Gender differences in salivary alpha-amylase and attentional bias towards negative facial expressions following acute stress induction

REFERENCES

• Andreano, J. M., Arjomandi, H., & Cahill, L. (2008). Menstrual cycle modulation of the relationship between cortisol and long term memory. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 874–882. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aston-Jones, G., Rajkowski, J., & Cohen, J. (1999). Role of locus coeruleus in attention and behavioural flexibility. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1309–1320. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00140-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Back, S. E., Waldrop, A. E., Saladin, M. E., Yeatts, S. D., Simpson, A., McRae, A. L., … Brady, K. T. (2008). Effects of gender and cigarette smoking on reactivity to psychological and pharmacological stress provocation. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 33, 560–568. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.01.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitberg, A., Drevets, W. C., Wood, E., Mah, L., Schulkin, J., Sahakian, B. J., & Erikson, K. (2013). Hydrocortisone infusion exerts dose- and sex-dependent effects on attention to emotional stimuli. Brain and Cognition, 81, 247–255. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2012.10.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, H. M., Eley, T. C., Broeren, S., MacLeod, C., Rinck, M., Hadwin, J. A., & Lester, K. J. (2014). Psychometric properties of reaction time based experimental paradigms measuring anxiety-related information-processing biases in children. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 97–107. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203–216. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dadds, M. R., Merz, S., & Hawes, D. (2001). The UNSW facial emotion task. Sydney: University of New South Wales. Available from Author.
   Google Scholar
• Der, G., & Deary, I. J. (2006). Age and sex differences in reaction time in adulthood: Results from the United Kingdom health and lifestyle survey. Psychology and Aging, 21(1), 62–73. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of anxiety: A meta-analysis of emotional processing in PTSD, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1476–1488. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felmingham, K., Williams, L. M., Kemp, A. H., Liddell, B., Falconer, E., Peduto, A., & Bryant, R. (2010). Neural responses to masked fear faces: Sex differences and trauma exposure in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 241–247. doi:10.1037/a0017551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardener, E. K. T., Carr, A. R., MacGregor, A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2013). Sex differences and emotion regulation: An event-related potential study. Plos One, 8(10), e73475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073475.s004
   Google Scholar
• Gorman, J. M., Kent, J. M., Sullivan, G. M., & Coplan, J. D. (2000). Neuroanatomical hypothesis of panic disorder, revised. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 493–505. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joiner, T. E. (2000). Depression’s vicious scree: Self-propagating and erosive processes in depression chronicity. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 203–218. doi:10.1093/clipsy.7.2.203
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Chia, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koster, E. H. W., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., & Van Damme, S. (2005). Time-course of attention for threatening pictures in high and low trait anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 1087–1098. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreher, D. A., Powers, S. I., & Granger, D. A. (2012). The relationship between cortisol, salivary alpha amylase and cognitive bias in young women. Behavioural Neuroscience, 126, 157–166. doi:10.1037/a0026654
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kudielka, B. M., & Kirschbaum, C. (2005). Sex differences in HPA axis responses to stress: A review. Biological Psychology, 69(1), 113–132. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.11.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lithari, C., Frantzidis, C. A., Papadelis, C., Vivas, A. B., Klados, M. A., Kourtidou-Papadeli, C., … Bamidis, P. D. (2010). Are females more responsive to emotional stimuli? A neurophysiological study across arousal and valence dimensions. Brain Topography, 23(1), 27–40. doi:10.1007/s10548-009-0130-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales. Sydney, NSW: Psychological Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• McLean, C. P., & Anderson, E. R. (2009). Brave men and timid women? A review of the gender differences in fear and anxiety. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 496–505. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1998). A cognitive-motivational analysis of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 809–848. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00063-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Miles, F., & Dixon, R. (2004). Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: Testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion, 18, 689–700. doi:10.1080/02699930341000158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 8, 161–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohleder, N., & Nater, U. M. (2009). Determinants of salivary alpha-amylase in humans and methodological considerations. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 469–485. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagliano, L., Trojano, L., Amoriello, K., Migliozzi, M., & D’Olympio, F. (2014). Attention bias towards threat: The concomitant presence of difficulty of disengagement and attention avoidance in low trait anxious individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sass, S. M., Heller, W., Stewart, J. L., Silton, R. L., Edgar, J. C., Fisher, J. E., & Miller, G. A. (2010). Time course of attentional bias in anxiety: Emotion and gender specificity. Psychophysiology, 47, 247–259. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00926.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmuckle, S. C. (2005). Unreliability of the dot probe task. European Journal of Personality, 19, 595–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal, S. K., & Cahill, L. (2009). Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1263–1271. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shechner, T., Pelc, T., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2012). Flexible attention deployment in threatening contexts: An instructed fear conditioning study. Emotion, 12, 1041–1049. doi:10.1037/a0027072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Southwick, S. M., Bremner, J. D., Rasmusson, A., Morgan III, C. A., Arnsten, A., & Charney, D. S. (1999). Role of norepinephrine in the pathophysiology and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 46, 1192–1204. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00219-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Stegeren, A. H., Wolf, O. T., & Kindt, M. (2008). Salivary alpha amylase and cortisol responses to different stress tasks: Impact of sex. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69(1), 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2008.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald, I., Degnan, K. A., Gorodetsky, E., Charney, D. S., Fox, N. A., Fruchter, E., … Bar-Haim, Y. (2013). Attention to threats and combat-related posttraumatic stress symptoms. JAMA Psychiatry, 70, 401–408. doi:10.1001/2013.jamapsychiatry.188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, A. M., Nitz, A. B., Craske, M. G., & Johnson, C. (2007). The effects of anxiety upon attention allocation to affective stimuli. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 763–774. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar