C, Christensen J, Gerring J. New onset obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children and adolescents with severe traumatic brain injury. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(5):398–407.doi:10.1002/da.20398.
  • Greenspan AI, MacKenzie EJ.Use and need for post-acute services following paediatric head injury. Brain Inj. 2000;14(5):417–29.doi:10.1080/026990500120529.
  • Greenwood RJ, McMillan TM, Brooks DN, Dunn G, Brock D, Dinsdale S, Murphy L, Price J. Effects of case management after severe head injury. BMJ. 1994;308(6938):1199–205. doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6938.1199. (Clinical research ed).
  • Gregório GW, Gould KR, Spitz G, van Heugten CM, Ponsford JL.Changes in self-reported pre- to postinjury coping styles in the first 3 years after traumatic brain injury and the effects on psychosocial and emotional functioning and quality of life. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014;29(3):E43–53.doi:10.1097/HTR.0b013e318292fb00.
  • Gurka JA, Felmingham KL, Baguley IJ, Schotte DE, Crooks J, Marosszeky JE.Utility of the functional assessment measure after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1999;14(3):247–56.doi:10.1097/00001199-199906000-00005.
  • Hall KM, Karzmark P, Stevens M, Englander J, O’Hare P, Wright J.Family stressors in traumatic brain injury: a two-year follow-up. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(8):876–84.doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90112-0.
  • Hall KM, Mann N, High WM, Wright J, Kreutzer JS, Wood D. Functional measures after traumatic brain injury: ceiling effects of FIM, FIM+FAM, DRS, and CIQ. The Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation. 1996;11(5):27–39.
  • Hammond FM, Hart T, Bushnik T, Corrigan JD, Sasser H.Change and predictors of change in communication, cognition, and social function between 1 and 5 years after traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2004;19(4):314–28.doi:10.1097/00001199-200407000-00006.
  • Hanks RA, Rapport LJ, Millis SR, Deshpande SA.Measures of executive functioning as predictors of functional ability and social integration in a rehabilitation sample. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(9):1030–37.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(99)90056-4.
  • Hanten G, Wilde EA, Menefee DS, Li X, Lane S, Vasquez C, Chu Z, Ramos M, Yallampalli R, Swank P, Chapman S, Gamino J, Hunter J, Levin H. Correlates of social problem solving during the first year after traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology. 2008;22(3):357–70.doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.357.
  • Harrison-Felix C, Zafonte R, Mann N, Dijkers M, Englander J, Kreutzer J.Brain injury as a result of violence: preliminary findings from the traumatic brain injury model systems. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(7):143–53.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90348-3.
  • Hawkins ML, Lewis FD, Medeiros RS.Serious traumatic brain injury: an evaluation of functional outcomes. J Trauma. 1996;41(2):257–63. discussion 63-4. doi:10.1097/00005373-199608000-00010.
  • Hawkins ML, Lewis FD, Medeiros RS.Impact of length of stay on functional outcomes of TBI patients. Am Surg. 2005;71(11):920–29. discussion 9-30. doi:10.1177/000313480507101105.
  • Hawley CA.Reported problems and their resolution following mild, moderate and severe traumatic brain injury amongst children and adolescents in the UK. Brain Inj. 2003;17(2):105–29.doi:10.1080/0269905021000010131.
  • Hawley CA, Joseph S.Predictors of positive growth after traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal study. Brain Inj. 2008;22(5):427–35.doi:10.1080/02699050802064607.
  • Hellawell DJ, Taylor RT, Pentland B.Cognitive and psychosocial outcome following moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1999;13(7):489–504.doi:10.1080/026990599121403.
  • Iselin G, Le Brocque R, Kenardy J, Anderson V, McKinlay L.Which method of posttraumatic stress disorder classification best predicts psychosocial function in children with traumatic brain injury?. J Anxiety Disord. 2010;24(7):774–79.doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.011.
  • Jacobsson LJ, Westerberg M, Söderberg S, Lexell J.Functioning and disability 6-15 years after traumatic brain injuries in northern Sweden. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;120(6):389–95.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01238.x.
  • Jantz PB, Bigler ED.Neuroimaging and the school-based assessment of traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014;34(3):479–92.doi:10.3233/NRE-141058.
  • Jennett B, Bond M. Assessment of outcome after severe brain damage. Lancet. 1975;1(7905):480–4.
  • Jennett B, Snoek J, Bond MR, Brooks N. Disability after severe head injury: observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. 1981;44(4):285–93.
  • Jimenez N, Ebel BE, Wang J, Koepsell TD, Jaffe KM, Dorsch A, Durbin D, Vavilala M, Temkin N, Rivara F. Disparities in disability after traumatic brain injury among Hispanic children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2013;131:e1850–e6.
  • Jones KM, Prah P, Starkey N, Theadom A, Barker-Collo S, Ameratunga S, Feigin V. Longitudinal patterns of behavior, cognition, and quality of life after mild traumatic brain injury in children: BIONIC study findings. Brain Inj. 2019;33(7):884–93.doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1606445.
  • Jonsson CA, Horneman G, Emanuelson I.Neuropsychological progress during 14 years after severe traumatic brain injury in childhood and adolescence. Brain Inj. 2004;18(9):921–34.doi:10.1080/02699050410001671900.
  • Jordan FM.Whatever happened after the ‘return from silence’?. Brain Inj. 1994;8(3):277–83.doi:10.3109/02699059409150979.
  • Jordan FM, Murdoch BE.Linguistic status following closed head injury in children: a follow-up study. Brain Inj. 1990;4(2):147–54.doi:10.3109/02699059009026159.
  • Jordan F, Murdoch BE.A prospective study of the linguistic skills of children with closed-head injuries. Aphasiology. 1993;7(5):503–12.doi:10.1080/02687039308248626.
  • Karver CL, Kurowski B, Semple EA, Stancin T, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Walz N, Wales Z. Utilization of behavioral therapy services long-term after traumatic brain injury in young children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2014;95(8):1556–63.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.03.030.
  • Karver CL, Wade SL, Cassedy A, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Yeates KO, Walz N. Age at injury and long-term behavior problems after traumatic brain injury in young children. Rehabil Psychol. 2012;57(3):256–65.doi:10.1037/a0029522.
  • Keith RA, Granger CV, Hamilton BB, Sherwin FS. The functional Independence measure: a new tool for rehabilitation. In: Eisenberg MG, Gresiak RC, editors. Advances in Clinical Rehabilitation. Springer Publishing Co; 1987. p. 10–18.
  • Kinsella G, Ong B, Murtagh D, Prior M, Sawyer M.The role of the family for behavioral outcome in children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999;67(1):116–23.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.67.1.116.
  • Kirelik SB, McAvoy K.Acute Concussion Management with Remove-Reduce/Educate/Adjust-Accommodate/Pace (REAP). J Emerg Med. 2016;50(2):157–68.doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.02.054.
  • Kunishio K, Matsumoto Y, Kawada S, Miyoshi Y, Matsuhisa T, Moriyama E, Norikane H, Tanaka R. Neuropsychological outcome and social recovery of head-injured patients. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1993;33(12):824–29.doi:10.2176/nmc.33.824.
  • Levin HS, Fletcher JM, Kusnerik L, Kufera JA, Lilly MA, Duffy FF, Chapman S, Mendelsohn D, Bruce D. Semantic memory following pediatric head injury: relationship to age, severity of injury, and MRI. Cortex. 1996;32(3):461–78.doi:10.1016/S0010-9452(96)80004-9.
  • Levin HS, Madison CF, Bailey CB, Meyers CA, Eisenberg HM, Guinto FC.Mutism after closed head injury. Arch Neurol. 1983;40(10):601–06.
  • Levin HS, Song J, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman SB, Mendelsohn D.Word fluency in relation to severity of closed head injury, associated frontal brain lesions, and age at injury in children. Neuropsychologia. 2001;39(2):122–31.doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(00)00111-1.
  • Levin HS, Zhang L, Dennis M, Ewing-Cobbs L, Schachar R, Max J, Landis J, Roberson G, Scheibel R, Miller D, Hunter J. Psychosocial outcome of TBI in children with unilateral frontal lesions. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(3):305–16.doi:10.1017/S1355617704102129.
  • Levy ML, Masri LS, Levy KM, Johnson FL, Martin-Thomson E, Couldwell WT, McComb J, Weiss M, Apuzzo M. Penetrating craniocerebral injury resultant from gunshot wounds: gang-related injury in children and adolescents. Neurosurgery. 1993;33(6):1018–24. discussion 24-5. doi:10.1227/00006123-199312000-00009.
  • Lewis FM, Murdoch BE.Language function in a child following mild traumatic brain injury: evidence from pre- and post-injury language testing. Dev Neurorehabil. 2011;14(6):348–54.doi:10.3109/17518423.2011.620576.
  • Light R, Asarnow R, Satz P, Zaucha K, McCleary C, Lewis R.Mild closed-head injury in children and adolescents: behavior problems and academic outcomes. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998;66(6):1023–29.doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.6.1023.
  • Lin MR, Chiu WT, Chen YJ, Yu WY, Huang SJ, Tsai MD.Longitudinal changes in the health-related quality of life during the first year after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2010;91(3):474–80.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.031.
  • Livingston MG, Brooks DN, Bond MR.Patient outcome in the year following severe head injury and relatives’ psychiatric and social functioning. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985;48(9):876–81.
  • Massagli TL, Jaffe KM, Fay GC, Polissar NL, Liao S, Rivara JB.Neurobehavioral sequelae of severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(3):223–31.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90102-1.
  • Max JE, Arndt S, Castillo CS, Bokura H, Robin DA, Lindgren SD, Smith W, Sato Y, Mattheis P. Attention-deficit hyperactivity symptomatology after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37(8):480–84.doi:10.1097/00004583-199808000-00014.
  • Max JE, Friedman K, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, Hanten G, Schachar RJ, Saunders A, Dennis M, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman S, Yang T, Levin H. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents 24 months after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(2):112–20.doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.13080190.
  • Max JE, Koele SL, Castillo CC, Lindgren SD, Arndt S, Bokura H, Robin D, Smith W, Sato Y. Personality change disorder in children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000;6(3):279–89.doi:10.1017/S1355617700633039.
  • Max JE, Lansing AE, Koele SL, Castillo CS, Bokura H, Schachar R, Collings N, Williams K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents following traumatic brain injury. Dev Neuropsychol 2004;25:159–77.
  • Max JE, Pardo D, Hanten G, Schachar RJ, Saunders AE, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman S, Dennis M, Wilde E, Bigler E, Thompson W, Yang T, Levin H. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents six-to-twelve months after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25(4):272–82.doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12040078.
  • Max JE, Robin DA, Lindgren SD, Smith, Jr. WL Jr., Sato Y, Mattheis PJ, Stierwalt J, Castillo C. Traumatic brain injury in children and adolescents: psychiatric disorders at one year. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1998;10(3):320–24.doi:10.1176/jnp.10.3.290.
  • Max JE, Schachar RJ, Landis J, Bigler ED, Wilde EA, Saunders AE, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman S, Dennis M, Hanten G, Levin H. Psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents in the first six months after mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2013;25(3):187–97.doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12010011.
  • Max JE, Schachar RJ, Levin HS, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman SB, Dennis M, Saunders A, Landis J. Predictors of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder within 6 months after pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(10):1032–40.doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000173293.05817.b1.
  • Max JE, Schachar RJ, Levin HS, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman SB, Dennis M, Saunders A, Landis J. Predictors of secondary attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents 6 to 24 months after traumatic brain injury. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(10):1041–49.doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000173292.05817.f8.
  • Max JE, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, Hanten G, Dennis M, Schachar RJ, Saunders A, Ewing-Cobbs L, Chapman S, Thompson W, Yang T, Levin H. Personality Change Due to Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Adolescents: Neurocognitive Correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2015;27(4):1018–5.doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.15030073.
  • Max JE, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, MacLeod M, Vasquez AC, Schmidt AT, Chapman S, Hotz G, Yang T, Levin H. Psychiatric disorders after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A prospective, longitudinal, controlled study. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;24(4):427–36.doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.12060149.
  • Mazaux JM, Masson F, Levin HS, Alaoui P, Maurette P, Barat M.Long-term neuropsychological outcome and loss of social autonomy after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(12):1316–20.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90303-8.
  • McKee GB, Olabarrieta-Landa L, Pérez-Delgadillo PK, Valdivia-Tangarife R, Villaseñor-Cabrera T, Ramos-Usuga D, Perrin P, Arango-Lasprilla J. Longitudinal Growth Curve Trajectories of Family Dynamics after Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8508.doi:10.3390/ijerph17228508.
  • McNally KA, Bangert B, Dietrich A, Nuss K, Rusin J, Wright M, Taylor H, Yeates KO. Injury versus noninjury factors as predictors of postconcussive symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology. 2013;27(1):1–12.doi:10.1037/a0031370.
  • Moscato EL, Peugh J, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Kirkwood MW, Wade SL.Bidirectional effects of behavior problems and parenting behaviors following adolescent brain injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2021;66(3):273–85.doi:10.1037/rep0000380.
  • Muscara F, Catroppa C, Anderson V.Social problem-solving skills as a mediator between executive function and long-term social outcome following paediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neuropsychol. 2008;2(2):445–61.doi:10.1348/174866407X250820.
  • Muscara F, Catroppa C, Eren S, Anderson V.The impact of injury severity on long-term social outcome following paediatric traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(4):541–61.doi:10.1080/09602010802365223.
  • Narad ME, Kennelly M, Zhang N, Wade SL, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Epstein J, Kurowski B. Secondary Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents 5 to 10 Years After Traumatic Brain Injury. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172(5):437–43.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.5746.
  • Narad ME, Minich N, Taylor HG, Kirkwood MW, Brown TM, Stancin T, Wade S. Effects of a Web-Based Intervention on Family Functioning Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2015;36(9):700–07.doi:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000208.
  • Nash S, Luauté J, Bar JY, Sancho PO, Hours M, Chossegros L, Tournier C, Charnay P, Mazaux J, Boisson D. Cognitive and behavioural post-traumatic impairments: what is the specificity of a brain injury ? A study within the ESPARR cohort. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014;57(9–10):600–17.doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2014.08.010.
  • Noé E, Olaya J, Navarro MD, Noguera P, Colomer C, García-Panach J, Rivero S, Moliner B, Ferri J. Behavioral recovery in disorders of consciousness: a prospective study with the Spanish version of the Coma Recovery Scale-Revised. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012;93(3):428–33.e12.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.08.048.
  • Nolin P, Heroux L.Relations among sociodemographic, neurologic, clinical, and neuropsychologic variables, and vocational status following mild traumatic brain injury: a follow-up study. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(6):514–26.doi:10.1097/00001199-200611000-00006.
  • Novack TA, Alderson AL, Bush BA, Meythaler JM, Canupp K.Cognitive and functional recovery at 6 and 12 months post-TBI. Brain Inj. 2000;14(11):987–96.doi:10.1080/02699050050191922.
  • Novak Z, Aglipay M, Barrowman N, Yeates KO, Beauchamp MH, Gravel J, Freedman S, Gagnon I, Gioia G, Boutis K, Burns E, Ledoux A, Osmond M, Zemek R, Pediatric Emergency Research Canada Predicting Persistent Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics (PERC 5P) Concussion Team. Association of Persistent Postconcussion Symptoms With Pediatric Quality of Life. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(12):e162900.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.2900.
  • O’Flaherty SJ, Chivers A, Hannan TJ, Kendrick LM, McCartney LC, Wallen MA, Doggett C. The Westmead Pediatric TBI Multidisciplinary Outcome Study: use of functional outcomes data to determine resource prioritization. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(6):723–29.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(00)90100-X.
  • O’Shaughnessy EJ, Fowler RS Jr., Reid V.Sequelae of mild closed head injuries. J Fam Pract. 1984;18(3):428–4.
  • Oberg L, Turkstra LS.Use of elaborative encoding to facilitate verbal learning after adolescent traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1998;13(3):44–62.doi:10.1097/00001199-199806000-00005.
  • Ong LC, Chandran V, Zasmani S, Lye MS.Outcome of closed head injury in Malaysian children: neurocognitive and behavioural sequelae. J Paediatr Child Health. 1998;34(4):363–68.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.1998.00239.x.
  • Pagulayan KF, Temkin NR, Machamer J, Dikmen SS.A longitudinal study of health-related quality of life after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(5):391–94.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2006.01.018.
  • Pastorek NJ, Hannay HJ, Contant CS.Prediction of global outcome with acute neuropsychological testing following closed-head injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(6):807–17.doi:10.1017/S1355617704106012.
  • Patrick PD, Wamstad JB, Mabry JL, Smith-Janik S, Gurka MJ, Buck ML, Blackman J. Assessing the relationship between the WNSSP and therapeutic participation in adolescents in low response states following severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2009;23(6):528–34.doi:10.1080/02699050902926325.
  • Perel P, Edwards P, Shakur H, Roberts I.Use of the Oxford Handicap Scale at hospital discharge to predict Glasgow Outcome Scale at 6 months in patients with traumatic brain injury. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2008;8(1):72.doi:10.1186/1471-2288-8-72.
  • Pieper P, Garvan C.Health-related quality-of-life in the first year following a childhood concussion. Brain Inj. 2014;28(1):105–13.doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.847208.
  • Pieper P, Garvan C.Concordance of Child and Parent Reports of Health-Related Quality of Life in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain or Non-Brain Injuries and in Uninjured Children: longitudinal Evaluation. J Pediatr Health Care. 2015;29(4):343–51.doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2015.01.008.
  • Pierce CA, Hanks RA.Life satisfaction after traumatic brain injury and the World Health Organization model of disability. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;85(11):889–98.doi:10.1097/01.phm.0000242615.43129.ae.
  • Ponsford J, Cameron P, Fitzgerald M, Grant M, Mikocka-Walus A, Schönberger M.Predictors of postconcussive symptoms 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychology. 2012;26(3):304–13.doi:10.1037/a0027888.
  • Ponsford J, Olver J, Ponsford M, Schönberger M.Two-Year Outcome Following Traumatic Brain Injury and Rehabilitation: a Comparison of Patients From Metropolitan Melbourne and Those Residing in Regional Victoria. Brain Impairment. 2010;11(3):253–61.doi:10.1375/brim.11.3.253.
  • Potter JL, Wade SL, Walz NC, Cassedy A, Stevens MH, Yeates KO, Taylor H. Parenting style is related to executive dysfunction after brain injury in children. Rehabil Psychol. 2011;56(4):351–58.doi:10.1037/a0025445.
  • Prior M, Kinsella G, Sawyer M, Bryan D, Anderson V.Cognitive and psychosocial outcome after head injury in children. Aust Psychol. 1994;29(2):116–23.doi:10.1080/00050069408257334.
  • Rassovsky Y, Satz P, Alfano MS, Light RK, Zaucha K, McArthur DL, Hovda D. Functional Outcome in TBI II: Verbal Memory and Information Processing Speed Mediators. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2006;28(4):581–91.doi:10.1080/13803390500434474.
  • Renaud MI, van de Port IGL, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Köhler S, Lambregts SAM, van Heugten CM.Effectiveness of the Brains Ahead! Intervention: 6 Months Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial in School-Aged Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(6):E490–e500.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000583.
  • Rieger BP, Lewandowski LJ, Callahan JM, Spenceley L, Truckenmiller A, Gathje R, Miller L. A prospective study of symptoms and neurocognitive outcomes in youth with concussion vs orthopaedic injuries. Brain Inj. 2013;27(2):169–78.doi:10.3109/02699052.2012.729290.
  • Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Wang J, Temkin N, Dorsch A, Vavilala MS, Durbin D, Jaffe K. Disability 3, 12, and 24 months after traumatic brain injury among children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011;128(5):e1129–38.doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0840.
  • Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Wang J, Temkin N, Dorsch A, Vavilala MS, Durbin D, Jaffe K. Incidence of disability among children 12 months after traumatic brain injury. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(11):e1129–e1138.doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300696.
  • Rivara FP, Vavilala MS, Durbin D, Temkin N, Wang J, O’Connor SS, Koepsell T, Dorsch A, Jaffe K. Persistence of disability 24 to 36 months after pediatric traumatic brain injury: A cohort study. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(15):2499–504.doi:10.1089/neu.2012.2434.
  • Rivara JMB, Jaffe KM, Fay GC, Polissar NL, Martin KM, Shurtleff HA, Liao S. Family functioning and injury severity as predictors of child functioning one year following traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(10):1047–55.doi:10.1016/0003-9993(93)90060-N.
  • Rivara JB, Fay GC, Jaffe KM, Polissar NL, Shurtleff HA, Martin KM.Predictors of family functioning one year following traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(10):899–910.
  • Rivara JB, Jaffe KM, Polissar NL, Fay GC, Martin KM, Shurtleff HA, Liao S. Family functioning and children’s academic performance and behavior problems in the year following traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;75(4):369–79.doi:10.1016/0003-9993(94)90157-0.
  • Rivara JM, Jaffe KM, Polissar NL, Fay GC, Liao S, Martin KM.Predictors of family functioning and change 3 years after traumatic brain injury in children. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(8):754–64.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(96)90253-1.
  • Rodgin S, Suskauer SJ, Chen J, Katz E, Davis KC, Slomine BS.Very Long-Term Outcomes in Children Admitted in a Disorder of Consciousness After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2021;102(8):1507–13.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2021.01.084.
  • Roman MJ, Delis DC, Willerman L, Magulac M, Demadura TL, de la Peña JL, Loftis C, Walsh J, Kracun M. Impact of pediatric traumatic brain injury on components of verbal memory. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1998;20(2):245–58.doi:10.1076/jcen.20.2.245.1168.
  • Rose SC, Yeates KO, Nguyen JT, Ercole PM, Pizzimenti NM, McCarthy MT.Subconcussive Head Impacts and Neurocognitive Function Over 3 Seasons of Youth Football. J Child Neurol. 2021;36(9) :8830738211004490.
  • Rosema S, Muscara F, Anderson V, Godfrey C, Hearps S, Catroppa C.The Trajectory of Long-Term Psychosocial Development 16 Years following Childhood Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(13):976–83.doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3567.
  • Ruff RM, Marshall LF, Crouch J, Klauber MR, Levin HS, Barth J, Kreutzer J, Blunt B, Foulkes M, Eisenberc H, Jane J, Marmarou A. Predictors of outcome following severe head trauma: follow-up data from the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Brain Inj. 1993;7(2):101–11.doi:10.3109/02699059309008164.
  • Russell K, Selci E, Chu S, Fineblit S, Ritchie L, Ellis MJ.Longitudinal Assessment of Health-Related Quality of Life following Adolescent Sports-Related Concussion. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(13):2147–53.doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4704.
  • Ryan NP, Beauchamp MH, Beare R, Coleman L, Ditchfield M, Kean M, Silk T, Genc S, Catroppa C, Anderson V. Uncovering cortico-striatal correlates of cognitive fatigue in pediatric acquired brain disorder: Evidence from traumatic brain injury. Cortex. 2016;83:222–30.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Beare R, Coleman L, Ditchfield M, Crossley L, Beauchamp M, Anderson V. Predictors of longitudinal outcome and recovery of pragmatic language and its relation to externalizing behaviour after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Lang. 2015;142:86–95.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Beare R, Silk TJ, Crossley L, Beauchamp MH, Yeates K, Anderson V. Theory of mind mediates the prospective relationship between abnormal social brain network morphology and chronic behavior problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2016;11(4):683–92.doi:10.1093/scan/nsw007.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Cooper JM, Beare R, Ditchfield M, Coleman L, Silk T, Crossley L, Beauchamp M, Anderson V. The emergence of age-dependent social cognitive deficits after generalized insult to the developing brain: a longitudinal prospective analysis using susceptibility-weighted imaging. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015;36(5):1677–91.doi:10.1002/hbm.22729.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Cooper JM, Beare R, Ditchfield M, Coleman L, Silk T, Crossley L, Rogers K, Beauchamp M, Yeates K, Anderson V. Relationships between acute imaging biomarkers and theory of mind impairment in post-acute pediatric traumatic brain injury: A prospective analysis using susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). Neuropsychologia. 2015;66:32–38.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Hughes N, Painter FL, Hearps S, Beauchamp MH, Anderson Vicki. Executive function mediates the prospective association between neurostructural differences within the central executive network and anti-social behavior after childhood traumatic brain injury. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2021;62(9):1150–61.doi:10.1111/jcpp.13385.
  • Ryan NP, Genc S, Beauchamp MH, Yeates KO, Hearps S, Catroppa C, Anderson V, Silk T. White matter microstructure predicts longitudinal social cognitive outcomes after paediatric traumatic brain injury: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychol Med 2018;48:679–91.
  • Ryan NP, Hughes N, Godfrey C, Rosema S, Catroppa C, Anderson VA.Prevalence and predictors of externalizing behavior in young adult survivors of pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(2):75–85.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000123.
  • Ryan NP, Reyes J, Crossley L, Beauchamp MH, Catroppa C, Anderson VA.Unraveling the Association between Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury and Social Dysfunction: the Mediating Role of Self-Regulation. J Neurotrauma. 2019;36(20):2895–903.doi:10.1089/neu.2018.6308.
  • Ryan NP, van Bijnen L, Catroppa C, Beauchamp MH, Crossley L, Hearps S, Anderson V. Longitudinal outcome and recovery of social problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI): Contribution of brain insult and family environment. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2016;49(1):23–30.doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.12.004.
  • Ryan NP, Catroppa C, Beare R, Silk TJ, Hearps SJ, Beauchamp MH, Yeates KO, Anderson V. Uncovering the neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive, affective and conative theory of mind in paediatric traumatic brain injury: A neural systems perspective. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2017;12(9):1414–27.doi:10.1093/scan/nsx066.
  • Ryan NP, Mihaljevic K, Beauchamp MH, Catroppa C, Crossley L, Hearps S, Silk T, Godfrey C, Yeates KO, Anderson V. Examining the Prospective Relationship between Family Affective Responsiveness and Theory of Mind in Chronic Paediatric Traumatic Brain Injury. Brain Impairment. 2017;18(1):88–101.doi:10.1017/BrImp.2016.20.
  • Salorio CF, Slomine BS, Grados MA, Vasa RA, Christensen JR, Gerring JP.Neuroanatomic correlates of CVLT-C performance following pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005;11(6):686–96.doi:10.1017/S1355617705050885.
  • Sandhaug M, Andelic N, Berntsen SA, Seiler S, Mygland A.Self and near relative ratings of functional level one year after traumatic brain injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2012;34(11):904–09.doi:10.3109/09638288.2011.626484.
  • Sandhaug M, Andelic N, Langhammer B, Mygland A.Community integration 2 years after moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2015;29(7–8):915–20.doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1022880.
  • Sashika H, Takada K, Kikuchi N.Rehabilitation needs and participation restriction in patients with cognitive disorder in the chronic phase of traumatic brain injury. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(4):e5968.doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000005968.
  • Schmidt AT, Hanten G, Li X, Wilde EA, Ibarra AP, Chu ZD, Helbling A, Shah S, Levin H. Emotional prosody and diffusion tensor imaging in children after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2013;27(13–14):1528–35.doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.828851.
  • Schmidt AT, Orsten KD, Hanten GR, Li X, Levin HS.Family environment influences emotion recognition following paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury. 2010;24(13–14):1550–60.doi:10.3109/02699052.2010.523047.
  • Schopp LH, Shigaki CL, Bounds TA, Johnstone B, Stucky RC, Conway DL.Outcomes in TBI with violent versus nonviolent etiology in a predominantly rural setting. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006;21(3):213–25.doi:10.1097/00001199-200605000-00002.
  • Schorr E, Wade SL, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Yeates KO.Parenting styles as a predictor of long-term psychosocial outcomes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) in early childhood. Disabil Rehabil. 2020;42(17):2437–43.doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1602676.
  • Seagly KS, O’Neil RL, Hanks RA.Pre-injury psychosocial and demographic predictors of long-term functional outcomes post-TBI. Brain Inj. 2018;32(1):78–83.doi:10.1080/02699052.2017.1374467.
  • Seel RT, Douglas J, Dennison AC, Heaner S, Farris K, Rogers C.Specialized early treatment for persons with disorders of consciousness: program components and outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(10):1908–23.doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2012.11.052.
  • Seibert PS, Reedy DP, Hash J, Webb A, Stridh-Igo P, Basom J, Zimmerman C. Brain injury: Quality of life’s greatest challenge. Brain Inj. 2002;16(10):837–48.doi:10.1080/02699050210131939.
  • Shaklai S, Peretz R, Spasser R, Simantov M, Groswasser Z.Long-term functional outcome after moderate-to-severe paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2014;28(7):915–21.doi:10.3109/02699052.2013.862739.
  • Shiel A, Wilson BA.Can behaviours observed in the early stages of recovery after traumatic brain injury predict poor outcome?. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2005;15(3–4):494–502.doi:10.1080/09602010443000551.
  • Snow PC, Douglas JM, Ponsfordoe JL.Narrative discourse following severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal follow-up. Aphasiology. 1999;13(7):529–51.doi:10.1080/026870399401993.
  • Sörbo AK, Blomqvist M, Emanuelsson IM, Rydenhag B.Psychosocial adjustment and life satisfaction until 5 years after severe brain damage. Int J Rehabil Res. 2009;32(2):139–47.doi:10.1097/MRR.0b013e328325a5d1.
  • Sparrow S, Balla DA, Cicchetti DV. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale: American Guidance Service;1984.
  • Sparrow S, Cicchetti D, Balla DA. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales - Second edition manual: NCS Pearson, Inc; 2005.
  • Spikman JM, Boelen DH, Pijnenborg GH, Timmerman ME, van der Naalt J, Fasotti L.Who benefits from treatment for executive dysfunction after brain injury? Negative effects of emotion recognition deficits. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2013;23(6):824–45.doi:10.1080/09602011.2013.826138.
  • Stålnacke BM.Community integration, social support and life satisfaction in relation to symptoms 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2007;21(9):933–42.doi:10.1080/02699050701553189.
  • Studer M, Goeggel Simonetti B, Joeris A, Margelisch K, Steinlin M, Roebers CM, HeinksT. Post-concussive symptoms and neuropsychological performance in the post-acute period following pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20(10):982–93.doi:10.1017/S1355617714000927.
  • Sturms LM, van der Sluis CK, Stewart RE, Groothoff JW, ten Duis HJ, Eisma WH.A prospective study on paediatric traffic injuries: health-related quality of life and post-traumatic stress. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(3):312–22.doi:10.1191/0269215505cr867oa.
  • Ta’eed G, Skilbeck C, Slatyer M.Service utilisation in a public post-acute rehabilitation unit following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2015;25(6):841–63.doi:10.1080/09602011.2014.990043.
  • Tate RL, Broe GA.Psychosocial adjustment after traumatic brain injury: what are the important variables?. Psychol Med. 1999;29(3):713–25.doi:10.1017/S0033291799008466.
  • Taylor HG, Orchinik LJ, Minich N, Dietrich A, Nuss K, Wright M, Bangert B, Rusin J, Yeates KO. Symptoms of Persistent Behavior Problems in Children With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2015;30(5):302–10.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000106.
  • Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Montpetite M.Long-Term Educational Interventions After Traumatic Brain Injury in Children. Rehabil Psychol. 2003;48(4):227–36.doi:10.1037/0090-5550.48.4.227.
  • Tlustos SJ, Chiu CYP, Walz NC, Taylor HG, Yeates KO, Wade SL.Emotion labeling and socio-emotional outcomes 18 months after early childhood traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011;17(6):1132–42.doi:10.1017/S1355617711001202.
  • Tompkins CA, Holland AL, Ratcliff G, Costello A, Leahy LF, Cowell V.Predicting cognitive recovery from closed head-injury in children and adolescents. Brain Cogn. 1990;13(1):86–97.doi:10.1016/0278-2626(90)90042-M.
  • Toomela A, Tomberg T, Orasson A, Tikk A, Nõmm M.Paradoxical facilitation of a free recall of nonwords in persons with traumatic brain injury. Brain Cogn. 1999;39(3):187–201.doi:10.1006/brcg.1999.1077.
  • Vilkki J, Ahola K, Holst P, Ohman J, Servo A, Heiskanen O.Prediction of psychosocial recovery after head injury with cognitive tests and neurobehavioral ratings. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1994;16(3):325–38.doi:10.1080/01688639408402643.
  • Voller B, Benke T, Benedetto K, Schnider P, Auff E, Aichner FN.MRI and EEG findings after very mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 1999;13(10):821–27.doi:10.1080/026990599121214.
  • Vukovic M, Vuksanovic J, Vukovic I.Comparison of the recovery patterns of language and cognitive functions in patients with post-traumatic language processing deficits and in patients with aphasia following a stroke. J Commun Disord. 2008;41(6):531–52.doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2008.04.001.
  • Wade SL, Cassedy AE, Taylor HG, McNally KA, Kirkwood MW, Stancin T, Horn P, Kurowski B. Adolescent quality of life following family problem-solving treatment for brain injury. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2019;87(11):1043–55.doi:10.1037/ccp0000440.
  • Wade SL, Gerry Taylor H, Yeates KO, Drotar D, Stancin T, Minich NM, Schluchter M. Long-term parental and family adaptation following pediatric brain injury. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(10):1072–83.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj077.
  • Wade SL, Kurowski BG, Kirkwood MW, Zhang N, Cassedy A, Brown TM, Nielsen B, Stancin T, Taylor HG. Online problem-solving therapy after traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2015;135(2):e487–95.doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1386.
  • Wade SL, Narad ME, Kingery KM, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Kirkwood MW, Yeates KO. Teen online problem solving for teens with traumatic brain injury: rationale, methods, and preliminary feasibility of a teen only intervention. Rehabil Psychol. 2017;62(3):e487–9.doi:10.1037/rep0000160.
  • Wade SL, Zhang N, Yeates KO, Stancin T, Taylor HG.Social Environmental Moderators of Long-term Functional Outcomes of Early Childhood Brain Injury. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(4):343–49.doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4485.
  • Wade SL, Taylor HG, Cassedy A, Zhang N, Kirkwood MW, Brown TM, Stancin T. Long-Term Behavioral Outcomes after a Randomized, Clinical Trial of Counselor-Assisted Problem Solving for Adolescents with Complicated Mild-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(13):967–75.doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3684.
  • Walz NC, Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Stancin T, Wade SL.Emerging narrative discourse skills 18 months after traumatic brain injury in early childhood. J Neuropsychol. 2012;6(2):143–60.doi:10.1111/j.1748-6653.2011.02020.x.
  • Wang S, Cheng H, Dai G, Wang X, Hua R, Liu X, Wang P, Chen G, Yue W, An Y. Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell transplantation significantly improves neurological function in patients with sequelae of traumatic brain injury. Brain Res. 2013;1532:76–84.
  • Wassenberg R, Max JE, Lindgren SD, Schatz A.Sustained attention in children and adolescents after traumatic brain injury: relation to severity of injury, adaptive functioning, ADHD and social background. Brain Inj. 2004;18(8):751–64.doi:10.1080/02699050410001671775.
  • Wäljas M, Iverson GL, Lange RT, Hakulinen U, Dastidar P, Huhtala H, Liimatainen S, Hartikainen K, Öhman J. A prospective biopsychosocial study of the persistent post-concussion symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2015;32(8):534–47.doi:10.1089/neu.2014.3339.
  • Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.: The Psychological Corporation.; 1955.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children -. Revised: Psychological Corporation; 1974.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Revised Manual.: Psychology Corporation.; 1981.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Third edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.; 1991.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Third Edition Manual.: Psychological Corporation.; 1997.
  • Wechsler D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2003.
  • Son AH W-V, Ribbers GM, Hop WC, Stam HJ.Community integration following moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: a longitudinal investigation. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(7):521–27.doi:10.2340/16501977-0377.
  • Williams RM, Johnson RS, Snyder Valier AR, Curtis Bay R, Valovich Mcleod TC.Evaluating Multiple Domains of Health in High School Athletes With Sport-Related Concussion. J Sport Rehabil. 2009] ;30(4):545–51.doi:10.1123/jsr.20190517.
  • Willmott C, Spitz G, Ponsford JL. Predictors of productivity outcomes for secondary and tertiary students following traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2015;29(7–8):929–36.doi:10.3109/02699052.2015.1022882.
  • Wilson JT, Pettigrew LE, Teasdale GM. Structured interviews for the Glasgow Outcome Scale and the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale: guidelines for their use. J Neurotrauma. 1998;15(8):573–85.
  • Wiseman-Hakes C, Stewart ML, Wasserman R, Schuller R.Peer group training of pragmatic skills in adolescents with acquired brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 1998;13(6):23–36.doi:10.1097/00001199-199812000-00005.
  • Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Drotar D, Wade SL, Klein S, Stancin T, Schatschneider C. Preinjury family environment as a determinant of recovery from traumatic brain injuries in school-age children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 1997;3(6):617–30.doi:10.1017/S1355617797006176.
  • Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Rusin J, Bangert B, Dietrich A, Nuss K, Wright M. Premorbid child and family functioning as predictors of post-concussive symptoms in children with mild traumatic brain injuries. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2012;30(3):231–37.doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.05.008.
  • Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Wade SL, Drotar D, Stancin T, Minich N.A prospective study of short- and long-term neuropsychological outcomes after traumatic brain injury in children. Neuropsychology. 2002;16(4):514–23.doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.514.
  • Yeates KO, Taylor HG.Behavior Problems in School and Their Educational Correlates Among Children With Traumatic Brain Injury. Exceptionality. 2006;14(3):141–54.doi:10.1207/s15327035ex1403_3.
  • Yeates KO, Taylor HG, Walz NC, Stancin T, Wade SL.The family environment as a moderator of psychosocial outcomes following traumatic brain injury in young children. Neuropsychology. 2010;24(3):345–56.doi:10.1037/a0018387.
  • Youngblut JM, Brooten D.Pediatric head trauma: parent, parent-child, and family functioning 2 weeks after hospital discharge. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006;31(6):608–18.doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsj066.
  • Yumul JN, McKinlay A, Than M, Anderson V, Catroppa C.Concussive Symptoms Following Pediatric Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2020;35(4):279–87.doi:10.1097/HTR.0000000000000565.
  • Zafonte RD, Mann NR, Millis SR, Black KL, Wood DL, Hammond F.Posttraumatic amnesia: its relation to functional outcome. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1997;78(10):1103–06.doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(97)90135-0.
  • Zhu XL, Poon WS, Chan CH, Chan SH.Does intensive rehabilitation improve the functional outcome of patients with traumatic brain injury? Interim result of a randomized controlled trial. Br J Neurosurg. 2001;15(6):464–73.doi:10.1080/02688690120097688.
  • van Baalen B, Odding E, van Woensel MP, Roebroeck ME.Reliability and sensitivity to change of measurement instruments used in a traumatic brain injury population. Clin Rehabil. 2006;20(8):686–700.doi:10.1191/0269215506cre982oa.
  • van Heugten CM, Hendriksen J, Rasquin S, Dijcks B, Jaeken D, Vles JH.Long-term neuropsychological performance in a cohort of children and adolescents after severe paediatric traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2006;20(9):895–903.doi:10.1080/02699050600832015.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.