A Toxicology Suite Adapted for Comparing Parallel Toxicity Responses of Model Human Lung Cells to Diesel Exhaust Particles and Their Extracts

REFERENCES

• Andrysik, Z., Vondracek, J., Marvanova, S., Ciganek, M., Neca, J., Pencikova, K., Mahadevan, B., Topinka, J., Baird, W. M., Kozubik, A., and Machala, M. (2011). Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor is the Major Toxic Mode of Action of an Organic Extract of a Reference Urban Dust Particulate Matter Mixture: The Role of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Mutat. Res. Fund. Mol. M., 714:53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arimoto, T., Takano, H., Inoue, K., Yanagisawa, R., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., and Yoshikawa, T. (2007). Pulmonary Exposure to Diesel Exhaust Particle Components Enhances Circulatory Chemokines during Lung Inflammation. Int. J. Immunopath. Pharmacol., 20:197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson, R. W., Anderson, H. R., Sunyer, J., Ayres, J., Baccini, M., Vonk, J. M., Boumghar, A., Forastiere, F., Forsberg, B., Touloumi, G., Schwartz, J., and Katsouyanni, K. (2001). Acute Effects of Particulate Air Pollution on Respiratory Admissions: Results from APHEA 2 Project. Air Pollution and Health: A European Approach. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 164:1860–1866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai, Y., Suzuki, A. K., and Sagai, M. (2001). The Cytotoxic Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells In Vitro: Role of Active Oxygen Species. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 30:555–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, J. C., Straccia, A. M., Young, W. C., and Aust, A. E. (2000). The Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species Catalyzed by Neutral, Aqueous Extracts of NIST Ambient Particulate Matter and Diesel Engine Particles. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc., 50:1897–1903.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bayra, H., Devalia, J., Sapsford, R., Ohtosi, T., Miyabara, Y., Sagai, M., and Davies, R. (1998). The Effect of Diesel Exhaust Particles on Cell Function and Release of Inflammatory Mediators from Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 18:441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonvallot, V., Baeza-Squiban, A., Baulig, A., Brulant, S., Boland, S., Muzeau, F., Barouki, R., and Marano, F. (2001). Organic Compounds from Diesel Exhaust Particles Elicit a Proinflammatory Response in Human Airway Epithelial Cells and Induce Cytochrome p450 1A1 Expression. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol., 25:515–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carero, D., Hoet, P., Verschaeve, L., Shoeters, G., and Nemery, B. (2001). Genotoxic Effects of Carbon Black Particles, Diesel Exhaust Particles, and Urban Air Particles and Their Extracts on a Human Alveolar Epithelial Cell Line (A549) and Human Monocytic Cell Line (THP-1). Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 37:155–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, K., Jacks, T., and Pavletich, N. (1997). The Cell Cycle and Cancer. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94:2776–2778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooney, D. J., and Hickey, A. J. (2011). Cellular Response to the Deposition of Diesel Exhaust Particle Aerosols onto Human Lung Cells Grown at the Air-Liquid Interface by Inertial Impaction. Toxicol. In Vitro 25:1953–1965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruijne, K., Ebersviller, S., Sexton, K. G., Lake, S., Leith, D., Goodman, R., Jetters, J., Walters, G. W., Doyle-Eisele, M., Woodside, R., Jeffries, H. E., and Jaspers, I. (2009). Design and Testing of Electrostatic Aerosol in Vitro Exposure System (EAVES): An Alternative Exposure System for Particles. Inhal. Toxicol., 21:91–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Kok, T. M., Hogervorst, J. G., Briede, J. J., van Herwijnen, M. H., Maas, L. M., Moonen, E. J., Driece, H. A., and Kleinjans, J. C. (2005). Genotoxicity and Physicochemical Characteristics of Traffic-Related Ambient Particulate Matter. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 46:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donner, A. J., Szostek, S., Hoover, J. M., and Espinosa, J. M. (2007). CDK8 is a Stimulus-Specific Positive Coregulator of p53 Target Genes. Mol. Cell, 27:121–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenbrand, G., Pool-Zobel, B., Baker, V., Balls, M., Blaauboer, B. J., Boobis, A., Carere, A., and Kleiner, J. (2002). Methods of In Vitro Toxicology. Food Chem. Toxicol., 40:193–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Environmental Protection Agency (2002). Health Assessment Document for Diesel Engine Exhaust. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC, p. 669.
   Google Scholar
• Holder, A. L., Lucas, D., Goth-Goldstein, R., and Koshland, C. P. (2008). Cellular Response to Diesel Exhaust Particles Strongly Depends on the Exposure Method. Toxicol. Sci., 103:108–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao, I. L., and Huang, Y. J. (2013). Effects of Serum on Cytotoxicity of Nano- and Micro-Sized ZnO Particles. J. Nanopart. Res., 15:1829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue, K., Takano, H., Yanagisawa, R., Sakurai, M., Abe, S., Yoshino, S., Yamaki, K., and Yoshikawa, T. (2007). Effects of Components Derived from Diesel Exhaust Particles on Lung Physiology Related to Antigen. Immunopharm. Immunotox., 29:403–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knebel, J. W., Ritter, D., and Aufderheide, M. (2002). Exposure of Human Lung Cells to Native Diesel Motor Exhaust—Development of an Optimized In Vitro Test Strategy. Toxicol. In Vitro, 16:185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooter, I. M., Alblas, M. J., Jedynska, A. D., Steenhof, M., Houtzager, M. M., and van Ras, M. (2013). Alveolar Epithelial Cells (A549) Exposed at the Air-Liquid Interface to Diesel Exhaust: First Study in TNO's Powertrain Test Center. Toxicol. In Vitro, 27:2342–2349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishan, A. (1975). Rapid Flow Cytofluorometric Analysis of Mammalian Cell Cycle by Propidium Iodide Staining. J. Cell Biol., 66:188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landreman, A. P., Shafer, M. M., Hemming, J. C., Hannigan, M. P., and Schauer, J. J. (2008). A Macrophage-Based Method for the Assessment of the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Activity of Atmospheric Particulate Matter (PM) and Application to Routine (Daily-24 h) Aerosol Monitoring Studies. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 42:946–957.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine, A. J. (1997). p53, the Cellular Gatekeeper for Growth and Division. Cell, 88:323–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewtas, J., and Gallagher, J. (1990). Complex Mixtures of Urban Air Pollutants: Identification and Comparative Assessment of Mutagenic and Tumorigenic Chemicals and Emission Sources. IARC Sci. Pub., 252–260.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li, N., Hao, M., Phalen, R. F., Hinds, W. C., and Nel, A. E. (2003). Particulate Air Pollutants and Asthma: A Paradigm for the Role of Oxidative Stress in PM-Induced Adverse Health Effects. Clin. Immunol. 109:250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., Venkatesan, M. I., Miguel, A., Kaplan, R., Gujuluva, C., Alam, J., and Nel, A. (2000). Induction of Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Macrophages by Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals and Quinones via the Antioxidant-Responsive Element. J. Immunol., 165:3393–3401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N., Wang, M., Oberley, T. D., Sempf, J. M., and Nel, A. E. (2002). Comparison of the Pro-Oxidative and Proinflammatory Effects of Organic Diesel Exhaust Particle Chemicals in Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Macrophages. J. Immunol., 169:4531–4541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtveld, K. M., Ebersviller, S. M., Sexton, K. G., Vizuete, W., Jaspers, I., and Jeffries, H. E. (2012). In Vitro Exposures in Diesel Exhaust Atmospheres: Resuspension of PM from Filters Versus Direct Deposition of PM from Air. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46:9062–9070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhin, E., Holme, J. A., Gutzkow, K. B., Arlt, V. M., Kucab, J. E., Camatini, M., and Gualtieri, M. (2013). Cell Cycle Alterations Induced by Urban PM2.5 in Bronchial Epithelial Cells: Characterization of the Process and Possible Mechanisms Involved. Part. Fibre Toxicol., 10:63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, J. Y., and Ma, J. K. (2002). The Dual Effect of the Particulate and Organic Components of Diesel Exhaust Particles on the Alteration of Pulmonary Immune/Inflammatory Responses and Metabolic Enzymes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. Part C., 20:117–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masala, S., Ahmed, T., Bergvall, C., and Westerholm, R. (2011). Improved Efficiency of Extraction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material Diesel Particulate Matter (SRM 2975) Using Accelerated Solvent Extraction. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 401:3305–3315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NIST (2009a). Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2975 Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift). Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
   Google Scholar
• NIST (2009b). Certificate of Analysis Standard Reference Material 1975 Diesel Particulate Extract. Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Nunez, R. (2001). DNA Measurement and Cell Cycle Analysis by Flow Cytometry. Cur. Iss. Mol. Bio., 3:67–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okayama, Y., Kuwahara, M., Suzuki, A. K., and Tsubone, H. (2006). Role of Reactive Oxygen Species on Diesel Exhaust Particle-Induced Cytotoxicity in Rat Cardiac Myocytes. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A., 69:1699–1710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okeson, C. D., Riley, M. R., and Riley-Saxton, E. (2004). In Vitro Alveolar Cytotoxicity of Soluble Components of Airborne Particulate Matter: Effects of Serum on Toxicity of Transition Metals. Toxicol. In Vitro, 18:673–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarze, P. E., Totlandsdal, A. I., Lag, M., Refsnes, M., Holme, J. A., and Ovrevik, J. (2013). Inflammation-Related Effects of Diesel Engine Exhaust Particles: Studies on Lung Cells In Vitro. BioMed Res. Int., 2013:685142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sclafani, R. A., and Holzen, T. M. (2007). Cell Cycle Regulation of DNA Replication. Annu. Rev. Genet., 41:237–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seagrave, J., Dunaway, S., McDonald, J. D., Mauderly, J. L., Hayden, P., and Stidley, C. (2007). Responses of Differentiated Primary Human Lung Epithelial Cells to Exposure to Diesel Exhaust at an Air-Liquid Interface. Exp. Lung Res., 33:27–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seagrave, J., Mauderly, J. L., and Seilkop, S. K. (2003). In Vitro Relative Toxicity Screening of Combined Particulate and Semivolatile Organic Fractions of Gasoline and Diesel Engine Emissions. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 66:1113–1132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speirs, L. B. M., McIlroy, S. J., Petrovski, S., and Seviour, R. J. (2010). The Activated Sludge Bulking Filament Eikelboom Morphotype 0914 is a Member of the Chloroflexi. Environ. Microbiol. Rep., 3:159–165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Totlandsdal, A. I., Herseth, J. I., Bolling, A. K., Kubatova, A., Braun, A., Cochran, R. E., Refsnes, M., Ovrevik, J., and Lag, M. (2012). Differential Effects of the Particle Core and Organic Extract of Diesel Exhaust Particles. Toxicol. Lett., 208:262–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valavanidis, A., Fiotakis, K., and Vlachogianni, T. (2008). Airborne Particulate Matter and Human Health: Toxicological Assessment and Importance of Size and Composition of Particles for Oxidative Damage and Carcinogenic Mechanisms. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part C., 26:339–362.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermes, I., Haanen, C., Steffens-Nakken, H., and Reutelingsperger, C. (1995). A Novel Assay for Apoptosis. Flow Cytometric Detection of Phosphatidylserine Expression on Early Apoptotic Cells Using Fluorescein Labelled Annexin V. J. Immunol. Methods, 184:39–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vousden, K. H., and Lane, D. P. (2007). p53 in Health and Disease. Nature Rev: Mol. Cell Biol., 8:275–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (2012). Health Effects of Particulate Matter. World Health Organization Report. World Health Organization Report, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, H. M., Ma, J. Y., Castranova, V., and Ma, J. K. (1997). Effects of Diesel Exhaust Particles on the Release of Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha from Rat Alveolar Macrophages. Exp. Lung Res., 23:269–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun, Y. P., Lee, J. Y., Ahn, E. K., Lee, K. H., Yoon, H. K., and Lim, Y. (2009). Diesel Exhaust Particles Induce Apoptosis via p53 and Mdm2 in J774A.1 Macrophage Cell Line. Toxicol. In Vitro, 23:21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamai, L., Canonico, B., Gritzapis, A., Luchetti, F., Felici, C., Della Felice, M., Margomenou, L., Papamichail, M., Gratama, J. W., and Papa, S. (2002). Intracellular Detection of Bcl-2 and p53 Proteins by Flow Cytometry: Comparison of Monoclonal Antibodies and Sample Preparation Protocols. J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents, 16:289–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar