References
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . . Workshop report on toxicity equivalency factors for polychlorinated biphenyl congeners . Washington, DC : Eastern Research Group, Inc. for the Risk Assessment Forum, EPA . EPA/625/3–91/020
- Kavlock , R. J. , Daston , G. P. , DeRosa , C. , Fenner‐Crisp , P. , Gray , L. E. , Kaattari , S. , Lucier , G. , Luster , M. , Mac , M. J. , Maczka , C. , Miller , R. , Moore , J. , Rosalind , R. , Scott , G. , Sheehan , D. M. , Sinks , T. and Tilson , H. A. 1996 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 104 (Suppl. 4) : 715
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1989 . Interim procedures for estimating risks associated with exposures to mixtures of chlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) and 1989 update , Washington, DC : Risk Assessment Forum, EPA . EPA/625/3–89/016
- Grant , D. L. . Dioxins: A toxicological review . Proceedings of the 12th annual workshop on pesticide residue analysis and the 5th annual workshop on chemistry and biochemistry of pesticides . Winnipeg, Canada. pp. 251 – 269 .
- Safe , S. 1990 . C.R.C. Crit, Rev. Toxicol. , 21 : 51
- Ahlborg , U. G. , Becking , G. C. , Birnbaum , L. S. , Brouwer , A. , Derks , H. J. , Feeley , M. , Golor , G. , Hanberg , A. , Larsen , J. C. , Liem , A. K. D. , Safe , S. H. , Schlatter , C. , Waern , F. , Younes , M. and Yrjanheikki , E. 1994 . Chemosphere , 28 : 1049
- Safe , S. 1994 . C.R.C. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. , 24 : 87
- Barnes , D. G. 1991 . Sci. Total Environ. , 104 : 73
- Safe , S. , Rodriguez , L. V. and Goldstein , L. S. 1995 . Toxicol. Environ. Chem. , 49 : 181
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1994 . Review draft: Estimating exposure to dioxin‐like compounds, Volume 1: Executive summary , Washington, DC : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA . EPA/600/6–88–005Ca.
- Science Advisory Board (SAB) . 1995 . An SAB report: A second look at dioxin , Washington, DC : SAB, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA‐SAB‐EC‐95–021
- Birnbaum , L. S. and DeVito , M. J. 1995 . Toxicol. , 105 : 391
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) . 1988 . International toxicity equivalency factor (I‐TEF) method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds , Report No. 176 Brussels : NATO .
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (NATO/CCMS) . 1988 . Scientific basis for the development of international toxicity equivalency (I‐TEF) factor method of risk assessment for complex mixtures of dioxins and related compounds , Report No. 178 Brussels : NATO .
- Barnes , D. , Alford‐Stevens , A. , Birnbaum , L. , Kutz , F. W. , Wood , W. and Patton , D. 1991 . Qual. Assur. Good Pract. Regul. Law , 1 (1) : 70
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1996 . Proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, EPA . EPA/600/P‐92/003C
- National Research Council (NRC) . 1993 . Pesticides in the diets of infants and children , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
- Safe , S. H. 1995 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 103 : 346
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1994 . Review draft: Health assessment document for 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds , Volume 3 , Washington, DC : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA . EPA/600/BP‐92/001c
- Walker , M. K. and Peterson , R. E. 1991 . Aquat. Toxicol. , 21 : 219
- Kovacs , T. G. , Martel , P. H. , Voss , R. H. , Wrist , P. E. and Willes , R. F. 1993 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 12 : 281
- Rattner , B. A. , Hatfield , J. S. , Melancon , M. J. , Custer , T. W. and Tillitt , D. E. 1994 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 13 : 1805
- Newsted , J. L. , Giesy , J. P. , Ankley , G. T. , Tillitt , D. E. , Crawford , R. A. , Gooch , J. W. , Jones , P. D. and Denison , M. S. 1995 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 14 : 861
- Parrott , J. L. , Hodson , P. V. , Servos , M. R. , Huestis , S. L. and Dixon , D. G. 1995 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 14 : 1041
- Villeneuve , D. , Crunkilton , R. and DeVita , W. . Identification of cytochrome P4501A inducers in complex mixtures of PAHs . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Second World Congress . Vancouver, Canada. Abstract No. PT215
- Hahn , M. E. , Woodward , B. L. , Stegeman , J. J. and Kennedy , S. W. 1996 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 15 : 582
- Hoffman , D. J. , Rice , C. P. and Kubiak , T. J. 1996 . “ PCBs and dioxins in birds ” . In Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations , Edited by: Beyer , W. N. , Heinz , G. H. and Redmon‐Norwood , A. W. 165 – 207 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Pub. .
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1993 . Interim report on data and methods for assessment of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin risks to aquatic life and associated wildlife , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, EPA . EPA/600/R‐93/055
- Zabel , E. W. , Pollenz , R. and Peterson , R. E. 1996 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 15 : 2310
- Sijm , D. T. H. M. and Opperhuizen , A. 1996 . “ Dioxins: An environmental risk for fish? ” . In Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations , Edited by: Beyer , W. N. , Heinz , G. H. and Redmon‐Norwood , A. W. 209 – 228 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Pub. .
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1993 . Provisional guidance for quantitative risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , Cincinnati, OH : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA . EPA/600/R‐93/089
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1991 . Drinking water criteria document for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , Washington, DC : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment for the Office of Water, EPA . ECAO‐CIN‐D010
- Delistraty , D. A. “ A critical review of the application of toxic equivalency factors to carcinogenic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mammals ” . In Handbook of Environmental Chemistry , Edited by: Hutzinger , O. and Neilson , A. H. Vol. 3 , Berlin : Springer‐Verlag . PAHs and related compounds, in press
- Richard , A. M. and Woo , Y. T. 1990 . Mutat. Res. , 242 (4) : 285
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1994 . Draft revisions to the guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment , Washington, DC : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA . EPA/600/BP‐92/003
- California Environmental Protection Agency (CalEPA) . 1994 . Benzo[a]pyrene as a toxic air contaminant, Part B, Health effects of benzo[a]pyrene , Berkeley, CA : Air Toxicology and Epidemiology Section, Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, CalEPA .
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1982 . Errata to the ambient water quality criteria document for PAHs , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, EPA . ECAO‐CIN‐D024
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1996 . Integrated risk information system (IRIS) , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, EPA .
- Nisbet , I. C. T. and LaGoy , P. K. 1992 . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 16 : 290
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1992 . Health effects assessment summary tables: Annual update , Washington, DC : Office of Research and Development, EPA . OHEA ECAO‐CIN‐821
- Willett , K. , Gardinali , P. and Safe , S. 1996 . Organohalogen Compounds , 29 : 375
- Willett , K. , Gardinali , P. , Sericano , J. , Wade , T. and Safe , S. . Relative induction potency of benzo (a) pyrene and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene in environmental samples using the H4IIE cell bioassay . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Second World Congress . Vancouver, Canada. Abstract No. PH205.
- Willett , K. , Gardinali , P. , Sericano , J. , Wade , T. and Safe , S. . Relative induction potency of selected polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental samples using the H4IIE cell . Society of Toxicology, 35th Annual Meeting . Anaheim, CA. Abstract No. 1666
- Bols , N. C. , Clemons , J. H. , Tom , D. J. , Schirmer , K. , Heikkila , E. , Whyte , J. J. , Lee , L. E. L. and Dixon , D. G. . Development of 2,3,7,8‐tertrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin equivalent factors with trout cell lines . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting . Washington, D.C.. Abstract No. 082
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1980 . Ambient water quality criteria document for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, EPA . EPA 440/5–80–069
- Santodonato , J. , Howard , P. and Basu , D. 1981 . J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. , 5 : 1
- National Research Council (NRC) . 1983 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Evaluation of sources and effects , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
- U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1984 . Health effects assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , Cincinnati, OH : Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, EPA . EPA 540/1–86–013
- White , K. L. 1986 . Environ. Carcinogen. Rev. , 4 : 163
- Eisler , R. 1987 . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: A synoptic review , 81 U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. . Rep. 85[1.11]
- Varanasi , U. 1989 . Metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. , Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press .
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) . 1995 . Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , Atlanta, GA : ATSDR, U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services .
- Hellou , J. 1996 . “ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine mammals, finfish, and molluscs ” . In Environmental contaminants in wildlife: Interpreting tissue concentrations , Edited by: Beyer , W. N. , Heinz , G. H. and Redmon‐Norwood , A. W. 229 – 250 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Pub. .
- Schirmer , K. , Chan , A. G. J. , Greenberg , B. M. , Dixon , D. G. and Bols , N. C. . Direct and photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to fish cells: An in vitro approach . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting . Washington, D.C.. Abstract No. PO246
- Mallakin , A. , MacConkey , B. J. , McKibbenyen , B. , Sniekusyen , V. , Dixon , D. G. and Greenberg , B. M. . Toxicity of 14 photooxidized anthracene derivatives to Lemna gibba L. G‐3 . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting . Washington, D.C.. Abstract No. PO251
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1987 . “ Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: An updating of IARC monographs volumes 1 ‐42, Suppl. 7 ” . In IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk to humans , Lyon, , France : World Health Organization, IARC .
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1989 . “ Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes ” . In IARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk to humans , Volume 46 , Lyon, , France : World Health Organization, IARC .
- Krewski , D. , Thorslund , T. and Whithey , J. 1989 . Toxicol. Ind. Health , 5 : 851
- Chu , M. M. L. and Chen , C. W. . Evaluation and estimation of potential carcinogenic risks of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons . Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Workplace, International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies . Honolulu, HI.
- Clement Associates . 1988 . Comparative potency approach for estimating the cancer risk associated with exposure to mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Interim Final Report , ICF Clement Associates, Fairfax, VA for U. S. Environmental Protection Agency . Contract No. 68–02–4403
- Collins , J. F. , Brown , J. P. , Dawson , S. V. and Marty , M. A. 1991 . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 13 : 170
- Klaassen , C. D. and Eaton , D. L. 1991 . “ Principles of toxicology ” . In Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: The basic science of poisons , Edited by: Amdur , M. O. , Doull , J. D. and Klaassen , C. D. 12 – 49 . New York : Pergamon Press .
- Williams , G. M. and Weisburger , J. H. 1991 . “ Chemical carcinogenesis ” . In Cassarett and Doull's Toxicology: The basic science of poisons , Edited by: Amdur , M. O. , Doull , J. D. and Klaassen , C. D. 127 – 200 . New York : Pergamon Press .
- Stevenson , D. E. , Sielken , R. L. and Bretzlaff , R. S. 1994 . BELLE Newsletter , 3 (2) : 1
- Rozman , K. , Roth , W. L. , Greim , H. , Stahl , B. U. and Doull , J. 1993 . Toxicology , 77 : 39
- Stegemen , J. J. , Brouwer , M. , DiGuilio , R. T. , Forlin , L. , Fowler , B. A. , Sanders , B. M. and Van Veld , P. A. 1992 . “ Molecular responses to environmental contamination: Enzyme and protein systems as indicators of chemical exposure and effect ” . In Biomarkers: Biochemical, Physiological, and histological markers of anthropogenic stress , Edited by: Huggett , R. J. , Kimerle , R. A. , Mehrle , P. M. and Bergman , H. L. 235 – 335 . Boca Raton, FL : Lewis Pub. .
- Guengerich , F. P. 1993 . Amer. Sci. , 81 (5) : 440
- Parrott , J. L. . Dose‐response curves for fish MFO induction: How do we interpret different maxima and slopes? . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17th Annual Meeting . Washington, D.C.. Abstract No. 081
- Vamvakas , A. , Keller , J. and Dufresne , M. 1996 . Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , 15 : 814
- Brown , J. F. and Silkworth , J. B. . Dioxin equivalency: Challenge to dose extrapolation . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Second World Congress . Vancouver, Canada. Abstract No. 329
- Silkworth , J. B. and Brown , J. F. . Evaluating the impact of exposure to environmental contaminants on human health . Proceedings of the 19th Annual Arnold O. Beckman Conference in Clinical Chemistry Session III Chronic Toxicity .
- Wynder , E. L. and Hoffman , D. 1959 . Cancer , 12 : 1079
- Hoffman , D. and Wynder , E. L. 1966 . Z. Krebsforch , 68 : 137
- Bingham , E. and Falk , H. L. 1969 . Arch. Environ. Health , 19 : 779
- Habs , M. , Schmahl , D. and Misfeld , J. 1980 . Arch. Geschwulstforsch , 50 : 266
- Van Duuren , B. L. , Sivak , A. , Segal , A. , Orris , L. and Langseth , L. 1966 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 37 : 519
- Hecht , S. S. , Loy , M. , Maronpot , R. R. and Hoffman , D. 1976 . Cancer Lett. , 1 : 147
- LaVoie , E. J. , Amin , S. , Hecht , S. S. , Furuya , K. and Hoffman , D. 1982 . Carcinogenesis , 3 : 49
- Cavalieri , E. L. , Rogan , E. G. , Higginbotham , S. , Cremonesi , P. and Salmasi , S. 1989 . J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. , 115 : 67
- Cavalieri , E. L. , Higginbotham , S. , RamaKrishna , N. V. , Devanesan , P. D. , Todorovic , R. , Rogan , E. G. and Salmasi , S. 1991 . Carcinogenesis , 12 : 1939
- Warshawsky , D. , Barkley , W. , Miller , M. L. , LaDow , K. and Andringa , A. 1992 . Toxicology , 71 : 233
- Deutsch‐Wenzel , R. P. , Brune , H. , Grimmer , O. , Dettbarn , G. and Misfeld , J. 1983 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 71 : 539
- Iwagawa , M. , Maeda , T. , Izumi , K. , Otsuka , H. , Nishifuji , K. , Ohnishi , Y. and Aoki , S. 1989 . Carcinogenesis , 10 : 1285
- Bryan , W. R. and Shimkin , M. B. 1943 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 3 : 502
- Pfeiffer , E. H. 1977 . “ Oncogenic interaction of carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic poly‐cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ” . In Air pollution and cancer in man , IARC Scientific Publication No. 16 Edited by: Mohr , V. , Schmahl , D. and Tomatis , L. 69 – 77 . Lyon, , France
- Wislocki , P. G. , Bagan , E. S. , Lu , A. Y. H. , Dooley , K. L. , Fu , P. P. , Han‐Hsu , H. , Beland , F. A. and Kadlubar , F. F. 1986 . Carcinogenesis , 7 : 1317
- LaVoie , E. J. , Braley , J. , Rice , J. E. and Rivenson , A. 1987 . Cancer Lett. , 24 : 15
- Busby , W. F. , Stevens , E. K. , Kellenbach , E. R. , Cornelisse , J. and Lugtenburg , J. 1988 . Carcinogenesis , 9 (5) : 741
- Busby , W. F. , Stevens , E. K. , Martin , C. N. , Chow , F. L. and Garner , R. C. 1989 . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 99 (3) : 555
- Snell , K. C. and Stewart , H. L. 1962 . J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , 28 : 1043
- Miller , J. A. , Sandin , R. B. , Miller , E. C. and Rusch , H. P. 1955 . Cancer Res. , 15 : 188
- Chouroulinkov , I. , Gentil , A. and Guerin , M. 1967 . Bull. Cancer , S4 : 67
- Takemura , N. , Hashida , C. and Teresawa , M. 1974 . Br. J. Cancer , 30 : 481
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) . 1978 . Bioassay of 5‐nitroacenaphthene for possible carcinogenicity , Carcinogenesis Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 118 Bethesda, MD : NCI Carcinogenesis Testing Program, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare .
- Shay , H. , Gruenstein , M. and Kessler , W. B. 1961 . J. Nat. Cancer Inst. , 27 : 503
- Shay , H. , Gruenstein , M. and Kessler , W. B. 1962 . “ Methylcholanthrene induced breast cancer in the rat: Studies on mechanism of inhibition by large doses of estrogen ” . In Morphological precursors of cancer , Edited by: Severi , L. 305 – 318 . Perugia : Division of Cancer Research .
- Gruenstein , M. , Shay , H. and Shimkin , M. B. 1964 . Cancer Res. , 24 : 1656
- Takayama , S. , Ishikawa , T. , Nakajima , H. and Sato , S. 1985 . Jpn. J. Cancer Res. (Gann) , 75 : 457
- Brown , R. and Mittelman , A. 1993 . Evaluation of existing methods to rank the relative carcinogenicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) , Technical Resources, Inc., Rockville, MD for Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Contract No. 68‐D1–0022
- Iball , J. 1939 . Am. J. Cancer , 35 : 188
- Clement Associates . 1990 . Development of relative potency estimates for PAHs and hydrocarbon combustion product fractions compared to benzo[a]pyrene and their use in carcinogenic risk assessments , Clement International Corp., Fairfax, VA for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . EPA/600/R‐92/134
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1992 . PAH scoring exercise , Washington, DC : Office of Prevention, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances, EPA .
- Daffer , P. Z. , Crump , K. S. and Masterman , M. D. 1980 . Math. Biosci. , 50 : 207
- Neal , J. and Rigdon , R. H. 1967 . Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. , 25 : 553
- Thyssen , J. , Althoff , J. , Kimmerle , G. and Mohr , U. 1981 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 66 : 575
- Anderson , E. L. and Carcinogen Assessment Group of the US Environmental Protection Agency . 1983 . Risk Anal. , 3 (4) : 277
- Saffiotti , U. , Montesano , R. , Sellakumar , A. R. and Kaufman , D. G. 1972 . J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 49 : 1199
- Feron , V. J. , DeJong , D. and Emmelot , P. 1973 . Eur. J. Cancer , 9 : 387
- Schmahl , D. , Schmidt , K. G. and Habs , M. 1977 . “ Syncarcinogenic action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust gas condensates ” . In Air pollution and cancer in man , IARC Scientific Publication No. 16 Edited by: Mohr , V. , Schmahl , D. and Tomatis , L. 53 – 59 . Lyon, , France
- Grover , P. L. and Sims , P. 1968 . Biochem. J. , 110 : 159
- Phillips , D. H. , Grover , P. L. and Sims , P. 1979 . Int. J. Cancer , 23 : 201
- Tokiwa , H. and Ohnishi , Y. 1986 . C.R.C. Crit. Rev. Toxicol , 17 : 23
- Atkinson , R. and Arey , J. 1994 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 102 (suppl. 4) : 117
- Warshawsky , D. , Barkley , W. and Bingham , E. 1993 . Fund. Appl. Toxicol. , 20 : 376
- Hughes , N. C. and Phillips , D. H. 1990 . Carcinogenesis , 11 (9) : 1611
- Brown , J. P. . Objective ranking of airborne polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds based on genetic toxicity . Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association . Anaheim, CA. Paper 89–91.5
- Anderson , J. W. , Bothner , K. , Edelman , D. , Vincent , S. , Vu , T. P. and Tukey , R. H. 1996 . “ The use of human 101L cells as a biomarker, P450 RGS, for assessing the potential risk of environmental samples ” . In Field applications of biomarkers for agrochemicals and toxic substances , Edited by: Blancato , J. , Brown , R. , Dary , C. and Saleh , M. Washington, DC : American Chemical Society . Symposium volume.
- Govers , H. A. J. 1990 . “ Prediction of environmental behavior and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by PAR and QSAR ” . In Practical applications of quantitative structure‐activity relationships (QSAR) in environmental chemistry and toxicology , Edited by: Karchers , W. and Devillers , J. 411 – 432 . Boston : Kluwer Academic Pubs. .
- Chaloupka , K. , Harper , N. , Krishnan , V. , Santostefano , M. , Rodriguez , L. V. and Safe , S. 1993 . Chem. Biol. Interact. , 89 (2–3) : 141
- Hartwell , L. H. and Kastan , M. B. 1994 . Science , 266 : 1821
- Bothner , K. and Anderson , J. . Relative induction of a biomarker, P450 RGS, by PAHs and chlorinated hydrocarbons . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Second World Congress . Vancouver, Canada. Abstract No. PH206
- Bemgard , A. , Colmsjo , A. and Lundmark , B.‐O. 1993 . J Chromatogr. , 630 : 287
- Ellenhorn , M. J. and Barceloux , D. G. 1988 . Medical toxicology: Diagnosis and treatment of human poisoning , 952 – 954 . New York : Elsevier .
- Rugen , P. J. , Stern , C. D. and Lamm , S. H. 1989 . Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. , 9 : 273
- Stoner , G. D. , Greisiger , E. A. , Schut , H. A. , Pereira , M. A. , Loeb , T. R. , Klaunig , J. E. and Branstetter , D. G. 1984 . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. , 72 (2) : 313
- Conney , A. H. 1982 . Cancer Res. , 42 : 4875
- Cavalieri , E. , Munhall , A. , Rogan , E. , Salmasi , S. and Patil , K. 1983 . Carcinogenesis , 4 : 393
- DiGiovanni , J. , Rymer , J. , Slaga , T. J. and Boutwell , R. K. 1982 . Carcinogenesis , 3 (4) : 371
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) . 1986 . “ Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures ” . In The risk assessment guidelines of 1986 , 3 – 1 . 3 – 16 . Washington, DC : Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, EPA . EPA/600/8–87/045
- Commission on Risk Assessment and Risk Management (CRARM) , Omenn , G. S. , Kessler , A. C. , Anderson , N. T. , Chiu , P. T. , Doull , J. , Goldstein , B. , Lederberg , J. , McGuire , S. , Rail , D. and Weldon , V. W. 1996 . Risk assessment and risk management in regulatory decision‐making, Draft report , Washington, DC : CRARM .
- Jonker , D. , Woutersen , R. A. , Van Bladeren , P. J. , Til , H. P. and Feron , V. J. 1993 . Food Chem. Toxicol , 31 : 125
- Perera , F. P. 1996 . Sci. Amer. , 274 (5) : 54
- Denissenko , M. F. , Pao , A. , Tang , M. S. and Pfeifer , G. P. 1996 . Science , 274 : 430
- Fan , A. and Howd , R. 1995 . Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. , 35 : 341
- Cowan , C. E. , Mackay , D. , Feijtel , T. C. J. , van de Meent , D. , Di Guardo , A. , Davies , J. and Mackay , N. , eds. 1995 . The multi‐media fate model: A vital tool for predicting the fate of chemicals , Pensacola, FL : SETAC Press .
- Finkel , A. M. 1990 . Confronting uncertainty in risk management: A guide for decision‐makers , Washington, DC : Center for Risk Management, Resources for the Future .
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) . 1996 . A guide for uncertainty analysis in dose and risk assessments related to environmental contamination , NCRP Commentary No. 14 Bethesda, MD : NCRP .
- Thompson , K. M. , Burmaster , D. E. and Crouch , E. A. C. 1992 . Risk Anal. , 12 : 53
- Burmaster , D. E. and Anderson , P. D. 1996 . Risk Anal. , 14 : 477
- Moore , D. R. J. and Elliott , B. J. 1996 . Human Ecol Risk Assess. , 2 : 11
- Eadon , G. , Kaminsky , L. , Silkworth , J. , Aldous , K. , Hilker , D. , O'Keefe , P. , Smith , R. , Gierthy , J. , Hawley , J. , Kim , N. and DeCaprio , A. 1986 . Environ. Health Perspect. , 70 : 221
- Zacharewski , T. , Safe , L. , Safe , S. , Chittim , B. , DeVault , D. , Wiberg , K. , Bergqvist , P.‐A. and Rappe , C. 1989 . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 23 : 730
- Tillitt , D. E. , Giesy , J. P. and Ankley , G. T. 1991 . Environ. Sci. Technol. , 25 (1) : 87
- Bradbury , S. P. . Toxic equivalency methods for evaluating Ah receptor‐mediated effects: Uncertainties in ecological risk assessments . Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Second World Congress . Vancouver, Canada. Abstract No. 327
- (509) 456–6362 T, (509) 456–6175 F, [email protected]