Short-Term Treatment Effects of a Substance Use Disorder Therapy Involving Traditional Amazonian Medicine

References

• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Association, A. P. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author. text rev.
   Google Scholar
• Barbosa, P., L. F. Cesar Ribeiro, M. P. Tófoli, R. H. Bogenschutz, L. F. Berro, A. V. Eduardo, K. N. A. Marinho, and M. J. Winkelman. 2018. Assessment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders among religious users of ayahuasca. Frontiers in Psychiatry 9:136. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berlowitz, I., C. Ghasarian, H. Walt, F. Mendive, V. Alvarado, and C. Martin-Soelch. 2017. Conceptions and practices of an integrative treatment for substance use disorders involving Amazonian medicine: Traditional healers‘ perspectives. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2016-2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bill, A., F. B. Glaser, R. K. Hester, W. G. Jilek, H. Kalant, H. Rosovsky, D. Samarasinghe, and C. Weisner. 1993. Approaches to treatment of substance abuse. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bjelland, I., A. A. Dahl, T. T. Haug, and D. Neckelmann. 2002. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale: An updated literature review. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 52 (2):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouso, J. C., and J. Riba. 2014. Ayahuasca and the treatment of drug addiction. In The therapeutic use of ayahuasca, ed. B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 95–109. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Brandon, T. H., J. I. Vidrine, and E. B. Litvin. 2007. Relapse and relapse prevention. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 3:257–84. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bussmann, R. W., and D. Sharon. 2006. Traditional medicinal plant use in Northern Peru: Tracking two thousand years of healing culture. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2 (47):47–65. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-2-47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, K. W., A. N. Banducci, L. Guller, R. J. Macatee, A. Lavelle, S. Daughters, and C. W. Lejuez. 2011. An examination of psychiatric comorbidities as a function of gender and substance type within an inpatient substance use treatment program. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 118 (2–3):92–99. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, M. A., and D. J. McKenna. 2017. The therapeutic potential of ayahuasca. In Evidence-based herbal and nutritional treatments for anxiety in psychiatric disorders, ed. D. Camfield, E. McIntyre, and J. Sarris, 123–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Cruz, J. I., and S. A. Nappo. 2018. Is ayahuasca an option for the treatment of crack cocaine dependence?. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 50 (3):247–55. doi:10.1080/02791072.2018.1447174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domínguez-Clavé, E., J. C. Joaquim Soler, M. E. Pascual, A. Franquesa, M. Valle, E. Alvarez, and J. Riba. 2018. Ayahuasca improves emotion dysregulation in a community sample and in individuals with borderline-like traits. Psychopharmacology. doi:10.1007/s00213-018-5085-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan, D. M., G. E. Bigelow, G. S. Brigham, K. M. Carroll, A. J. Cohen, J. G. Gardin, J. A. Hamilton, M. A. Huestis, J. R. Hughes, R. Lindblad, et al. 2012. Primary outcome indices in illicit drug dependence treatment research: Systematic approach to selection and measurement of drug use end-points in clinical trials. Addiction 107 (4):694–708. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03473.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dos Santos, R. G., F. L. Osório, J. A. S. Crippa, and J. E. C. Hallak. 2016. Antidepressive and anxiolytic effects of ayahuasca: A systematic literature review of animal and human studies. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 38:65–72. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutra, L., G. Stathopoulou, S. L. Basden, T. M. Leyro, M. B. Powers, and M. W. Otto. 2008. A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry 165 (2):179–87. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabregas, J. M., D. Gonzalez, S. Fondevila, M. Cutchet, X. Fernandez, P. C. Barbosa, M. A. Alcazar-Corcoles, M. J. Barbanoj, J. Riba, and J. C. Bouso. 2010. Assessment of addiction severity among ritual users of ayahuasca. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 111 (3):257–61. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández, X., R. Guimarães Dos Santos, M. Cutchet, S. Fondevila, D. González, M. Á. Alcázar, J. Riba, J. C. Bouso, and J. M. Fábregas. 2014. Assessment of the psychotherapeutic effects of ritual ayahuasca use on drug dependency: A pilot study. In The therapeutic use of ayahuasca, ed. B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 183–96. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrando, L., L. Franco, M. Soto, J. Bobes, O. Soto, L. Franco, and J. Gilbert. 1998. MINI International neuropsychiatric interview. Madrid: Instituto IAP.
   Google Scholar
• Fønnebø, V., S. Grimsgaard, H. Walach, C. Ritenbaugh, A. J. Norheim, H. MacPherson, G. Lewith, L. Launsø, M. Koithan, T. Falkenberg, et al. 2007. Researching complementary and alternative treatments – The gatekeepers are not at home. BMC Medical Research Methodology 7 (1):7. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-7-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frecska, E., P. Bokor, and M. Winkelman. 2016. The therapeutic potentials of ayahuasca: possible effects against various diseases of civilization. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7:35. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giove Nakazawa, R. 2002. La liana de los muertos al rescate de la vida. Medicina tradicional amazónica en el tratamiento de las toxicomanias. Siete anõs de experiencia del Centro Takiwasi. Tarapoto: Takiwasi/DEVIDA.
   Google Scholar
• Gowing, L. R., R. L. Ali, S. Allsop, J. Marsden, E. E. Turf, R. West, and J. Witton. 2015. Global statistics on addictive behaviours: 2014 status report. Addiction 110 (6):904–19. doi:10.1111/add.12899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHOQOL Group. 1998. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. The WHOQOL Group. Psychological Medicine 28 (3):551–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong, M. C., M. Busch, L. P. L. van de Vijver, M. Jong, J. Fritsma, and R. Seldenrijk. 2016. Pragmatic model for integrating complementary and alternative medicine in primary care management of chronic musculoskeletal pain. Primary Health Care 6 (2). doi: 10.4172/2167-1079.1000224.
   Google Scholar
• Koob, G. F., and M. Le Moal. 2008. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 59:29–53. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob, G. F., and N. D. Volkow. 2010. Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology 35 (1):217–38. doi:10.1038/npp.2009.110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labate, B. C., and C. Cavnar. 2014. The therapeutic use of ayahuasca. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lawn, W., J. E. Hallak, J. A. Crippa, R. D. Santos, L. Porffy, M. J. Barratt, J. A. Ferris, A. R. Winstock, and C. J. A. Morgan. 2017. Well-being, problematic alcohol consumption and acute subjective drug effects in past-year ayahuasca users: A large, international, self-selecting online survey. Scientific Reports 7 (1):15201. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-14700-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu, L., Y. Liu, W. Zhu, J. Shi, Y. Liu, W. Ling, and T. R. Kosten. 2009. Traditional medicine in the treatment of drug addiction. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 35 (1):1–11. doi:10.1080/00952990802455469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas-Carrasco, R. 2012. The WHO quality of life (WHOQOL) questionnaire: Spanish development and validation studies. Quality of Life Research 21 (1):161–65. doi:10.1007/s11136-011-9926-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna, L. E. 1986. Vegetalismo shamanism among the Mestizo population of the Peruvian Amazon, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis. Stockholm studies in comparative religion, 0562-1070; 27. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
   Google Scholar
• MacLean, K. A., M. W. Johnson, and R. R. Griffiths. 2011. Mystical experiences occasioned by the hallucinogen psilocybin lead to increases in the personality domain of openness. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) 25 (11):1453–61. doi:10.1177/0269881111420188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May, J., J. Andrade, D. J. Kavanagh, G. F. Feeney, M. J. Gullo, D. J. Statham, J. Skorka-Brown, J. M. Connolly, M. Cassimatis, R. M. Young, et al. 2014. The craving experience questionnaire: A brief, theory-based measure of consummatory desire and craving. Addiction 109 (5):728–35. doi:10.1111/add.12472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna, D. J. 2004. Clinical investigations of the therapeutic potential of ayahuasca: Rationale and regulatory challenges. Pharmacology & Therapeutics 102 (2):111–29. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., H. Kushner, D. Metzger, R. Peters, I. Smith, G. Grissom, H. Pettinati, and M. Argeriou. 1992. The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 9 (3):199–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan, A. T., D. C. Lewis, C. P. O‘Brien, and H. D. Kleber. 2000. Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA 284 (13):1689–95. doi:10.1001/jama.284.13.1689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merikangas, K. R., R. L. Mehta, B. E. Molnar, E. E. Walters, J. D. Swendsen, S. Aguilar-Gaziola, R. Bijl, G. Borges, J. J. Caraveo-Anduaga, D. J. DeWit, et al. 1998. Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: Results of the international consortium in psychiatric epidemiology. Addictive Behaviors 23 (6):893–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molassiotis, A., P. Fernadez-Ortega, D. Pud, G. Ozden, J. A. Scott, V. Panteli, A. Margulies, M. Browall, M. Magri, S. Selvekerova, et al. 2005. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients: A European survey. Annals of Oncology 16 (4):655–63. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdi110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes, A. A., R. G. Dos Santos, F. L. Osório, R. F. Sanches, J. A. S. Crippa, and J. E. C. Hallak. 2016. Effects of ayahuasca and its alkaloids on drug dependence: A systematic literature review of quantitative studies in animals and humans. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 48 (3):195–205. doi:10.1080/02791072.2016.1188225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osorio Fde, L., R. F. Sanches, L. R. Macedo, R. G. Santos, J. P. Maia-de-Oliveira, L. Wichert-Ana, D. B. Araujo, J. Riba, J. A. Crippa, and J. E. Hallak. 2015. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: A preliminary report. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry 37 (1):13–20. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2014-1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palhano-Fontes, F., D. Barreto, K. C. Heloisa Onias, M. M. Andrade, J. A. Novaes, S. A. Pessoa, F. L. Mota-Rolim, R. S. Osório, D. S. Rafael G., L. F. Tófoli, et al. 2018. Rapid antidepressant effects of the psychedelic ayahuasca in treatment-resistant depression: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Psychological Medicine 1–9. doi:10.1017/S0033291718001356.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prickett, J. I., and M. B. Liester. 2014. Hypotheses regarding ayahuasca’s potential mechanisms of action in the treatment of addiction. In The therapeutic use of ayahuasca, ed. B. C. Labate and C. Cavnar, 111–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Quintana, J. M., A. Padierna, C. Esteban, I. Arostegui, A. Bilbao, and I. Ruiz. 2003. Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 107 (3):216–21. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00062.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riba, J., M. Valle, G. Urbano, M. Yritia, A. Morte, and M. J. Barbanoj. 2003. Human pharmacology of ayahuasca: Subjective and cardiovascular effects, monoamine metabolite excretion, and pharmacokinetics. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 306 (1):73–83. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.049882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikoon, S. H., J. S. Cacciola, D. Carise, A. I. Alterman, and A. T. McLellan. 2006. Predicting DSM-IV dependence diagnoses from addiction severity index composite scores. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 31 (1):17–24. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.03.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Martos, A., G. Rubio, J. Aubà, J. Santo-Domingo, L. Torralba, and M. Campillo. 2000. Readiness to change questionnaire: Reliability study of its Spanish version. Alcohol and Alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) 35 (3):270–75. doi:10.1093/alcalc/35.3.270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollnick, S., N. Heather, R. Gold, and W. Hall. 1992. Development of a short ‘readiness to change’ questionnaire for use in brief, opportunistic interventions among excessive drinkers. British Journal of Addiction 87 (5):743–54. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02720.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanches, R. F., F. de Lima Osório, R. G. Dos Santos, L. R. H. Macedo, J. P. Maia-de-Oliveira, L. Wichert-Ana, D. B. de Araujo, J. Riba, J. A. S. Crippa, and J. E. C. Hallak. 2016. Antidepressant effects of a single dose of ayahuasca in patients with recurrent depression: A SPECT study. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 36 (1):77–81. doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, R. G., J. Landeira-Fernandez, R. J. Strassman, V. Motta, and A. P. Cruz. 2007. Effects of ayahuasca on psychometric measures of anxiety, panic-like and hopelessness in Santo Daime members. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 112 (3):507–13. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Biset, J., J. Campos-de-la-Cruz, M. A. Epiquien-Rivera, and S. Canigueral. 2009. A first survey on the medicinal plants of the Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 122 (2):333–62. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.12.009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Biset, J., and S. Canigueral. 2011. Plant use in the medicinal practices known as “strict diets” in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazon). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 137 (1):271–88. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.05.021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Biset, J., and S. Canigueral. 2013. Plants as medicinal stressors, the case of depurative practices in Chazuta valley (Peruvian Amazonia). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 145 (1):67–76. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.09.053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheehan, D. V., Y. Lecrubier, K. H. Sheehan, P. Amorim, J. Janavs, E. Weiller, T. Hergueta, R. Baker, and G. C. Dunbar. 1998. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): The development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM–IV and ICD–10. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 59 (20):22–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepard, G. H. 1998. Psychoactive plants and ethnopsychiatric medicines of the Matsigenka. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 30 (4):321–32. doi:10.1080/02791072.1998.10399708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templeman, K., and A. Robinson. 2011. Integrative medicine models in contemporary primary health care. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 19 (2):84–92. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2011.02.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, G., P. Lucas, N. R. Capler, K. W. Tupper, and G. Martin. 2013. Ayahuasca-assisted therapy for addiction: Results from a preliminary observational study in Canada. Current Drug Abuse Reviews 6 (1):30–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tiffany, S. T., L. Friedman, S. F. Greenfield, D. S. Hasin, and R. Jackson. 2012. Beyond drug use: A systematic consideration of other outcomes in evaluations of treatments for substance use disorders. Addiction 107 (4):709–18. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03581.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef, M. J., G. Lewith, C. Ritenbaugh, H. Boon, S. Fleishman, and A. Leis. 2005. Complementary and alternative medicine whole systems research: Beyond identification of inadequacies of the RCT. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 13 (3):206–12. doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2005.05.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisner, C., A. T. McLellan, and E. M. Hunkeler. 2000. Addiction severity index data from general membership and treatment samples of HMO members. One case of norming the ASI. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 19 (2):103–09. doi:10.1016/S0740-5472(99)00103-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, W. L., M. Boyle, and D. Loveland. 2002. Alcoholism/addiction as a chronic disease. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 20 (3–4):107–29.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2000. General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2013. WHO traditional medicine strategy 2014-2023. Geneva: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Zigmond, A. S., and R. P. Snaith. 1983. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 67 (6):361–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar