Combining Alcohol with Benzodiazepines or Psychostimulants. Metaphoric Meanings and the Concept of Control in the Online Talk of Polydrug Use

References

• Abbasi-Ghahramanloo, A., A. Fotouhi, H. Zeraati, and A. Rahimi-Movaghar. 2015. Prescription drugs, alcohol, and illicit substance use and their correlations among medical sciences students in Iran. International Journal of High Risk Behaviors and Addiction 4 (1):e21945. doi:10.5812/ijhrba.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Althobaiti, Y. S., and Y. Sari. 2016. Alcohol interactions with psychostimulants: An overview of animal and human studies. Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy 7 (3). doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000281.
   Google Scholar
• Baggio, S., S. Deline, J. Studer, A. N’Goran, M. Mohler-Kuo, J. B. Daeppen, and G. Gmel. 2014. Concurrent versus simultaneous use of alcohol and non-medical use of prescription drugs: Is simultaneous use worse for mental, social, and health issues? Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 46 (4):334–39. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.921747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin, P. O., S. Galea, J. Ahern, A. C. Leon, D. Vlahov, and K. J. Tardiff. 2003. Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990–98. Addiction 98 (6):739–47. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00376.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deza, M. 2015. The effects of alcohol on the consumption of hard drugs: Regression discontinuity evidence from the National longitudinal study of youth, 1997. Health Economics 24:419–38. doi:10.1002/hec.3026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, R., and D. Moore. 2013. Enacting multiple methamphetamines: The ontological politics of public discourse and consumer accounts of a drug and its effects. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (3):203–11. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, S., D. Moore, and H. Keane. 2014. Habits. Remaking addiction. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hagger-Johnson, G., B. M. Bewick, M. Conner, D. B. O’Connor, and D. Shickle. 2011. Alcohol, conscientiousness and event-level condom use. British Journal of Health Psychology 16:828–45. doi:10.1111/bjhp.2011.16.issue-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., C. Tigerstedt, and T. Tammi. 2009. Dual-track drug policy: Normalization of the drug problem in Finland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 14 (6):543–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakkarainen, P., and L. Metso. 2009. Joint use of drugs and alcohol. European Addiction Research 15:113–20. doi:10.1159/000209244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamida, S. B., E. Plute, B. Cosquer, C. Kelche, B. C. Jones, and J.-C. Cassel. 2008. Interactions between ethanol and cocaine, amphetamine, or MDMA in the rat: Thermoregulatory and locomotor effects. Psychopharmacology 197:67–82. doi:10.1007/s00213-007-1007-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harriman, S., and J. Patel. 2014. The ethics and editorial challenges of internet-based research. BMC Medicine 12:124. doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0141-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Statistics for the Nordic Countries. 2017. Copenhagen: Nordic Medico-Statistical Committee, NOMESCO. Accessed March 5, 2019. http://norden.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva2:1148509/FULLTEXT05.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Karjalainen, K., T. Lintonen, A. Impinen, P. Mäkelä, O. Rahkonen, P. Lillsunde, and A. Ostamo. 2010. Mortality and causes of death among drugged drivers. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 64:506–12. doi:10.1136/jech.2009.096990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson, T. 2014. Nordic alcohol policy in Europe. The adaptation of Finland’s, Sweden’s and Norway’s alcohol policies to a new policy framework 1994–2013. PhD Diss., Åbo Academi University.
   Google Scholar
• Kataja, K., P. Hakkarainen, and S. Väyrynen. 2018a. Risk-taking, control and social identities in narratives of finnish polydrug users. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 25 (6):457–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataja, K., J. Törrönen, P. Hakkarainen, and C. Tigerstedt. 2018b. A virtual academy of polydrug use. Masters, novices and the art of combinations. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 35 (6):413–27. doi:10.1177/1455072518770351
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., and M. Johnson. 1980a. Metaphors we live by. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lakoff, G., and M. Johnson. 1980b. The metaphorical structure of the human conceptual system. Cognitive Science 4:195–208. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0402_4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy, F. 2014. Studying recreational polydrug use through an ontology agent-based simulation. PhD Diss., University of Lille/Charles Stuart University.
   Google Scholar
• Manley, S. J., and H. J. Little. 1997. Enhancement of amphetamine- and cocaine-induced locomotor activity after chronic ethanol administration. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 281 (3):1330–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manning, P. 2014. Drugs and popular culture in the age of new media. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Marlatt, A., and K. Fromme. 1987. Metaphors for addiction. Journal of Drug Issues 17 (1):9–28. doi:10.1177/002204268701700102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Measham, F., and K. Moore. 2009. Repertoires of distinction: Exploring patterns of weekend polydrug use within local leisure scenes across the English night time economy. Criminology & Criminal Justice 9 (4):437–64. doi:10.1177/1748895809343406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mol, A. 2002. The body multiple: Ontology in medical practice. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Montagne, M. 1988. The metaphorical nature of drugs and drug taking. Social Science & Medicine 26 (4):417–24. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(88)90310-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D. 2008. Erasing pleasure from public discourse on illicit drugs: On the creation and reproduction of an absence. Commentary. International Journal of Drug Policy 19:353–58. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2007.07.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, D., S. Fraser, J. Törrönen, and M. Eriksson Tinghög. 2015. Sameness and difference: Metaphor and politics in the constitution of addiction, social exclusion and gender in Australian and Swedish drug policy. International Journal of Drug Policy 26 (4):420–28. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, H. B., R. B. Goldstein, C. M. Chen, and H. Y. Yi. 2015. Patterns of use of other drugs among those with alcohol dependence: Associations with drinking behaviour and psychopathology. Addictive Behaviors 50:192–98. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murguía, E., M. Tackett-Gibson, and A. Lessem, eds. 2007. Real drugs in a virtual world. Drug discourse and community online. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Neale, J., and C. Stevenson. 2015. Social and recovery capital amongst homeless hostel residents who use drugs and alcohol. International Journal of Drug Policy 26:475–83. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.06.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Gorman, A. 2016. Chillin, buzzin, getting mangled, and coming down: Doing differentiated normalization in risk environments. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy 23 (3):247–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Grady, K. E., A. M. Arria, D. M. B. Fitzelle, and E. D. Wish. 2008. Heavy drinking and polydrug use among college students. Journal of Drug Issues 38 (2):445–66. doi:10.1177/002204260803800204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, H. 2005. Normalization as a barometer: Recreational drug use and the consumption of leisure by young Britons. Addiction Research and Theory 13 (3):205–15. doi:10.1080/16066350500053703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton, C. 2002. Benzodiazepines and disinhibition. Psychiatric Bulletin 26:460–62. doi:10.1192/pb.26.12.460.
   Google Scholar
• Quintero, G. 2009. A cultural analysis of collegiate polydrug use. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 41 (1):39–47. doi:10.1080/02791072.2009.10400673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Room, R. 1985. Dependence and society. British Journal of Addiction 80:133–39. doi:10.1111/add.1985.80.issue-2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosino, M., and A. Linders. 2015. Howard Becker in hyperspace: Social learning in an on-line drug community. Deviant Behavior 36:725–39. doi:10.1080/01639625.2014.977114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, R., Y. Baldin, C. M. Carlini, and Z. M. Sanchez. 2015. Classification of alcohol use disorders among nightclub patrons: Associations between high-risk groups, sociodemographic factors and illicit drug use. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 41 (5):433–41. doi:10.3109/00952990.2015.1050497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitz, A. 2016. Benzodiazepine use, misuse, and abuse: A review. Mental Health Clinician 6 (3):120–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Secretary’s Advisory Committee on Human Research Protections. 2013. Considerations and recommendations concerning internet research and human subjects research regulations, with revisions. Rockville: Office for Human Research Protections. Accessed December 4, 2017. https://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/sites/default/files/ohrp/sachrp/mtgings/2013%20March%20Mtg/internet_research.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Tammi, T., T. Pitkänen, and J. Perälä. 2011. Stadin nistit - huono-osaisten helsinkiläisten huumeidenkäyttäjien päihteet sekä niiden käyttötavat [The junkies of the city: Substances and their use patterns among disadvantaged Helsinki citizens]. Yhteiskuntapolitiikka 76 (1):45–54.
   Google Scholar
• Tanaka, E. 2002. Toxicological interactions between alcohol and benzodiazepines. Clinical Toxicology 40 (1):69–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White, A. M. 2003. What happened? Alcohol, memory blackouts, and the brain. Alcohol Research & Health 27 (2):186–96.
   Google Scholar