Vascular legacy beyond blood pressure control: benefits of perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patients with diabetes

References

• World Health Organization. Health topics: hypertension. 2017. Available at: http://www.who.int/topics/hypertension/en/ [last accessed 26 April 2017]
   Google Scholar
• Thoenes M, Neuberger HR, Volpe M, et al. Antihypertense drug therapy and blood pressure control in men and women: an international perspective. J Hum Hypertens 2010;24:336-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falaschetti E, Mindell J, Knott C, et al. Hypertension management in England: a serial cross-sectional study from 1994 to 2011. Lancet 2014;383:1912-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrie JR, Marso SP, Bain SC, et al. LEADER-4: blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk: baseline data from the LEADER randomized trial. J Hypertens 2016;34:1140-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb W, Enserro DM, Sullivan LM, et al. Residual cardiovascular risk in individuals on blood pressure-lowering treatment. J Am Heart Assoc 2015;4:1-10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood-pressure-lowering treatment on outcome incidence in hypertension: 10 – should blood pressure management differ in hypertensive patients with and without diabetes mellitus? Overview and meta-analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens 2017;35:922-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sloten TT, Henry RM, Dekker JM, et al. Endothelial dysfunction plays a key role in increasing cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn study. Hypertension 2014;64:1299-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du XL, Edelstein D, Dimmeler S, et al. Hyperglycemia inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by posttranslational modification at the Akt site. J Clin Investig 2001;108:1341-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pahwa R, Nallasamy P, Jialal I. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 mediate hyperglycemia induced macrovascular aortic endothelial cell inflammation and perturbation of the endothelial glycocalyx. J Diabetes Complications 2016;30:563-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, Shieh YS, Hsiao FC, et al. High glucose induces human endothelial dysfunction through an Axl-dependent mechanism. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2014;13:53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Alavi N, Singh AK, et al. Role of angiotensin II in glucose-induced inhibition of mesangial matrix degradation. Diabetes 1999;48:2066-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giacchetti G, Sechi LA, Rilli S, et al. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, glucose metabolism and diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2005;16:120-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowotny K, Jung T, Hohn A, et al. Advanced glycation end products and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Biomolecules 2015;5:194-222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangai M, Takebe N, Honma H, et al. Association of advanced glycation end products with coronary artery calcification in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes as assessed by skin autofluorescence. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016;23:1178-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin X, Chen X, Ye J, et al. Association between endogenous secretory receptor for advanced glycation-end products (esRAGE) and carotid intima–media thickness in type 2 diabetes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2014;122:277-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmstedt J, Karvestedt L, Swedenborg J, et al. The receptor for advanced glycation end products and risk of peripheral arterial disease, amputation or death in type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015;14:93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saulnier PJ, Wheelock KM, Howell S, et al. Advanced glycation end products predict loss of renal function and correlate with lesions of diabetic kidney disease in American Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2016;65:3744-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigalleau V, Cougnard-Gregoire A, Nov S, et al. Association of advanced glycation end products and chronic kidney disease with macroangiopathy in type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications 2015;29:270-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer O, Seidlerova J, Filipovsky J, et al. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products and increased aortic stiffness in the general population. Hypertens Res 2016;39:266-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanssen NM, Beulens JW, van Dieren S, et al. Plasma advanced glycation end products are associated with incident cardiovascular events in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a case–cohort study with a median follow-up of 10 years (EPIC-NL). Diabetes 2015;64:257-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sell DR, Monnier VM. Molecular basis of arterial stiffening: role of glycation – a mini-review. Gerontology 2012;58:227-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwinoff E, Hurtado Del Pozo C, Ramasamy R, et al. Emerging targets for therapeutic development in diabetes and its complications: the RAGE signaling pathway. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015;98:135-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung AA, Daskalopoulou SS, Dasgupta K, et al. Hypertension Canada's 2017 Guidelines for Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults. Can J Cardiol 2017;33:557-76
   Google Scholar
• Persson F, Lindhardt M, Rossing P, et al. Prevention of microalbuminuria using early intervention with renin–angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016;17:1-10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson JE, Hingorani AD, Ashby MJ, et al. Optimisation of antihypertensive treatment by crossover rotation of four major classes. Lancet 1999;353:2008-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Authors/Task Force Members, Ryden L, Grant PJ, et al. ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the task force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2013;34:3035-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2016: summary of revisions. Diabetes Care 2016;39(Suppl1):S4-S5
   Google Scholar
• Kuo SW, Pei D, Hung YJ, et al. Effect of indapamide SR in the treatment of hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens 2003;16:623-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide on macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the ADVANCE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370:829-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoungas S, Chalmers J, Neal B, et al. Follow-up of blood-pressure lowering and glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2014;371:1392-406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Donaire JA, Segura J, Cerezo C, et al. A review of renal, cardiovascular and mortality endpoints in antihypertensive trials in diabetic patients. Blood Press 2011;20:322-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra S, Sahay R. Vascular legacy: HOPE ADVANCEs to EMPA-REG and LEADER: a surprising similarity. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2017;21:245-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melbourne Diabetic Nephropathy Study Group. Comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in hypertensive and normotensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ 1991;302:210-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulanger CM, Mombouli JV, Vanhoutte PM. Indapamide inhibits endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1993;7:443-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruining N, de Winter S, Roelandt JR, et al. Coronary calcium significantly affects quantitative analysis of coronary ultrasound: importance for atherosclerosis progression/regression studies. Coron Artery Dis 2009;20:409-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretta R, Fabris B, Bardelli M, et al. Arterial compliance and baroreceptor sensitivity after chronic treatment with indapamide. J Hum Hypertens 1988;2:171-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceconi C, Fox KM, Remme WJ, et al. ACE inhibition with perindopril and endothelial function. Results of a substudy of the EUROPA study: PERTINENT. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:237-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis BJ, Forbes JM, Thomas MC, et al. Superior renoprotective effects of combination therapy with ACE and AGE inhibition in the diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rat. Diabetologia 2004;47:89-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly R, Molyneaux LM, Willey KA, et al. Comparative effects of indapamide and captopril on blood pressure and albumin excretion rate in diabetic microalbuminuria. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:26-30B
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Et-Taouil K, Schiavi P, Levy BI, et al. Sodium intake, large artery stiffness, and proteoglycans in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension 2001;38:1172-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes JM, Thorpe SR, Thallas-Bonke V, et al. Modulation of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products by angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:2363-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Versari D, et al. Different effect of antihypertensive drugs on conduit artery endothelial function. Hypertension 2003;41:1281-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, et al. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation 2001;103:987-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koz C, Baysan O, Yokusoglu M, et al. The effects of perindopril on aortic elasticity and inflammatory markers in hypertensive patients. Med Sci Monitor 2009;15:PI41-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F, Lin F, Chen C, et al. Indapamide lowers blood pressure by increasing production of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in the kidney. Mol Pharmacol 2013;84:286-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackenzie IS, McEniery CM, Dhakam Z, et al. Comparison of the effects of antihypertensive agents on central blood pressure and arterial stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. Hypertension 2009;54:409-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madkour H, Gadallah M, Riveline B, et al. Indapamide is superior to thiazide in the preservation of renal function in patients with renal insufficiency and systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1996;77:23-5B
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancini M, Scavone A, Sartorio CL, et al. Effect of different drug classes on reverse remodeling of intramural coronary arterioles in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Microcirculation 2016;24:1-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: the NESTOR Study. J Hypertens 2004;22:1613-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nankervis A, Nicholls K, Kilmartin G, et al. Effects of perindopril on renal histomorphometry in diabetic subjects with microalbuminuria: a 3-year placebo-controlled biopsy study. Metabolism 1998;47:12-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nedogoda SV, Ledyaeva AA, Chumachok EV, et al. Randomized trial of perindopril, enalapril, losartan and telmisartan in overweight or obese patients with hypertension. Clin Drug Investig 2013;33:553-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie RI, Anand S, Roy P, et al. Perindopril for control of blood pressure in patients with hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors: an open-label, observational, multicentre, general practice-based study. Clin Drug Investig 2008;28:673-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendu F, Bachelot C, Molle D, et al. Indapamide inhibits human platelet aggregation in vitro: comparison with hydrochlorothiazide. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;22(Suppl6):S57-S63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thybo NK, Stephens N, Cooper A, et al. Effect of antihypertensive treatment on small arteries of patients with previously untreated essential hypertension. Hypertension 1995;25:474-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tropeano AI, Boutouyrie P, Pannier B, et al. Brachial pressure-independent reduction in carotid stiffness after long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetic hypertensives. Hypertension 2006;48:80-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoukas G, Anand S, Yang K, et al. Dose-dependent antihypertensive efficacy and tolerability of perindopril in a large, observational, 12-week, general practice-based study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2011;11:45-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergely C, Walker MK, Zeller M, et al. Antioxidant properties of indapamide, 5-OH indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide evaluated by oxygen-radical absorbing capacity and electron paramagnetic resonance. Mol Cell Biochem 1998;178:151-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinereanu D, Dulgheru R, Magda S, et al. The effect of indapamide versus hydrochlorothiazide on ventricular and arterial function in patients with hypertension and diabetes: results of a randomized trial. Am Heart J 2014;168:446-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Agnoletti D, Wang JG, et al. Natriuresis and blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus: the NESTOR study. J Am Soc Hypertens 2015;9:21-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1887-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prisant LM, Beall SP, Nichoalds GE, et al. Biochemical, endocrine, and mineral effects of indapamide in black women. J Clin Pharmacol 1990;30:121-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante GE, Dessurault DL. Hypertension in elderly patients. A comparative study between indapamide and hydrochlorothiazide. Am J Med 1988;84:98-103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PATS Collaborating Group. Post-stroke antihypertensive treatment study. A preliminary result. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995;108:710-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckett N, Peters R, Tuomilehto J, et al. Immediate and late benefits of treating very elderly people with hypertension: results from active treatment extension to Hypertension in the Very Elderly randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:d7541
   Google Scholar
• Gosse P, Sheridan DJ, Zannad F, et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with indapamide SR 1.5 mg versus enalapril 20 mg: the LIVE study. J Hypertens 2000;18:1465-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenen FH, Smith DL, Boer WH, et al. Diuretic and cardiovascular effects of indapamide in hypertensive subjects: a dose–response curve. Curr Med Res Opin 1983;8(Suppl3):47-52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roush GC, Sica DA. Diuretics for hypertension: a review and update. Am J Hypertens 2016;29:1130-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBel M, Grose JH, Belleau LJ, et al. Antihypertensive effect of indapamide with special emphasis on renal prostaglandin production. Curr Med Res Opin 1983;8(Suppl3):81-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waeber B, Rotaru C, Feihl F. Position of indapamide, a diuretic with vasorelaxant activities, in antihypertensive therapy. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:1515-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante GE, Lafreniere MC, Tam PT, et al. Effect of indapamide on phosphate metabolism and vascular reactivity. Am J Med 1988;84:26-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schini VB, Dewey J, Vanhoutte PM. Effects of indapamide on endothelium-dependent relaxations in isolated canine femoral arteries. Am J Cardiol 1990;65:6-10H
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mironneau J, Savineau JP, Mironneau C. Compared effects of indapamide, hydrochlorothiazide and chlorthalidone on electrical and mechanical activities in vascular smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 1981;75:109-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Clinical Guideline Centre. Hypertension. Clinical management of primary hypertension in adults (NICE clinical guideline 127). London, United Kingdom, 2011
   Google Scholar
• DiNicolantonio JJ. Hydrochlorothiazide: is it a wise choice? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:807-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Mortality after 10 1/2 years for hypertensive participants in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Circulation 1990;82:1616-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bejan-Angoulvant T, Saadatian-Elahi M, Wright JM, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years and older: the lower the better? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hypertens 2010;28:1366-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senior R, Imbs JL, Bory M, et al. Indapamide reduces hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy: an international multicenter study. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1993;22(Suppl6):S106-S10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallab M, Gallois Y, Chatellier G, et al. Comparison of reduction in microalbuminuria by enalapril and hydrochlorothiazide in normotensive patients with insulin dependent diabetes. BMJ 1993;306:175-82
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dinicolantonio JJ, Lavie CJ, O’Keefe JH. Not all angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are equal: focus on ramipril and perindopril. Postgrad Med 2013;125:154-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd PA, Fitton A. Perindopril. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in cardiovascular disorders. Drugs 1991;42:90-114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly CA, Fox KM, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of perindopril on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the EUROPA study: results from the PERSUADE substudy. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1369-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revel F, Gallois H, Le Coz Y, et al. [Course of the left ventricular mass in a population of 893 hypertensive patients. Effects of treatment with perindopril]. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 1994;43:594-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLennan SV, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, et al. Decreased matrix degradation in diabetic nephropathy: effects of ACE inhibition on the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases. Diabetologia 2002;45:268-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for bradykinin binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;577:1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gainer JV, Morrow JD, Loveland A, et al. Effect of bradykinin-receptor blockade on the response to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1285-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeseburg H, Iusuf D, van der Harst P, et al. Bradykinin protects against oxidative stress-induced endothelial cell senescence. Hypertension 2009;53:417-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphey LJ, Malave HA, Petro J, et al. Bradykinin and its metabolite bradykinin 1-5 inhibit thrombin-induced platelet aggregation in humans. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;318:1287-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao J, Li HJ, Yao YY, et al. Kinin infusion prevents renal inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis via inhibition of oxidative stress and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. Hypertension 2007;49:490-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Wen JH, Sun HL, et al. Perindopril attenuates renal tubulointerstitium injury by inhibiting scavenger receptor A over-expression in diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2012;35:511-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zakaria MN, El-Bassossy HM, Barakat W. Targeting AGEs signaling ameliorates central nervous system diabetic complications in rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2015;2015:346259
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goel R, Bhat SA, Hanif K, et al. Perindopril attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced amyloidogenesis and memory impairment by suppression of oxidative stress and RAGE Activation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016;7:206-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoi KK, Wong MC, Tam WW, et al. Cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients newly prescribed perindopril vs. lisinopril: a 5-year cohort study of 15,622 Chinese subjects. Int J Cardiol 2014;176:703-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarese G, Costanzo P, Cleland JG, et al. A meta-analysis reporting effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients without heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013;61:131-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vark LC, Bertrand M, Akkerhuis KM, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors involving 158,998 patients. Eur Heart J 2012;33:2088-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceconi C, Francolini G, Bastianon D, et al. Differences in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the rate of endothelial cell apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007;21:423-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrari R. Preserving bradykinin or blocking angiotensin II: the cardiovascular dilemma. Dialogues Cardiovasc Med 2004;9:71-89
   Google Scholar
• Taddei S. RAS inhibitors’ dose-dependent efficacy: myth or reality? Curr Med Res Opin 2015;31:1245-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddei S, Bortolotto L. Unraveling the pivotal role of bradykinin in ACE inhibitor activity. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2016;16:309-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension: 4. Effects of various classes of antihypertensive drugs – overview and meta-analyses. J Hypertens 2015;33:195-211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss MH, Hall AS. The divergent cardiovascular effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on myocardial infarction and death. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2016;58:473-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng J, Zhang W, Zhang X, et al. Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular deaths, and cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2014;174:773-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, et al. Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;12:CD004136
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farsang C. Efficacy and tolerability of fixed-dose combination of perindopril/indapamide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: PICASSO trial. Adv Ther 2014;31:333-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Netchessova TA, Shepelkevich AP, Gorbat TV, et al. Efficacy of single-pill perindopril/indapamide in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2014;21:63-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nadhazi Z, Dezsi CA. The results of ACES (Antihypertensive Combinations’ Long Term Efficacy Comparing Study): analysis of metabolic effects of antihypertensive combination therapies. Clin Drug Investig 2016;36:819-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen CE, Viberti G, Halimi S, et al. Effect of low-dose perindopril/indapamide on albuminuria in diabetes: preterax in albuminuria regression: PREMIER. Hypertension 2003;41:1063-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirakawa Y, Arima H, Webster R, et al. Risks associated with permanent discontinuation of blood pressure-lowering medications in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Hypertens 2016;34:781-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirakawa Y, Arima H, Rodgers A, et al. Cumulative in-trial and post-trial effects of blood pressure and lipid lowering: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens 2017;35:905-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmar RG, London GM, O’Rourke ME, et al. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patient: a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension 2001;38:922-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• London GM, Asmar RG, O’Rourke MF, et al. Mechanism(s) of selective systolic blood pressure reduction after a low-dose combination of perindopril/indapamide in hypertensive subjects: comparison with atenolol. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43:92-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Luca N, Mallion JM, O’Rourke MF, et al. Regression of left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients treated with perindopril/indapamide as a first-line combination: the REASON echocardiography study. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:660-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Gosse P, Gueret P, et al. Perindopril/indapamide combination more effective than enalapril in reducing blood pressure and left ventricular mass: the PICXEL study. J Hypertens 2005;23:2063-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Gamble GD, et al. ADVANCE Echocardiography Substudy Investigators, ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of perindopril-indapamide on left ventricular diastolic function and mass in patients with type 2 diabetes: the ADVANCE Echocardiography Substudy. J Hypertens 2011;29:1439-47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Neglia D, Fommei E, Varela-Carver A, et al. Perindopril and indapamide reverse coronary microvascular remodelling and improve flow in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2011;29:364-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Galan BE, Perkovic V, Ninomiya T, et al. Lowering blood pressure reduces renal events in type 2 diabetes. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;20:883-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heerspink HJ, Ninomiya T, Perkovic V, et al. Effects of a fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Eur Heart J 2010;31:2888-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renaud IM, Chainey A, Belair MF, et al. Long-term protection of obese Zucker rat kidneys from fibrosis and renal failure with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/diuretic combination. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2004;18:437-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa H, Coffee K, Raij L. Endothelial dysfunction and cardiorenal injury in experimental salt-sensitive hypertension: effects of antihypertensive therapy. Circulation 1997;96:2407-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekuri C, Bayturan O, Gocer H, et al. Effects of low-dose combination therapy with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a diuretic on flow-mediated vasodilation in hypertensive patients: a 6-month, single-center study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2003;64:715-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joannides R, Bellien J, Thurlure C, et al. Fixed combination of perindopril and indapamide at low dose improves endothelial function in essential hypertensive patients after acute administration. Am J Hypertens 2008;21:679-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghiadoni L, Magagna A, Kardasz I, et al. Fixed dose combination of perindopril and indapamide improves peripheral vascular function in essential hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2009;22:506-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debbabi H, Bonnin P, Levy BI. Effects of blood pressure control with perindopril/indapamide on the microcirculation in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2010;23:1136-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy BI, Duriez M, Samuel JL. Coronary microvasculature alteration in hypertensive rats. Effect of treatment with a diuretic and an ACE inhibitor. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:7-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You D, Cochain C, Loinard C, et al. Combination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril and the diuretic indapamide activate postnatal vasculogenesis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;325:766-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvestre JS, Kamsu-Kom N, Clergue M, et al. Very-low-dose combination of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril and the diuretic indapamide induces an early and sustained increase in neovascularization in rat ischemic legs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;303:1038-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayakawa H, Raij L. The link among nitric oxide synthase activity, endothelial function, and aortic and ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Hypertension 1997;29:235-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar