Characterising phantom limb phenomena in upper limb amputees

References

• Condes‐Lara M, Barrios FA, Romereo Romo J, Rojas R, Salgado P, Sanchez‐Cortazar J. Brain somatic representation of phantom and intact limb: a fMRI study case report. Eur J Pain 2000; 4: 239–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davis KD, Kiss ZHT, Luo L, Tasker RR, Lozano AM, Dostrovsky JO. Phantom sensations generated by thalmic microstimulation. Nature 22 January, 1998; 385–387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flor H, Elbert T, Muhlnickel CP, Wienchurch C, Taub E. Cortical reorganisation and phantom experiences in congenital and traumatic amputees. Exp Brain Res 1988; 119: 205–212
   Google Scholar
• Flor J, Elbert T, Knecht S, Wienbruch C, Pantev C, Birbaumer N, Larbio W, Taub E. Phantom limb pain as a perceptual correlate of cortical reorganisation following arm amputation. Nature 8 June, 1995; 482–484
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraser CM. An evaluation of the use made of cosmetic and functional prostheses by unilateral upper limb amputees. Prosthet Orthot Int 1998; 22: 216–223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher P, MacLachlan M. Phantom limb pain and residual limb pain following lower limb amputation: a descriptive analysis. Disability & Rehabilitation 2000, (In press).
   Google Scholar
• Halligan PW. Question the assumption that adult brain is “hard wired”. Phantoms in the brain. Br Med J 4 September, 1999; 587–588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halligan PW, Kew JW, Wright A. Phantom Limb Questionnaire 1997, Unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Hill A. Phantom limb pain: a review of the literature on attributes and potential mechanisms. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999; 17: 125–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A, Niven CA, Knussen C, McCreath SW. Rehabilitation outcome in long‐term amputees. B J Ther Rehabil 1995; 2: 593–598
   Google Scholar
• Houghton AD, Nicholls G, Houghton AL, Saadah E, McColl I. Phantom pain: natural history and association with rehabilitation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1994; 76: 22–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen TS, Rasmussen P. Phantom pain and phantom phenomena after amputation. Textbook of Pain. 3rd edition/edited, P Wall, R. Melzack. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1994
   Google Scholar
• Katz J. Psychophysiological contributions to phantom limbs. Can J Psychiatr 1992; 37: 282–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kew JM, Halligan PW, Marshall JC, Passingham RE, Rothwell JC, Ridding MC, Marsden CD, Brooks DJ. Abnormal access of axial vibrotactile input to deafferented sonatosensory cortex in human upper limb amputees. J Neurophysiol 1997; 77: 2753–2764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooijman CM, Dukstra PU, Geertzen JHB, Elzinga A, van der Schans CP. Phantom pain and phantom sensations in upper limb amputees: an epidemiological study. Pain 2000; 87: 33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya P, Larbig W, Grulke N, Flor H, Taub E, Birbaumer N. The relationship of phantom limb pain to other phantom phenomena in upper extremity amputees. Pain 1997; 72: 87–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim AN. Questionnaire Design, Interviewing and Attitude Measurement. Pinter, London 1998
   Google Scholar
• Penfield W, Rasmussen T. The cerebral cortex in man. Macmillan, New York 1950
   Google Scholar
• Ramachandran VS, Hirsten W. The perception of phantom limbs. Brain 1998; 121: 1603–1630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman RA. What to we really know about phantom limb pain. Pain Rev, 1994; 1: 261–217
   Google Scholar
• Sherman RA. Stump and phantom limb pain. Neurol Clin 1989; 7: 249–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman RA, Sherman CJ, Parker L. Chronic phantom and stump pain among American veterans: results of a survey. Pain 1984; 18: 83–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shukla GD, Sahu SC, Tripathi RP, Gupta DK. Phantom limb: a phenomenological study. Br J Psychiat 1982; 141: 54–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Triggs WJ, Subramanium B, Rossi F. Hand preference and transcranial magnetic stimulation asymmetry of cortical motor representation. Brain Res 1999; 835: 324–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar