Co-use of Tobacco Products and Cannabis among Veterans: A Preliminary Investigation of Prevalence and Associations with Mental Health Outcomes

References

• Adamson, S. J., F. J. Kay-Lambkin, A. L. Baker, T. J. Lewin, L. Thornton, B. J. Kelly, and J. D. Sellman. 2010. An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence 110 (1–2):137–43. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, A., and M. T. Lynskey. 2009. Tobacco and cannabis co-occurrence: Does route of administration matter? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 99 (1–3):240–47. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akbar, S. A., R. L. Tomko, C. A. Salazar, L. M. Squeglia, and E. A. McClure. 2019. Tobacco and cannabis co-use and interrelatedness among adults. Addictive Behaviors 90:354–61. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, D., K. Fletcher, K. Thomas, J. McDaniel, A. Diehr, J. Bertram, and D. Cobb. 2018. Tobacco use in a national sample of United States service member and veteran students. Journal of Military and Veterans’ Health 26 (2):25–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright, D. L., L. Holmes, M. Lawson, J. McDaniel, K. Laha-Walsh, and S. McIntosh. 2020. Veteran-nonveteran differences in alcohol and drug misuse by tobacco use status in Alabama SBIRT. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions 20 (1):46–58. doi:10.1080/1533256X.2020.1705109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, C. J., J. Payne, L. Henriksen, P. Cavazos-Rehg, B. Getachew, G. L. Schauer, and R. Haardörfer. 2018. Reasons for marijuana and tobacco co-use among young adults: A mixed methods scale development study. Substance Use & Misuse 53 (3):357–69. doi:10.1080/10826084.2017.1327978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blevins, C. A., F. W. Weathers, M. T. Davis, T. K. Witte, and J. L. Domino. 2015. The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and initial psychometric evaluation. Journal of Traumatic Stress 28 (6):489–98. doi:10.1002/jts.22059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boden, M. T., K. A. Babson, A. A. Vujanovic, N. A. Short, and M. O. Bonn-Miller. 2013. Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence. The American Journal on Addictions 22 (3):277–84. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2012.12018.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bovin, M. J., B. P. Marx, F. W. Weathers, M. W. Gallagher, P. Rodriguez, P. P. Schnurr, and T. M. Keane. 2016. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychological Assessment 28 (11):1379–91. doi:10.1037/pas0000254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boys, A., M. Farrell, C. Taylor, J. Marsden, R. Goodman, T. Brugha, P. Bebbington, R. Jenkins, and H. Meltzer. 2003. Psychiatric morbidity and substance use in young people aged 13–15 years: Results from the child and adolescent survey of mental health. The British Journal of Psychiatry 182 (6):509–17. doi:10.1192/bjp.182.6.509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, S. L. C., and L.-T. Wu. 2015. Associations between cigarette smoking and pain among veterans. Epidemiologic Reviews 37 (1):86–102. doi:10.1093/epirev/mxu008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, S., T. Kamarck, and R. Mermelstein. 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 24 (4):385–96. doi:10.2307/2136404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., M. Yaqub, J. T. Hinds, and C. L. Perry. 2019. A longitudinal analysis of tobacco use in younger and older U.S. veterans. Preventive Medicine Reports 16:100990. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2019.100990.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis, A. K., L. A. Lin, M. A. Ilgen, and K. M. Bohnert. 2018. Recent cannabis use among veterans in the United States: Results from a national sample. Addictive Behaviors 76:223–28. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.08.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentes, E. L., A. R. Schry, T. A. Hicks, C. P. Clancy, C. F. Collie, A. C. Kirby, M. F. Dennis, M. A. Hertzberg, J. C. Beckham, and P. S. Calhoun. 2016. Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in an outpatient VA posttraumatic stress disorder clinic. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 30 (3):415. doi:10.1037/adb0000154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, S., E. R. Pedersen, and C. Neighbors. 2016. Associations of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with marijuana and synthetic cannabis use among young adult U.S. veterans: A pilot investigation. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 77 (3):509–14. doi:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunn, R., K. Jackson, B. Borsari, and J. Metrik. 2019. A longitudinal examination of daily patterns of cannabis and alcohol co-use among medicinal and recreational veteran cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 205:107661. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington, M., J. Baird, C. Lee, T. Nirenberg, R. Longabaugh, M. J. Mello, and R. Woolard. 2012. Identifying subtypes of dual alcohol and marijuana users: A methodological approach using cluster analysis. Addictive Behaviors 37 (1):119–23. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.07.016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hefner, K., R. Rosenheck, J. Merrel, M. Coffman, G. Valentine, and M. Sofuoglu. 2016. E-cigarette use in veterans seeking mental health and/or substance use services. Journal of Dual Diagnosis 12 (2):109–17. doi:10.1080/15504263.2016.1172895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. J., J. D. Pierce, S. Mavandadi, J. Klaus, D. Defelice, E. Ingram, and D. W. Oslin. 2016. Mental health symptom severity in cannabis using and non-using veterans with probable PTSD. Journal of Affective Disorders 190:439–42. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.10.048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan, M. S., B. H. McFarland, N. Huguet, and M. Valenstein. 2012. Suicide risk and precipitating circumstances among young, middle-aged, and older male veterans. American Journal of Public Health 102 (S1):S131–S137. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., T. W. Strine, R. L. Spitzer, J. B. W. Williams, J. T. Berry, and A. H. Mokdad. 2009. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders 114 (1–3):163–73. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.026.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Ridner, S., R. R. Staten, and F. W. Danner. 2005. Smoking and depressive symptoms in a college population. The Journal of School Nursing 21 (4):229–35. doi:10.1177/10598405050210040801.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lemyre, A., N. Poliakova, and R. E. Bélanger. 2019. The relationship between tobacco and cannabis use: A review. Substance Use & Misuse 54 (1):130–45. doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1512623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombardero, A., D. G. Campbell, K. J. Harris, E. F. Chaney, A. B. Lanto, and L. V. Rubenstein. 2014. Prevalence and correlates of smoking status among veterans affairs primary care patients with probable major depressive disorder. Addictive Behaviors 39 (3):538–45. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLean, R. R., M. Sofuoglu, and R. Rosenheck. 2018. Tobacco and alcohol use disorders: Evaluating multimorbidity. Addictive Behaviors 78:59–66. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClernon, F. J., P. S. Calhoun, J. S. Hertzberg, E. A. Dedert, and J. C. Beckham. 2013. Associations between smoking and psychiatric comorbidity in US Iraq-and Afghanistan-era veterans. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 27 (4):1182. doi:10.1037/a0032014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel, J. T., and R. Klesges. 2019. State-specific cigarette use rates among service members and veterans, United States, 2017. Tobacco Prevention & Cessation 5 (5). doi:10.18332/tpc/111536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier, E., and D. K. Hatsukami. 2016. A review of the additive health risk of cannabis and tobacco co-use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 166:6–12. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metrik, J., R. L. Gunn, K. M. Jackson, A. W. Sokolovsky, and B. Borsari. 2018. Daily patterns of marijuana and alcohol co‐use among individuals with alcohol and cannabis use disorders. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research 42 (6):1096–104. doi:10.1111/acer.13639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odani, S., I. T. Agaku, C. M. Graffunder, M. A. Tynan, and B. S. Armour. 2018. Tobacco product use among military veterans - United States, 2010–2015. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67 (1):7–12. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6701a2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, E. R., J. S. Tucker, J. P. Davis, M. S. Dunbar, R. Seelam, A. Rodriguez, and E. J. D’Amico. 2021. Tobacco/nicotine and marijuana co-use motives in young adults: Associations with substance use behaviors one year later. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 35 (2):133–47. doi:10.1037/adb0000638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabin, R. A., and T. P. George. 2015. A review of co-morbid tobacco and cannabis use disorders: Possible mechanisms to explain high rates of co-use. The American Journal on Addictions 24 (2):105–16. doi:10.1111/ajad.12186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramo, D. E., H. Liu, and J. J. Prochaska. 2012. Tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of their co-use. Clinical Psychology Review 32 (2):105–21. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runnals, J. J., N. Garovoy, S. J. McCutcheon, A. T. Robbins, M. C. Mann-Wrobel, A. Elliott, V. I. S. Network, M. I. Research, and J. L. Strauss. 2014. Systematic review of women veterans’ mental health. Women’s Health Issues 24 (5):485–502. doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.06.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAMHSA. 2020. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. HHS Publication No. PEP19-5068, NSDUH Series H-54, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Rockville, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Schauer, G. L., C. J. Berg, M. C. Kegler, D. M. Donovan, and M. Windle. 2015. Assessing the overlap between tobacco and marijuana: Trends in patterns of co-use of tobacco and marijuana in adults from 2003–2012. Addictive Behaviors 49:26–32. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.05.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, D. M., R. J. O’Connor, B. Wei, M. Travers, A. Hyland, and M. L. Goniewicz. 2020. Nicotine and toxicant exposure among concurrent users (co-users) of tobacco and cannabis. Nicotine and Tobacco Research 22 (8):1354–63. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntz122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L., K. Kroenke, J. B. W. Williams, and B. Lowe. 2006. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder. Archives of Internal Medicine 166 (10):1092–97. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, R. J., S. A. Pyle, C. K. Haddock, W. S. C. Poston, R. Bray, and J. Williams. 2008. Reported stress and its relationship to tobacco use among U.S. military personnel. Military Medicine 173 (3):271–77. doi:10.7205/MILMED.173.3.271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi, R. B., E. P. Post, H. Sun, A. Pomerantz, A. J. Saxon, J. D. Piette, C. Maynard, B. Arnow, I. Curtis, S. D. Fihn, et al. 2015. Prevalence, comorbidity, and prognosis of mental health among US veterans. American Journal of Public Health 105 (12):2564–69. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2015.302836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, J., E. L. Edens, and R. A. Rosenheck. 2011. Nicotine dependence and its risk factors among users of veterans health services, 2008–2009. Preventing Chronic Disease 8 (6):A127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker, J. S., E. R. Pedersen, R. Seelam, M. S. Dunbar, R. A. Shih, and E. J. D’Amico. 2019. Types of cannabis and tobacco/nicotine co-use and associated outcomes in young adulthood. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 33 (4):401–11. doi:10.1037/adb0000464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valjent, E., J. M. Mitchell, M.-J. Besson, J. Caboche, and R. Maldonado. 2002. Behavioural and biochemical evidence for interactions between Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and nicotine. British Journal of Pharmacology 135 (2):564–78. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0704479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kooy, F., B. Pomahacova, and R. Verpoorte. 2009. Cannabis smoke condensate II: Influence of tobacco on tetrahydrocannabinol levels. Inhalation Toxicology 21 (2):87–90. doi:10.1080/08958370802187296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandrey, R. G., A. J. Budney, J. R. Hughes, and A. Liguori. 2008. A within-subject comparison of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence from cannabis, tobacco, and both substances. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 92 (1–3):48–54. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.06.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., M. Cidade, M. Larsen, G. Pearman, M. Schimpf, and P. Dhanireddy. 2020. 2019 survey of veteran enrollees’ health and use of health care. Rockville, MD: Department of Veterans Affairs. https://www.va.gov/HEALTHPOLICYPLANNING/SOE2019/2019_Enrollee_Data_Findings_Report-March_2020_508_Compliant.pdf.
   Google Scholar