Ethnic Disparities in Asthma Morbidity in Chicago

References

• Burchard E G, Ziv E, Coyle N, Gomez S L, Tang H, Karter A J, Mountain J L, Pèrez-Stable E J, Sheppard D, Risch N. The importance of race and ethnic background in biomedical research and clinical practice. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1170–1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittles R A, Weiss K M. Race, ancestry, and genes: implications for defining disease risk. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2003; 4: 33–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall E. DNA studies challenge the meaning of race. Science 1998; 282: 654–655
   Google Scholar
• Grant E N, Lyttle S C, Weiss K B. The relationship of socioeconomic factors and racial/ethnic differences in US asthma mortality. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 1923–1925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wissow L S, Gittelsohn A M, Szklo M, Starfield B, Mussman M. Poverty, race and hospitalization for childhood asthma. Am J Public Health 1988; 78: 777–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano P, Connell F A, Koepsell T D. Use of health services by African American Children with asthma on Medicaid. JAMA 1995; 274: 469–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoratti E M, Havstad S, Rodriguez J, Robens-Paradise Y, Lafata J E, McCarthy B. Health service use by African Americans and Caucasians with asthma in a managed care setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 371–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson S E, Iribarren C, Tolstykh I V, Blanc P D, Eisner M D. Effect of race on asthma management and outcomes in a large, integrated managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1846–1852
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Apter A J, Reisine S T, Affleck G, Barrows E, ZuWallack R L. The influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on health-related quality of life in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 103: 72–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinbami L J, Rhodes J C, Lara M. Racial and ethnic differences in asthma diagnosis among children who wheeze. Pediatrics 2005; 115: 1254–1260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro M, Schechtman K B, Halstead J, Bloomberg G. Risk factors for asthma morbidity and mortality in a large metropolitan city. J Asthma. 2001; 38: 625–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas S D, Whitman S. Asthma hospitalizations and mortality in Chicago: an epidemiologic overview. Chest 1999; 116: 135S–141S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalowitz M, Sadowski L, Kumar R, Weiss K B, Shannon J J. Asthma burden in a Chicago city-wide diverse sample of elementary school children. Ambul Pediatrics 2007; 7: 271–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis T C, Long S W, Jackson R H, Mayeaux E J, George R B, Murphy P W, Crouch M A. Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine: a shortened screening instrument. Fam Med 1993; 25: 391–395
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Cox F M, Ferrie P J, King D R. Development and validation of the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 32–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juniper E F, Guyatt G H, Willan A, Griffith L E. Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire. J Clin Epidemiol 1994; 47: 81–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmussen L, Olson L M, Grant E N, Fagan J, Weiss K B. Reliability and Validity of the Children's Health Survey for Asthma. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 1–10
   Google Scholar
• Josie K L, Greenley R N, Drotar D. Health-related quality-of-life measures for children with asthma: reliability and validity of the Children's Health Survey for Asthma and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 3.0 Asthma Module. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2007; 98: 218–224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins J M, Greenland S. Identifiability and exchangeability for direct and indirect effects. Epidemiology 1992; 3: 143–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl J. Direct and indirect effects. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, San Francisco. Morgan Kaufmann, 2001; 411–420
   Google Scholar
• Petersen M L, Sinisi S E, van der Laan M J. Estimation of direct causal effects. Epidemiology 2006; 17: 276–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins J M, Hernán M A, Brumback B. Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 550–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van d er, Laan M J, Petersen M L. Estimation of direct and indirect causal effects in longitudinal studies. Berkeley Electronic Press. 2004, Available at: http://www.bepress.com/ucbbiostat/paper155
   Google Scholar
• Hardie G E, Janson S, Gold W M, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Boushey H A. Ethnic differences: word descriptors used by African-American and white asthma patients during induced bronchoconstriction. Chest 2000; 117: 935–943, PMID: 10767221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts R E. Reliability of the CES-D Scale in different ethnic contexts. Psychiatry Research 1980; 2: 125–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoratti E M, Havstad S, Rodriguez J, Robens-Paradise Y, Lafata J E, McCarthy B. Health service use by African Americans and Caucasians with asthma in a managed care setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 371–377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson S E, Iribarren C, Tolstykh I V, Blanc P D, Eisner M D. Effect of race on asthma management and outcomes in a large, integrated managed care organization. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 1846–1852
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lozano P, Connell F A, Koepsell T D. Use of health services by African-American children with asthma on Medicaid. JAMA 1995; 274: 469–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J S, Cooper R S. Commentary: Considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic research. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 154: 291–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole S R, Hernán M A. Fallibility in estimating direct effects. Epidemiology 2002; 31: 163–165
   Google Scholar