Iraqi experts consensus on the management of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis in adults

References

• Number of people with MS. Atlas of MS [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.atlasofms.org/map/global/epidemiology/number-of-people-with-ms
   Google Scholar
• Kurtzke JF. Epidemiology and etiology of multiple sclerosis. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2005;16(2):327–349. doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2005.01.013.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karikari TK, Charway-Felli A, Höglund K, et al. Commentary: global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Front Neurol. 2018;9:201. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne P, Chandraratna D, Angood C, et al. Atlas of multiple sclerosis 2013: a growing global problem with widespread inequity. Neurology. 2014;83(11):1022–1024. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, et al. Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition. Mult Scler. 2020;26(14):1816–1821. doi: 10.1177/1352458520970841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassoun HK, Al-Mahadawi A, Sheaheed NM, et al. Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis in Iraq: retrospective review of 4355 cases and literature review. Neurol Res. 2022;44(1):14–23. doi: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1952511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Multiple Sclerosis Society [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 12]. Medications. Available from: https://www.nationalmssociety.org/Treating-MS/Medications
   Google Scholar
• Montalban X, Gold R, Thompson AJ, et al. ECTRIMS/EAN guideline on the pharmacological treatment of people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018;24(2):96–120. doi: 10.1177/1352458517751049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles AJ, Fox E, Vladic A, et al. Alemtuzumab more effective than interferon β-1a at 5-year follow-up of CAMMS223 clinical trial. Neurology. 2012;78(14):1069–1078. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31824e8ee7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman L, Longbrake EE, Coyle PK, et al. High-efficacy therapies for treatment-naïve individuals with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs. 2022;36(12):1285–1299. doi: 10.1007/s40263-022-00965-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gajofatto A, Benedetti MD. Treatment strategies for multiple sclerosis: when to start, when to change, when to stop? World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(7):545–555. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v3.i7.545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woolf SH, Grol R, Hutchinson A, et al. Clinical guidelines: potential benefits, limitations, and harms of clinical guidelines. BMJ. 1999;318(7182):527–530. doi: 10.1136/bmj.318.7182.527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamout B, Sahraian M, Bohlega S, et al. Consensus recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: 2019 revisions to the MENACTRIMS guidelines. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2020;37:101459. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasson F, Keeney S, McKenna H. Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. J Adv Nurs. 2000;32(4):1008–1015. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.01567.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiendl H, Gold R, Berger T, et al. Multiple Sclerosis Therapy Consensus Group (MSTCG): position statement on disease-modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis (white paper). Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2021;14:17562864211039648. doi: 10.1177/17562864211039648.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittner S, Zipp F. AAN unveils new guidelines for MS disease-modifying therapy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14(7):384–386. doi: 10.1038/s41582-018-0026-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(2):162–173. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30470-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Río J, Castilló J, Rovira A, et al. Measures in the first year of therapy predict the response to interferon beta in MS. Mult Scler. 2009;15(7):848–853. doi: 10.1177/1352458509104591.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGinley MP, Goldschmidt CH, Rae-Grant AD. Diagnosis and treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review. JAMA. 2021;325(8):765–779. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.26858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EMA. Clinical investigation of medicinal products for the treatment multiple sclerosis – scientific guideline. European Medicines Agency; 2018 [cited 2023 Apr 15]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/clinical-investigation-medicinal-products-treatment-multiple-sclerosis-scientific-guideline
   Google Scholar
• Sormani MP, Rio J, Tintorè M, et al. Scoring treatment response in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013;19(5):605–612. doi: 10.1177/1352458512460605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2014;83(3):278–286. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000000560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He A, Merkel B, Brown JWL, et al. Timing of high-efficacy therapy for multiple sclerosis: a retrospective observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(4):307–316. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30067-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes K, Weinstock-Guttman B. Impact of diagnosis and early treatment on the course of multiple sclerosis. Am J Manag Care. 2013;19(17 Suppl):S321–S331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JWL, Coles A, Horakova D, et al. Association of initial disease-modifying therapy with later conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. JAMA. 2019;321(2):175–187. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.20588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson A, Mowry EM, Newsome SD. Early aggressive treatment approaches for multiple sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2021;23(7):19. doi: 10.1007/s11940-021-00677-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs LD, Beck RW, Simon JH, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a therapy initiated during a first demyelinating event in multiple sclerosis. CHAMPS Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(13):898–904. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200009283431301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paty DW, Li DK. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology. 1993;43(4):662–667. doi: 10.1212/WNL.43.4.655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. PRISMS (prevention of relapses and disability by interferon beta-1a subcutaneously in multiple sclerosis) Study Group. Lancet. 1998;352(9139):1498–1504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oger J, Francis G, Chang P, et al. Prospective assessment of changing from placebo to IFN beta-1a in relapsing MS: the PRISMS study. J Neurol Sci. 2005;237(1–2):45–52. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2005.05.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boz C, Terzi M, Zengin Karahan S, et al. Safety of IV pulse methylprednisolone therapy during breastfeeding in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2018;24(9):1205–1211. doi: 10.1177/1352458517717806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson R, Dassan P, Roberts M, et al. UK consensus on pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: “Association of British Neurologists” guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2019;19(2):106–114. doi: 10.1136/practneurol-2018-002060.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meca-Lallana V, García Domínguez JM, López Ruiz R, et al. Expert-agreed practical recommendations on the use of cladribine. Neurol Ther. 2022;11(4):1475–1488. doi: 10.1007/s40120-022-00394-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(9):899–910. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa044397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser SL, Bar-Or A, Comi G, et al. Ocrelizumab versus interferon beta-1a in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(3):221–234. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1601277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Boyko A, Correale J, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis from the CLARITY/CLARITY extension cohort of CLASSIC-MS: an ambispective study. Mult Scler. 2023;29(6):719–730. doi: 10.1177/13524585231161494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Comi G, Cook S, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(5):416–426. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0902533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Soelberg Sorensen P, Cook S, et al. Safety and efficacy of cladribine tablets in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results from the randomized extension trial of the CLARITY study. Mult Scler. 2018;24(12):1594–1604. doi: 10.1177/1352458517727603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Cook S, Rammohan K, et al. Sustained disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine tablets in the CLARITY study: a post-hoc and subgroup analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(4):329–337. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70023-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannoni G, Comi G, Rammohan K, et al. Long-Term disease stability assessed by the expanded disability status scale in patients treated with cladribine tablets 3.5 mg/kg for relapsing multiple sclerosis: an exploratory post hoc analysis of the CLARITY and CLARITY extension studies. Adv Ther. 2021;38(9):4975–4985. doi: 10.1007/s12325-021-01865-w.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale TW, Siddiqui AA, Baker TE. Transfer of interferon β-1a into human breastmilk. Breastfeed Med. 2012;7(2):123–125. doi: 10.1089/bfm.2011.0044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, Stahl A, et al. Safety of potential breast milk exposure to IFN-β or glatiramer acetate: one-year infant outcomes. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(4):e757. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cladribine. Summary of product characteristics [Internet]; 2021. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/mavenclad-epar-product-information_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ciplea AI, Langer-Gould A, de Vries A, et al. Monoclonal antibody treatment during pregnancy and/or lactation in women with MS or neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2020;7(4):e723. doi: 10.1212/NXI.0000000000000723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ocrelizumab. Summary of product characteristics [Internet]; 2021. Available from: chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/ocrevus-epar-product-information_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Dobson R, Rog D, Ovadia C, et al. Anti-CD20 therapies in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a review and ABN guidelines. Pract Neurol. 2023;23(1):6–14. doi: 10.1136/pn-2022-003426.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar