The use of ultrasound in the study of articulatory properties of vowels in clear speech

References

• Aubin, J. & Ménard, L. (2006). Compensation for a labial perturbation: An acoustic and articulatory study of child and adult French speakers. 7th International Seminar on Speech Production, Ubatuba, Brazil, 209–216.
   Google Scholar
• Behram, A. (2007). Speech and voice science. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhardt, B., Gick, B., Bacsfalvi, P., & Adler-Bock, M. (2005). Ultrasound in speech therapy with adolescents and adults. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 19(6), 605–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boersma, P. & Weenink, D. (2005). PRAAT: Doing phonetics by computer (Version 4.4.07) [Computer program]. Retrieved from http://www.praat.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, Z. S., & Moore, T. J. (1994). A note on the acoustic-phonetic characteristics of inadvertently clear speech. Speech Communication, 14(4), 325–337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow, A. R., & Bent, T. (2002). The clear speech effect for non-native listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112 (1), 272–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow, A. R., Kraus, N., & Hayes, E. (2003). Speaking clearly for learning-impaired children: Sentence perception in noise. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(1), 80–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradlow, A. R., Torretta, G. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (1996). Intelligibility of normal speech I: Global and fine-grained acoustic-phonetic talker characteristics. Speech communication, 20(3), 255–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson, L. (2006). Comparing tongue shapes from ultrasound imaging using smoothing spline analysis of variance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 120(1), 407–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Decker, P. M., & Nycz, J. R. (2012). Are tense [æ] s really tense? The mapping between articulation and acoustics. Lingua, 122(7), 810–821.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, N. C. (2002). Frequency effects in language processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24 (02), 143–188.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, C. (1972). ‘Short a’ in Philadelphia English. In Smith, E. (Ed.), Studies in linguistics in honor of George L. Trager (pp. 259–274). Hague: Mouton.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. H. (2004). Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: Vowel intelligibility for normal-hearing listeners. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 116(4), 2365–2373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. H., & Kewley-Port, D. (2002). Vowel intelligibility in clear and conversational speech for normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112 (1), 259–271.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. H., & Kewley-Port, D. (2007). Talker differences in clear and conversational speech: Acoustic characteristics of vowels. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50, 1241–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson, S. H., & Quené, H. (2014). Acoustic correlates of vowel intelligibility in clear and conversational speech for young normal-hearing and elderly hearing-impaired listeners. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 135 (6), 3570–3584.
   Google Scholar
• Gahl, S., Yao, Y., & Johnson, K. (2012). Why reduce? Phonological neighbourhood density and phonetic reduction in spontaneous speech. Journal of Memory and Language, 66(4), 789–806.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, C. (2002). Smoothing Spline ANOVA models. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hazan, V., & Baker, R. (2011). Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of speech produced with communicative intent to counter adverse listening conditions. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 130 (4), 2139–2152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazan, V., Grynpas, J., & Baker, R. (2012). Is clear speech tailored to counter the effect of specific adverse listening conditions? Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 132(5), EL371–EL377.
   Google Scholar
• Hixon, T. J., Weismer, G., & Hoit, J. D. (2008). Preclinical speech science: Anatomy, physiology, acoustics, perception. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hodge, M. M. (2013). Development of the vowel space in children: Anatomical and acoustics aspects. In M. Ball & F. Gibbon (Eds.), Handbook of vowels and vowel disorders (pp. 1–23). Hove: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. (1956). An outline of English phonetic (8th ed.). Cambridge: Heffer.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Davis, C. (2014). Comparing the consistency and distinctiveness of speech produced in quiet and in noise. Computer Speech & Language, 28(2), 598–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., Sironic, A., & Davis, C. (2011). Hearing speech in noise: Seeing a loud talker is better. Perception, 40(7), 853–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, J. C., & Braida, L. D. (2002). Investigating alternative forms of clear speech: The effects of speaking rate and speaking mode on intelligibility. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 112(5), 2165–2172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, J. C., & Braida, L. D. (2004). Acoustic properties of naturally produced clear speech at normal speaking rates. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115(1), 362–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhl, P. K., Andruski, J. E., Chistovich, I. A., Chistovich, L. A., Kozhevnikova, E. V., Ryskina, V. L., Stolyarova, E. I., Sundberg, U., & Lacerda, F. (1997). Cross-language analysis of phonetic units in language addressed to infants. Science, 277, 684–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labov, W. (1994). Principles of language change: Internal factors. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Labov, W. (1989). The exact description of the speech community: Short a in Philadelphia. In R. Fasold & D. Schiffrin (Eds.), Language change and variation (pp. 1–57). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Labov, W., Ash, S., & Boberg, C. (2006). The Atlas of North American English: Phonetics, phonology and sound change. Berlin: Mouton/de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Ladefoged, P. (1964). A phonetic study of West African languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ladefoged, P. & Maddieson, I. (1996). The sounds of the world’s languages. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, H., Tranel, B., & Sisson, C. (1970). Regulation of voice communication by sensory dynamics. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 47 (2B), 618–624.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liénard, J. S., & Di Benedetto, M. G. (1999). Effect of vocal effort on spectral properties of vowels. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106 (1), 411–422.
   Google Scholar
• Li, M., Kambhamettu, C., & Stone, M. (2003). EdgeTrak: A program for band-edge extraction and its applications. Sixth IASTED International Conference on Computers, Graphics and Imaging, Honolulu, HI, August 13–15.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom, B. (1990). Explaining phonetic variation: A sketch of the H&H theory. In W. J. Hardcastle & A. Marchal (Eds.), Speech production and speech modelling (pp. 403–439). The Netherlands: Kluwer.
   Google Scholar
• Lindblom, B. E., & Sundberg, J. E. (1971). Acoustical consequences of lip, tongue, jaw, and larynx movement. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 50 (4B), 1166–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, H.-M., Kuhl, P. K., & Tsao, F.-M. (2003). An association between mothers’ speech clarity and infants’ speech discrimination skills. Developmental Science, 6, F1–F10.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, Y., & Cooke, M. (2008). Speech production modifications produced by competing talkers, babble, and stationary noise. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(5), 3261–3275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luce, P. A. & Pisoni, D. B. (1998). Recognizing spoken words: The neighbourhood activation model. Ear and Hearing, 19, 1–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund, K., & Burgess, C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(2), 203–208.
   Google Scholar
• MacKay, I. R. A. (1977). Tenseness in vowels: An ultrasonic study. Phonetica, 34, 325–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ménard, L., Aubin, J., Thibeault, M., & Richard, G. (2012). Comparing tongue shapes and positions with ultrasound imaging: A validation experiment using an articulatory model. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 64, 64–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munson, B., & Solomon, N. P. (2004). The effect of phonological neighbourhood density on vowel articulation. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47 (5), 1048–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noiray, A., Iskarous, K., Bolaños, L., & Whalen, D. H. (2008). Tongue-jaw synergy in vowel height production: Evidence from American English. In R. Sock, S. Fuchs, & Y. Laprie (Eds.) Proceedings of the Eighth International Seminar on Speech Production (pp. 81–84). Strasbourg: INRIA.
   Google Scholar
• Nusbaum, H. C., Pisoni, D. B., & Davis, C. K. (1984). Sizing up the Hoosier mental lexicon: Measuring the familiarity of 20,000 words. In Research on Speech Perception Progress Report 10 (pp. 357–376). Bloomington, IN: Speech Research Laboratory, Indiana University.
   Google Scholar
• Picheny, M. A., Durlach, N. I., & Braida, L. D. (1985). Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing I: Intelligibility differences between clear and conversational speech. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 28, 96–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picheny, M. A., Durlach, N. I., & Braida, L. D. (1986). Speaking clearly for the hard of hearing II: Acoustic characteristics of clear and conversational speech. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 29 (4), 434–446.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raphael, L. J., Borden, G. J., & Harris, K. (2007). Speech science primer: Physiology, acoustics, and perception of speech (5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams, & Wilkins.
   Google Scholar
• Scarborough, R., & Zellou, G. (2013). Clarity in communication: “Clear” speech authenticity and lexical neighbourhood density effects in speech production and perception. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 134(5), 3793–3807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiljanić, R., & Bradlow, A. R. (2005). Production and perception of clear speech in Croatian and English. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118 (3), 1677–1688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smiljanić, R., & Bradlow, A. R. (2009). Speaking and hearing clearly: Talker and listener factors in speaking style changes. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 236–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Song, J.Y., Demuth, K., Shattuck-Hufnagel, S., & Ménard, L. (2013). The effects of coarticulation and morphological complexity on the production of English coda clusters: Acoustic and articulatory evidence from 2-year-olds and adults using ultrasound. Journal of Phonetics, 41 (3–4), 281–295.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, K. N. (1989). On the quantal nature of speech. Journal of Phonetics, 17, 3–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens, K. N., & House, A. S. (1955). Development of a quantitative description of vowel articulation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 27(3), 484–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, M. (2005). A guide to analysing tongue motion from ultrasound images. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 19 (6/7), 455–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, M., & Lundberg, A. (1996). Three-dimensional tongue surface shapes of English consonants and vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 99, 3728–3737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, M., Morrish, K. A., Sonies, B. C., & Shawker, T. H. (1987). Tongue curvature: A model of shape during vowel production. Folia Phoniatrica, 39, 302–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, M., Shawker, T. H., Talbot, T., & Rich, A. (1988). Cross-sectional tongue shape during the production of vowels. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 83, 1586–1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, L. Y., Hannah, B., Jongman, A., Sereno, J., Wang, Y., & Hamarneh, G. (2015). Examining visible articulatory features in clear and plain speech. Speech Communication, 75, 1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasko, S. M., & Greilick, K. (2010). Acoustic and articulatory features of diphthong production: A speech clarity study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53(1), 84–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, E. R. (2006). Evidence from Ohio on the evolution of /æ/. In T. E. Murray & B. L. Simon. (Eds.), Language variation and change in the American midland: A new look at Heartland English (pp. 69–89). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
   Google Scholar
• Tiede, M. K., Boyce, S. E., Holland, C. K., & Choe, K. A. (2004). A new taxonomy of American English /r/using MRI and ultrasound. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 115(5), 2633–2634.
   Google Scholar
• Traunmüller, H. (1990). Analytical expressions for the tonotopic sensory scale. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 88(1), 97–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uther, M., Knoll, M. A., & Burnham, D. (2007). Do you speak E-NG-LI-SH? A comparison of foreigner-and infant-directed speech. Speech Communication, 49(1), 2–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitevitch, M. S., & Luce, P. A. (1998). When words compete: Levels of processing in perception of spoken words. Psychological Science, 9(4), 325–329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson, P. J., & Munson, B. (2008). Parkinson’s disease and the effect of lexical factors on vowel articulation. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124(5), EL291–EL295.
   Google Scholar
• Westbury, J. R. (1994). X-ray microbeam speech production database user’s handbook. Madison: University of Wisconsin, Waisman Center.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, R. (2004). Factors of lexical competition in vowel articulation. In J. Local, R. Ogden & R. Temple (Eds.), Papers in laboratory phonology VI (pp. 26–50). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zharkova, N., & Hewlett, N. (2009). Measuring lingual coarticulation from midsagittal tongue contours: Description and example calculations using English /t/and /ɑ/. Journal of Phonetics, 37, 248–256.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler, J. C., Muneaux, M., & Grainger, J. (2003). Neighborhood effects in auditory word recognition: Phonological competition and orthographic facilitation. Journal of Memory and Language, 48(4), 779–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, Y. (2011). Effects of neighbourhood density on pronunciation variation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Berkeley, CA: University of California-Berkeley.
   Google Scholar