Dose exposure to an adult present in the treatment room during pediatric pencil beam scanning proton therapy

References

• ICRP. The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. In: Valentin J, editor. Ann. ICRP. 2007. ICRP 37 (2-4).
   Google Scholar
• David S, Followill MSS, Kry SF, et al. Neutron source strength measurements for varian, siemens, elekta, and general electric linear accelerators. Sci Rep. 2003;4(3):6.
   Google Scholar
• Howell RM, Hertel NE, Wang Z, et al. Calculation of effective dose from measurements of secondary neutron spectra and scattered photon dose from dynamic MLC IMRT for 6 MV, 15 MV, and 18 MV beam energies. Med Phys. 2006; 33(2):360–368. doi: 10.1118/1.2140119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, et al. Out-of-field photon and neutron dose equivalents from step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005; 62(4):1204–1216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.12.091.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JP, Liu WC, Lin CC. Investigation of photoneutron dose equivalent from high-energy photons in radiotherapy. Appl Radiat Isot. 2007;65(5):599–604. doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.01.017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy SC, Sandison GA. Scattered neutron dose equivalent to a fetus from proton therapy of the mother. Radiat Phys Chem. 2004;71(3–4):997–998. doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.05.025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han S-E, Cho G, Lee SB. An assessment of the secondary neutron dose in the passive scattering proton beam facility of the national cancer center. Nucl Eng Technol. 2017;49(4):801–809. doi: 10.1016/j.net.2016.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wroe A, Rosenfeld A, Schulte R. Out-of-field dose equivalents delivered by proton therapy of prostate cancer. Med Phys. 2007; 34(9):3449–3456. doi: 10.1118/1.2759839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares V, Farah J, De Saint-Hubert M, et al. Neutron radiation dose measurements in a scanning proton therapy room: can parents remain near their children during treatment? Front Oncol. 2022;12:903706. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacharatou Jarlskog C, Lee C, Bolch WE, et al. Assessment of organ-specific neutron equivalent doses in proton therapy using computational whole-body age-dependent voxel phantoms. Phys Med Biol. 2008;53(3):693–717. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/53/3/012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Goethem MJ, van der Meer R, Reist HW, et al. Geant4 simulations of proton beam transport through a carbon or beryllium degrader and following a beam line. Phys Med Biol. 2009; 54(19):5831–5846. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawakuchi GO, Titt U, Mirkovic D, et al. Monte carlo investigation of the low-dose envelope from scanned proton pencil beams. Phys Med Biol. 2010; 55(3):711–721. doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/55/3/011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Lee C, Shin EH, et al. Measurement of neutron ambient dose equivalent in proton radiotherapy with line-scanning and wobbling mode treatment system. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2017; 177(4):382–388. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncx056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lillhok J, Persson L, Andersen CE, et al. Radiation protection measurements with the variance-covariance method in the stray radiation fields from photon and proton therapy facilities. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2018; 180(1–4):338–341. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncx194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mojżeszek N, Farah J, Kłodowska M, et al. Measurement of stray neutron doses inside the treatment room from a proton pencil beam scanning system. Phys Med. 2017;34:80–84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2017.01.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinkl S, Mares V, Englbrecht FS, et al. Systematic out-of-field secondary neutron spectrometry and dosimetry in pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Med Phys. 2017;44(5):1912–1920. doi: 10.1002/mp.12206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeom YS, Kuzmin G, Griffin K, et al. A Monte Carlo model for organ dose reconstruction of patients in pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy for epidemiologic studies of late effects. J Radiol Prot. 2020;40(1):225–242. doi: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab437d.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Böhlen TT, Cerutti F, Chin MPW, et al. The FLUKA code: developments and challenges for high energy and medical applications. Nucl Data Sheets. 2014;120:211–214. doi: 10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.049.
   Google Scholar
• Battistoni G, Bauer J, Boehlen TT, et al. The FLUKA code: an accurate simulation tool for particle therapy. Front Oncol. 2016;6:116–139. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari Prs A, Fasso A, Ranft J. ′ FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code. CERN-2005-10; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Englbrecht FS, Trinkl S, Mares V, et al. A comprehensive Monte Carlo study of out-of-field secondary neutron spectra in a scanned-beam proton therapy gantry room. Z Med Phys. 2021; 31(2):215–228. doi: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2021.01.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachoudis V. Flair: a powerful but user friendly graphical interface for FLUKA. United States: American Nuclear Society - ANS; 2009.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council. Health risks from exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation: BEIR VII phase 2. Washington, DC: The National Academics Press; 2006. doi: 10.17226/11340.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider U, Sumila M, Robotka J. Site-specific dose-response relationships for cancer induction from the combined japanese A-bomb and hodgkin cohorts for doses relevant to radiotherapy. Theor Biol Med Model. 2011;8:27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark K, Vendt B, Smith K, et al. The cancer imaging archive (TCIA): maintaining and operating a public information repository. J Digit Imaging. 2013; 26(6):1045–1057. doi: 10.1007/s10278-013-9622-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonie RH, Schneider U. Neutron dose and its measurement in proton therapy—current state of knowledge. BJR. 2019;93:1107–1119.
   Google Scholar
• Hanusova T, Johnova K, Navratil M, et al. Activation of QA devices and phantom materials under clinical scanning proton beams-a gamma spectrometry study. Phys Med Biol. 2018; 63(11):115014. doi: 10.1088/1361-6560/aac27f.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BR, Pankuch M, Hyer DE, et al. Experimental and monte carlo characterization of a dynamic collimation system prototype for pencil beam scanning proton therapy. Med Phys. 2020; 47(10):5343–5356. doi: 10.1002/mp.14453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arjomandy B, Taylor P, Ainsley C, et al. AAPM task group 224: comprehensive proton therapy machine quality assurance. Med Phys. 2019; 46(8):e678–e705. doi: 10.1002/mp.13622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottolenghi A, Baiocco G, Smyth V, et al. The ANDANTE project: a multidisciplinary approach to neutron RBE. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2015; 166(1–4):311–315. doi: 10.1093/rpd/ncv158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner DJ, Hall EJ. Secondary neutrons in clinical proton radiotherapy: a charged issue. Radiother Oncol. 2008; 86(2):165–170. doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2007.12.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baiocco G, Barbieri S, Babini G, et al. The origin of neutron biological effectiveness as a function of energy. Sci Rep. 2016; 6(1):34033. doi: 10.1038/srep34033.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kellerer AM, Leuthold G, Mares V, et al. Options for the modified radiation weighting factor of neutrons. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2004;109(3):181–188. doi: 10.1093/rpd/nch327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standards for protection against radiation; final rule. In: commission NR., editor. Federal register: Nuclear Regelatory Commission; 1991.
   Google Scholar