“Spice,” “Kryptonite,” “Black Mamba”: An Overview of Brand Names and Marketing Strategies of Novel Psychoactive Substances on the Web

REFERENCES

• Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (ACMD). 2011. Consideration of the Novel Psychoactive Substances (“Legal Highs”). London: ACMD.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, R.P.; Treble, R. & Williams, K. 2011. Reference materials for new psychoactive substances. Drug and Testing Analysis 3 (7–8): 505–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arndt, T.; Claussen, U.; Güssregen, B.; Schröfel, S.; Stürzer, B.; Werle, A. & Wolf, G. 2011. Kratom alkaloids and O-desmethyltramadol in urine of a “Krypton” herbal mixture consumer. Forensic Science International 208 (1–3): 47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azarius online smartshop. 2013. Kryptonite. Available at: http://azarius.net/smartshop/psychedelics/lsa_seeds/kryptonite/reviews/ . Accessed September 21, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Barratt, M.J. 2012 Silk Road: eBay for drugs. Addiction 107 (3): 683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersani, G.; Orlandi, V.; Kotzalidis, G.D. & Pancheri, P. 2002. Cannabis and schizophrenia: Impact on onset, course, psychopathology and outcomes. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 252 (2): 86–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersani, F.S.; Corazza, O.; Simonato, P.; Mylokosta, A.; Levari, E.; Lovaste, R. & Schifano, F. 2013. Drops of madness? Recreational misuse of tropicamide collyrium: Early warning alerts from Russia and Italy. General Hospital Psychiatry 35 (5): 571–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bersani, F.S.; Corazza, O.; Albano, G.; Bruschi, S.; Minichino, A.; Vicinanza, R.; Bersani, G.; Martinotti, G. & Schifano, F. 2014. The “Eyeballing” Technique: An emerging and alerting trend of alcohol misuse. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Besharat, S.; Besharat, M. & Jabbari A. 2009. Wild lettuce (Lactuca virosa) toxicity. BMJ Case Report 2009: bcr06.2008.0134.
   Google Scholar
• Bigdeli. I.; Corazza, O.; Aslanpour, Z. & Schifano, F. 2013. Novel Psychoactive Substances (NPS): A study on Persian language websites. Iranian Journal of Public Health 1: 42(5): 511–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt, S.D.; Sumnall, H.R.; Measham, F. & Cole, J. 2010. Analyses of second-generation “legal highs” in the UK: Initial findings. Drug Testing and Analysis 2: 377–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruno, R.; Poesiat, R. & Matthews, A.J. 2013. Monitoring the Internet for emerging psychoactive substances available to Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review 32 (5): 541–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler, S.F.; Venuti, S.W.; Benoit, C.; Beaulaurier, R.L.; Houle, B. & Katz, N. 2007. Internet surveillance: Content analysis and monitoring of product-specific Internet prescription opioid abuse-related postings. Clinical Journal of Pain 23 (7): 619–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cone, E.J. 2006. Ephemeral profiles of prescription drug formulation tampering: Evolving pseudoscience on the Internet. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 83: S31–S39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza, O.; Schifano, F.; Farre, M.; Deluca, P.; Davey, Z.; Torrens, M.; Demetrovics, Z.; Di Furia, L.; Flesland, L.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Van Der Kreeft, P. & Scherbaum, N. 2011. Designer drugs on the Internet: A phenomenon out-of-control? The emergence of hallucinogenic drug bromo-dragonfly. Current Clinical Pharmacology 6 (2): 125–129.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corazza, O.; Schifano, F.; Simonato, P.; Fergus, S.; Assi, S.; Stair, J.; Corkery, J.; Trincas, G.; Deluca, P.; Davey, Z.; Blaszko, U.; Demetrovics, Z.; Moskalewicz, J.; Enea, A.; Di Melchiorre, G.; Mervo, B.; Di Furia, L.; Farre, M.; Flesland, L.; Pasinetti, M.; Pezzolesi, C.; Pisarska, A.; Shapiro, H.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Enea, A.; Sferrazza, E.; Torrens, M.; Van der Kreeft, P.; Zummo, D. & Scherbaum, N. 2012. The phenomenon of new drugs on the Internet: A study on the diffusion of the ketamine derivative methoxetamine (“MXE”). Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 27: 145–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza, O.; Assi, S.; Simonato, P.; Corkery, J.; Bersani, F.S.; Demetrovics, Z.; Stair, J.; Fergus, S.; Pezzolesi, C.; Pasinetti, M.; Deluca, P.; Drummond, C.; Davey, Z.; Blaszko, U.; Moskalewicz, J.; Mervo, B.; Furia, L.D.; Farre, M.; Flesland, L.; Pisarska, A.; Shapiro, H.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Sferrazza, E.; Torrens, M.; Sambola, F; an der Kreeft, P.; Scherbaum, N. & Schifano, F. 2013. Promoting innovation and excellence to face the rapid diffusion of Novel Psychoactive Substances in the EU: The outcomes of the ReDNet project. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 28 (4): 317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza, O.; Simonato, P.; Corkery, J.; Trincas, G. & Schifano, F. 2014a. “Legal highs”: Safe and legal “heavens”? A study on the diffusion, knowledge and risk awareness of novel psychoactive drugs among students in the UK. Rivista di Psichiatria 49 (2): 89–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza, O.; Bersani, F.S.; Brunoro, R.; Valeriani, G.; Martinotti, G. & Schifano, F. 2014b. The diffusion of performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) on the Internet: The abuse of cognitive enhancer Piracetam. Substance Use and Misuse, in press.
   Google Scholar
• Corkery, J.M.; Elliott, S.; Schifano, F.; Corazza, O. & Ghodse, A.H. 2013. MDAI (5,6-methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane; 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[f][1,3]benzodioxol-6-amine; “sparkle”; “mindy”) toxicity: A brief overview and update. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 28 (4): 345–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, N.; Freifeld, C.; Brownstein, J.S.; Menone, C.M.; Surratt, H.L.; Poppish, L.; Green J.L.; Lavonas, E.J. & Dart, R.C. 2013. Crowdsourcing black market prices for prescription opioids. Journal of Medical Internet Research 15 (8): e178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davey, Z.; Schifano, F.; Corazza, O.; Deluca, P. & Psychonaut Web Mapping Group. 2012. e-Psychonauts: Conducting research in online drug forum communities. Journal of Mental Health 21 (4): 386–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S.; Wood, D.M.; Smith, G.; Button, J.; Ramsey, J.; Archer, R.; Holt, D.W. & Dargan, P.I. 2010. Purchasing “legal highs” on the Internet: Is there consistency in what you get? QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 103: 489–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deluca, P.; Davey, Z.; Corazza, O.; Di Furia, L.; Farre, M.; Flesland, L.H.; Mannonen, M.; Majava, A.; Peltoniemi, T.; Pasinetti, M.; Pezzolesi, C.; Scherbaum, N.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Torrens, M.; Van der Kreeft, P.; Iversen, E. & Schifano, F. 2012. Identifying emerging trends in recreational drug use: Outcomes from the Psychonaut Web Mapping Project. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 39 (2): 221–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drug Enforcement Administration, Department of Justice. 2013. Schedules of controlled substances: Temporary placement of three synthetic cannabinoids into Schedule I. Final order. Federal Register 78 (95): 28735–28739.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Estrada-Reyes, R.; Ortiz-López, P.; Gutiérrez-Ortíz, J. & Martínez-Mota L. 2009. Turnera diffusa Wild (Turneraceae) recovers sexual behavior in sexually exhausted males. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123 (3): 423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurobarometer. 2011. Eurobarometer: Youth Attitudes on Drugs. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl_330_en.pdf. Accessed December 9, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2012. The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Available at http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/annual-report/2012. Accessed December 2, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). 2013. Europol 2012 Annual Report on the Implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA (New Drugs in Europe 2012). Lisbon: EMCDDA, May. Available at http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2012. Accessed November 22, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Evans-Brown, M.; McVeigh, J.; Perkins, C. & Bellis M. 2012. Human Enhancement Drugs: The Emerging Challenges to Public Health. Liverpool: John Moores University Centre for Public Health.
   Google Scholar
• Free, C.; Phillips, G.; Felix, L.; Galli, L.; Patel, V. & Edwards, P. 2010. The effectiveness of M-health technologies for improving health and health services: A systematic review protocol. BMC Research Notes 6 (3): 250.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher, C.T.; Assi, S.; Stair, J.L.; Fergus, S.; Corazza, O.; Corkery, J.M. & Schifano, F. 2012. 5,6-Methylenedioxy-2-aminoindane: From laboratory curiosity to “legal high.” Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 27 (2): 106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelatti, U.; Pedrazzani, R.; Marcantoni, C.; Mascaretti, S.; Repice, C.; Filippucci, L.; Zerbini, I.; Dal Grande, M.; Orizio, G. & Feretti. D. 2013. “You’ve got m@il: Fluoxetine coming soon!”: Accessibility and quality of a prescription drug sold on the Web. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (5): 392–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg A. 2012. Black market drug site “Silk Road” booming: $22 Million in annual sales. Forbes, June 8, 2012. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/andygreenberg/2012/08/06/black-market-drug-site-silk-road-booming-22-million-in-annual-mostly-illegal-sales/ . Accessed December 2, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hoover, V.; Marlowe, D.B.; Patapis, N.S.; Festinger, D.S. & Forman, R.F. 2008. Internet access to Salvia divinorum: Implications for policy, prevention, and treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 35: 22–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hout, M.C. & Bingham, T. 2013. “Silk Road,” the virtual drug marketplace: A single case study of user experiences. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (5): 385–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, B. & Winstock, A.R. 2012. Controlling new drugs under marketing regulations. Addiction 107 (11): 1894–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• INCB. 2013. Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2012. New York: United Nations. Available at http://incb.org/documents/Publications/AnnualReports/AR2012/AR_2012_E.pdf . Accessed December 15, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Keller, M.; Blench, M.; Tolentino, H.; Freifeld, C.C.; Mandl, K.D.; Mawudeku, A.; Eysenbach, G. & Brownstein, J.S. 2009. Use of unstructured event-based reports for global infectious disease surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15 (5): 689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konrad, A. 2013. Feds say they’ve arrested “Dread Pirate Roberts,” shut down his black market “The Silk Road.” Forbes, October 2, 2013. Available at http://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkonrad/2013/10/02/feds-shut-down-silk-road-owner-known-as-dread-pirate-roberts-arrested/. Accessed November 21, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Kraner, J.C.; McCoy, D.J.; Evans, M.A.; Evans, L.E. & Sweeney B.J. 2001. Fatalities caused by the MDMA-related drug paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA). Journal of Analytical Toxicology 25 (7): 645–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronstrand, R.; Roman, M.; Thelander, G. & Eriksson, A. 2011. Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol from the herbal blend Krypton. Journal of Analytical Toxicology 35 (4): 242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange, J.E.; Daniel, J.; Homer, K.; Reed, M.B. & Clapp, J.D. 2010. Salvia divinorum: Effects and use among YouTube users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 108 (1–2): 138–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesiak, A.D.; Musah, R.A.; Domin, M.A. & Shepard, J.R. 2013. DART-MS as a preliminary screening method for “herbal incense”: Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids. Journal of Forensic Sciences 56 (2): 337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mas-Morey, P.; Visser, M.H.; Winkelmolen, L. & Touw, D.J. 2013. Clinical toxicology and management of intoxications with synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”). Journal of Pharmacy Practice 26 (4): 353–357.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Musshoff, F.; Madea, B.; Kernbach-Wighton, G.; Bicker, W.; Kneisel, S.; Hutter, M. & Auwärter, V. 2014. Driving under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids (“Spice”): A case series. International Journal of Legal Medicine 128 (1): 59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsey, J.; Dargan, P.I.; Smyllie, M.; Davies, S.; Button, J.; Holt, D.W. & Wood, D.M. 2010. Buying “legal” recreational drugs does not mean that you are not breaking the law. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 103: 777–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridout, B. & Campbell, A. 2014. Using Facebook to deliver a social norm intervention to reduce problem drinking at university. Drug and Alcohol Review. doi: 10.1111/dar.12141
   Google Scholar
• Schifano, F.; Deluca, P.; Baldacchino, A.; Peltoniemi, T.; Scherbaum, N.; Torrens, M.; Farre, M.; Flores, I.; Rossi, M.; Eastwood, D.; Guionnet, C.; Rawaf, S.; Agosti, L.; Di Furia, L.; Brigada, R.; Majava, A.; Siemann, H.; Leoni, M.; Tomasin, A.; Rovetto, F. & Ghodse, A.H. 2006. Drugs on the Web: The Psychonaut 2002 EU project. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 30 (4): 640–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schifano, F.; Corazza, O.; Deluca, P.; Davey Z.; Di Furia, L.; Flesland, L.; Mannonen, M.; Pagani, S.; Peltoniemi, T.; Pezzolesi, C.; Scherbaum, N.; Siemann, H.; Skutle, A.; Torrens, M. & Van Der Kreeft, P. 2009. Psychoactive drug or mystical incense? Overview of the online available information on Spice products. International Journal of Culture and Mental Health 2 (2): 137–144.
   Google Scholar
• Schifano, F.; Albanese, A.; Fergus, S.; Stair, J.L.; Deluca, P.; Corazza, O.; Davey, Z.; Corkery, J.; Siemann, H.; Scherbaum, N.; Farré, M.; Torrens, M.; Demetrovics, Z.; Ghodse, A.H.; Psychonaut Web Mapping & ReDNet Research Groups. 2011. Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; “meow meow”): Chemical, pharmacological and clinical issues. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 214 (3): 593–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2013. World Drug Report 2012. Sales No. E.12., XI.1. Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Vardakou, I.; Pistos, C. & Spiliopoulou, C.H. 2010. Spice drugs as a new trend: Mode of action, identification and legislation. Toxicology Letter 197 (3): 157–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vevelstad, M.; Øiestad, E.L.; Middelkoop, G.; Hasvold, I.; Lilleng, P.; Delaveris, G.J.; Eggen, T.; Mørland, J. & Arnestad, M. 2012. The PMMA epidemic in Norway: Comparison of fatal and non-fatal intoxications. Forensic Science International 219: 151–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, C. 2011. Drugs, the Internet and change. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43 (1): 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welter, J.; Meyer, M.R.; Wolf, E.U.; Weinmann, W.; Kavanagh, P. & Maurer, H.H. 2013. 2-methiopropamine, a thiophene analogue of methamphetamine: Studies on its metabolism and detectability in the rat and human using GC-MS and LC-(HR)-MS techniques. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 405 (10): 3125–3135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, D.M.; Greene, S.L. & Dargan, P.I. 2011. Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone. Emergency Medicine Journal 28 (4): 280–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, D.M.; Hunter, L.; Measham, F. & Dargan, P.I. 2012. Limited use of novel psychoactive substances in South London nightclubs. QJM: Monthly Journal of the Association of Physicians 105 (10): 959–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H.J.; Patrick, K.S. & Markowitz, J.S. 2011. Enantiospecific determination of DL-methylphenidate and DL-ethylphenidate in plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to human ethanol interactions. Journal of Chromatography B, Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 879 (11–12): 783–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar