Clinical Conditions and Prescription Drug Utilization among Early Medical Marijuana Registrants in Florida

References

• Abuhasira, R., L. B. L. Schleider, R. Mechoulam, and V. Novack. 2018. Epidemiological characteristics, safety and efficacy of medical cannabis in the elderly. European Journal of Internal Medicine 49 (March):44–50. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnke, K. F., S. Gangopadhyay, D. J. Clauw, and R. L. Haffajee. 2019a. Qualifying conditions of medical cannabis license holders in the United States. Health Affairs 38 (2):295–302. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehnke, K. F., J. R. Scott, E. Litinas, S. Sisley, D. A. Williams, and D. J. Clauw. 2019b. Pills to pot: Observational analyses of cannabis substitution among medical cannabis users with chronic pain. Journal of Pain 20 (7):830–41. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2019.01.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonn-Miller, M. O., M. T. Boden, M. M. Bucossi, and K. A. Babson. 2014. Self-reported cannabis use characteristics, patterns and helpfulness among medical cannabis users. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 40 (1):23–30. doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.821477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D. 2020. Potential adverse drug events with tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) due to drug–drug interactions. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (4):919. doi:10.3390/jcm9040919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D., B. Costales, S. Van Boemmel-Wegmann, A. J. Goodin, R. Segal, and A. G. Winterstein. 2020. Characteristics of older adults who were early adopters of medical cannabis in the Florida medical marijuana use registry. Journal of Clinical Medicine 9 (4):1166. doi:10.3390/jcm9041166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D., and A. G. Winterstein. 2019. Potential adverse drug events and drug–drug interactions with medical and consumer cannabidiol (cbd) use. Journal of Clinical Medicine 8 (7):989. doi:10.3390/jcm8070989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2020. Outbreak of lung injury associated with the use of e-cigarette, or vaping, products. Accessed February 25, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_information/e-cigarettes/severe-lung-disease.html.
   Google Scholar
• Corroon, J. M., L. K. Mischley, and M. Sexton. 2017. Cannabis as a substitute for prescription drugs - a cross-sectional study. Journal of Pain Research 10 (May):989–97. doi:10.2147/JPR.S134330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlhamer, J., J. Lucas, C. Zelaya, R. Nahin, S. Mackey, L. Debar, R. Kerns, M. Von Korff, L. Porter, and C. Helmick. 2018. Prevalence of chronic pain and high-impact chronic pain among adults — United States, 2016. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 (36):1001–06. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6736a2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFilippis, E. M., N. S. Bajaj, A. Singh, R. Malloy, M. M. Givertz, R. Blankstein, D. L. Bhatt, and M. Vaduganathan. 2020. Marijuana use in patients with cardiovascular disease: JACC review topic of the week. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 75 (3):320–32. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.11.025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Forti, M., D. Quattrone, T. P. Freeman, G. Tripoli, C. Gayer-Anderson, H. Quigley, V. Rodriguez, H. E. Jongsma, L. Ferraro, C. La Cascia, et al. 2019. The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across europe (eu-gei): A multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry 6 (5):427–36. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30048-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Florida Legislature (Florida Legislature). 2018. The 2018 Florida statutes, title XXIX: Public health, chapter 381 public health: General revisions, §381.986: Medical use of marijuana. http://www.leg.state.fl.us/Statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=0300-0399/0381/Sections/0381.986.html
   Google Scholar
• The Florida Senate (Florida Senate). 2014. Senate bill 1030: “Compassionate medical cannabis act of 2014”. The Laws of Florida. Chapter 2014-157. https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2014/1030/. http://EffectivedateJune16,2014.http://laws.flrules.org/2014/157.
   Google Scholar
• The Florida Senate (Florida Senate). 2017. Senate bill 8-A: “Medical use of marijuana”. The Laws of Florida. Chapter 2017-232. https://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2017A/8A/. http://EffectivedateJune23,2017.http://laws.flrules.org/2017/232.
   Google Scholar
• Franz, C. A., and W. H. Frishman. 2016. Marijuana use and cardiovascular disease. Cardiology in Review 24 (4):158–62. doi:10.1097/CRD.0000000000000103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freisthler, B., and P. J. Gruenewald. 2014. Examining the relationship between the physical availability of medical marijuana and marijuana use across fifty California cities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 143 (October):244–50. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, K. P., M. D. Palastro, B. Johnson, and J. W. Ditre. 2017. Cannabis and pain: A clinical review. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2 (1):96–104. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hindocha, C., J. Cousijn, M. Rall, and M. A. P. Bloomfield. 2019. The effectiveness of cannabinoids in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd): A systematic review. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 16 (1):120–39. doi:10.1080/15504263.2019.1652380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilgen, M. A., K. Bohnert, F. Kleinberg, M. Jannausch, A. S. B. Bohnert, M. Walton, and F. C. Blow. 2013. Characteristics of adults seeking medical marijuana certification. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 132 (3):654–59. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.04.019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansagara, D., M. O’neil, S. Nugent, M. Freeman, A. Low, K. Kondo, C. Elven, B. Zakher, M. Motu’apuaka, R. Paynter, et al. 2017. Benefits and harms of cannabis in chronic pain or post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review [Internet]. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans Affairs (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK476449/.
   Google Scholar
• Klieger, S. B., A. Gutman, L. Allen, R. L. Pacula, J. K. Ibrahim, and S. Burris. 2017. Mapping medical marijuana: State laws regulating patients, product safety, supply chains and dispensaries, 2017. Addiction 112 (12):2206–16. doi:10.1111/add.13910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, K., Y. M. See, and J. Lee. 2017. A systematic review of the effectiveness of medical cannabis for psychiatric, movement and neurodegenerative disorders. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience 15 (4):301–12. doi:10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd, S. L., and C. W. Striley. 2018. Marijuana use among adults 50 years or older in the 21st century. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine 4 (January–December):2333721418781668. doi:10.1177/2333721418781668.
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, P., E. P. Baron, and N. Jikomes. 2019. Medical cannabis patterns of use and substitution for opioids & other pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substances; results from a cross-sectional survey of authorized patients. Harm Reduction Journal 16 (1):9. doi:10.1186/s12954-019-0278-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, P., and Z. Walsh. 2017. Medical cannabis access, use, and substitution for prescription opioids and other substances: A survey of authorized medical cannabis patients. International Journal of Drug Policy 42 (April):30–35. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2017.01.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas, P., Z. Walsh, K. Crosby, R. Callaway, L. Belle-Isle, R. Kay, R. Capler, and S. Holtzman. 2016. Substituting cannabis for prescription drugs, alcohol and other substances among medical cannabis patients: The impact of contextual factors. Drug and Alcohol Review 35 (3):326–33. doi:10.1111/dar.12323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, E., and A. Adams. 2019. The use of medical cannabis with other medications: A review of safety and guidelines - an update [Internet]. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549545/.
   Google Scholar
• Maine Legislature. 2019. Maine revised statutes, title 22: Health and welfare, Subtitle 2: Health, Part 5: Food and drugs, Chapter 558-C: Maine medical use of marijuana act, §2423-b: Authorized conduct by a medical provider. https://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/22/title22sec2423-B.html.
   Google Scholar
• Mücke, M., T. Phillips, L. Radbruch, F. Petzke, and W. Häuser. 2018. Cannabis-based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3 (3):CD01218. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012182.pub2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academy of Sciences). 2017. The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi:10.17226/24625.
   Google Scholar
• New Mexico Department of Health. 2020. Medical Cannabis Program. Information for healthcare providers & practitioners. https://www.nmhealth.org/about/mcp/svcs/hpp/.
   Google Scholar
• Nunberg, H., B. Kilmer, R. L. Pacula, and J. R. Burgdorf. 2011. An analysis of applicants presenting to a medical marijuana specialty practice in California. Journal of Drug Policy Analysis 4 (1):1. doi:10.2202/1941-2851.1017.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nussbaum, A. M., J. A. Boyer, and E. C. Kondrad. 2011. “But my doctor recommended pot”: Medical marijuana and the patient-physician relationship. Journal of General Internal Medicine 26 (11):1364–67. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1840-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’neil, M. E., S. M. Nugent, B. J. Morasco, M. Freeman, A. Low, K. Kondo, B. Zakher, C. Elven, M. Motu’apuaka, R. Paynter, et al. 2017. Benefits and harms of plant-based cannabis for posttraumatic stress disorder a systematic review. Annals of Internal Medicine 167 (5):332–40. doi:10.7326/M17-0477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piper, B. J., R. M. Dekeuster, M. L. Beals, C. M. Cobb, C. A. Burchman, L. Perkinson, S. T. Lynn, S. D. Nichols, and A. T. Abess. 2017. Substitution of medical cannabis for pharmaceutical agents for pain, anxiety, and sleep. Journal of Psychopharmacology 31 (5):569–75. doi:10.1177/0269881117699616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian, Y., B. J. Gurley, and J. S. Markowitz. 2019. The potential for pharmacokinetic interactions between cannabis products and conventional medications. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 39 (5):462–71. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000001089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiman, A. 2007. Medical cannabis patients: Patient profiles and health care utilization patterns. Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine 12 (1):31–50. doi:10.1177/1533210107301834.
   Google Scholar
• Reiman, A., M. Welty, and P. Solomon. 2017. Cannabis as a substitute for opioid-based pain medication: Patient self-report. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2 (1):160–66. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0012.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinarman, C., H. Nunberg, F. Lanthier, and T. Heddleston. 2011. Who are medical marijuana patients? Population characteristics from nine California assessment clinics. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 43 (2):128–35. doi:10.1080/02791072.2011.587700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rong, C., N. E. Carmona, Y. L. Lee, R. M. Ragguett, Z. Pan, J. D. Rosenblat, M. Subramaniapillai, M. Shekotikhina, F. Almatham, A. Alageel, et al. 2018. Drug-drug interactions as a result of co-administering δ 9 -thc and cbd with other psychotropic agents. Expert Opinion on Drug Safety 17 (1):51–54. doi:10.1080/14740338.2017.1397128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo, E. B. 2016. Current therapeutic cannabis controversies and clinical trial design issues. Frontiers in Pharmacology 7 (September):309. doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shover, C. L., N. A. Vest, D. Chen, A. Stueber, T. O. Falasinnu, J. M. Hah, J. Kim, I. Mackey, K. A. Weber, M. Ziadni, et al. 2020. Association of state policies allowing medical cannabis for opioid use disorder with dispensary marketing for this indication. JAMA Network Open 3 (7):e2010001. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.10001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stith, S. S., J. M. Vigil, I. M. Adams, and A. P. Reeve. 2018. Effects of legal access to cannabis on scheduled II-V drug prescriptions. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association 19 (1):59–64.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2017.07.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweeney, D. 2014. Gov. Rick Scott signs ‘charlotte’s web’ medical marijuana bill. https://www.tampabay.com/news/politics/stateroundup/gov-scott-signs-charlottes-web-marijuana-bill-into-law/2184590/
   Google Scholar
• Troutt, W. D., and M. D. DiDonato. 2015. Medical cannabis in Arizona: Patient characteristics, perceptions, and impressions of medical cannabis legalization. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47 (4):259–66. doi:10.1080/02791072.2015.1074766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Census Bureau. 2019. U.S. Census Bureau quickfacts: Florida. Accessed July 1, 2019. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/FL.
   Google Scholar
• Voelker, R. 2018. States move to substitute opioids with medical marijuana to quell epidemic. Journal of the American Medical Association 320 (23):2408–10. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.17329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, Z., R. Callaway, L. Belle-Isle, R. Capler, R. Kay, P. Lucas, and S. Holtzman. 2013. Cannabis for therapeutic purposes: Patient characteristics, access, and reasons for use. International Journal of Drug Policy 24 (6):511–16. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting, P. F., R. F. Wolff, S. Deshpande, M. Di Nisio, S. Duffy, A. V. Hernandez, J. C. Keurentjes, S. Lang, K. Misso, S. Ryder, et al. 2015. Cannabinoids for medical use: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association 313 (24):2456–73. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.6358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaller, N., A. Topletz, S. Frater, G. Yates, and M. Lally. 2015. Profiles of medicinal cannabis patients attending compassion centers in Rhode Island. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 47 (1):18–23. doi:10.1080/02791072.2014.999901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar