Examining Barriers to and Motivations for Substance Abuse Treatment Among Pregnant Women: Does Urban-Rural Residence Matter?

REFERENCES

• Ashley , O. S. , Marsden , M. E. and Brady , T. M. 2003 . Effectiveness of substance abuse treatment programming for women: A review . Am J Drug Alcohol Ab , 29 ( 1 ) : 19 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer , C. R. , Shankaran , S. , Bada , H. S. , Lester , B. , Wright , L. L. Krause–Steinrauf , H. 2002 . The maternal lifestyle study: Drug exposure during pregnancy and short-term maternal outcomes . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 186 ( 3 ) : 487 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blume , S. B. and Zilberman , M. L. 2005 . “ Alcohol and women ” . In Substance abuse: A comprehensive textbook , 4th , Edited by: Lowinson , J. H. , Ruiz , P. , Millman , R. B. and Langrod , J. G. 1049 – 63 . Baltimore , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , B. M. and McLaughlin , Y. S. 2000 . Barriers to and need for alcohol services for women in rural populations . Alcohol Clin Exp Res , 24 ( 8 ) : 1267 – 75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brienza , R. S. and Stein , M. D. 2002 . Alcohol use disorders in primary care: Do gender-specific differences exist? . J Gen Intern Med , 17 : 387 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chitwood , D. D. , McBride , D. C. , Metsch , L. R. , Comerford , M. and McCoy , C. B. 1998 . A comparison of the need for healthcare and use of healthcare by injection-drug users, other chronic drug users, and nondrug users . Am Behav Sci , 41 ( 8 ) : 1107 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , J. J. , Leukefeld , C. , Godlaski , T. , Brown , C. , Garrity , J. and Hays , L. 2002 . Developing, implementing, and evaluating a treatment protocol for rural substance abusers . J Rural Health , 18 ( 3 ) : 396 – 415 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cnattingius , S. 2004 . The epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy: Smoking prevalence, maternal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes . Nicotine Tob Res , 6 ( Suppl 2 ) : 125 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley , M. , Argeriou , M. and McCarty , D. 1998 . Substance abuse treatment for pregnant women: A window of opportunity . Addict Behav , 23 ( 2 ) : 239 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eberhardt , M. S. and Pamuk , E. R. 2004 . The importance of place of residence: Examining health in rural and non-rural areas . Am J Public Health , 94 ( 10 ) : 1682 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economic Research Service. 2003. Measuring rurality: Rural-urban continuum codes http://1511216830/briefing/rurality/ruralurbcon/ (http://1511216830/briefing/rurality/ruralurbcon/) (Accessed: 16 October 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Economic Research Service. 2007. Measuring rurality: What is rural? http://1511216830/briefing/rurality/whatisrural/ (http://1511216830/briefing/rurality/whatisrural/) (Accessed: 16 October 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Eliason , M. J. and Skinstad , A. H. 1995 . Drug/alcohol addictions and mothering . Alcohol Treat Q , 12 ( 1 ) : 83 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• El–Mohandes , A. , Herman , A. A. , El–Khorazaty , M. N. , Katta , P. S. , White , D. and Grylack , L. 2003 . Prenatal care reduces the impact of illicit drug use on perinatal outcomes . J Perinatol , 23 : 354 – 60 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzsimons , H. E. , Tuten , M. , Vaidya , V. and Jones , H. E. 2007 . Mood disorders affect drug treatment success of drug-dependent pregnant women . J Subst Abuse Treat , 32 : 19 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortney , J. and Booth , B. M. 2001 . Access to substance abuse services in rural areas . Recent Dev Alcohol , 15 : 177 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenfield , S. F. 2002 . Women and alcohol use disorders . Harvard Rev Psychiat , 10 ( 2 ) : 76 – 85 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havens , J. , Simmons , L. A. , Shannon , L. and Hansen , W. F. 2009 . Factors associated with substance use during pregnancy: Results from a national sample . Drug Alcohol Depend , 99 ( 1–3 ) : 89 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hays , L. 2004 . A profile of OxyContin addiction . J Addict Dis , 23 ( 4 ) : 1 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessup , M. A. and Brindis , C. D. 2005 . Issues in reproductive health and empowerment in perinatal women with substance use disorders . J Addict Nurs , 16 : 97 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessup , M. A. , Humphreys , J. C. , Brindis , C. D. and Lee , K. A. 2003 . Extrinsic barriers to substance abuse treatment among pregnant drug dependent women . J Drug Issues , 33 ( 2 ) : 285 – 304 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , C. A. , Parker , T. S. , Ahearn , M. , Mishra , A. K. and Variyam , J. N. 2009 . Health status and health care access of farm and rural populations , United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service . Economic Information Bulletin No. 57
   Google Scholar
• Kandall , S. R. 1998 . “ Women and addiction in the United States—1920 to the present ” . In Drug addiction research and health of women , Edited by: Wetherington , C. L. and Roman , A. B. Bethesda , MD : Department of Health and Human Services .
   Google Scholar
• Leonhard , C. , Mulvey , K. , Gastfriend , D. R. and Shwartz , M. 2000 . The addiction severity index: A field study of internal consistency and validity . J Subst Abuse Treat , 18 ( 2 ) : 129 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longshore , D. and Teruya , C. 2006 . Treatment motivation in drug users: A theory-based analysis . Drug Alcohol Depend , 81 ( 2 ) : 179 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan , A. T. , Luborsky , L. , Woody , G. E. and O'Brien , C. P. 1980 . An improved diagnostic instrument for substance abuse patients: The addiction severity index . J Nerv Ment Dis , 168 ( 1 ) : 26 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers , J. E. and Gill , C. S. 2004 . Poor, rural, and female: Under-studied, under-counseled, more at risk . J Ment Health Counsel , 26 ( 3 ) : 225 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Neff , J. A. and Zule , W. A. 2000 . Predicting treatment-seeking behavior: Psychometric properties of a brief self-report scale . Subst Use Misuse , 35 ( 4 ) : 585 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neff , J. A. and Zule , W. A. 2002 . Predictive validity of a measure of treatment readiness for out-of-treatment drug users: Enhancing prediction beyond demographic and drug history variables . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , 28 ( 1 ) : 147 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Applied Studies . 2007 . Results from the 2006 national survey on drug use and health: National findings , Rockville , MD : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration . Report No.: SMA 07-4293, NSDUH Series H-32
   Google Scholar
• Office of National Drug Control Policy . 2004 . The economic costs of drug abuse in the United States, 1992–2002 , Washington , DC : Executive Office of the President (Publication No. 207303) .
   Google Scholar
• Penchansky , R. and Thomas , J. W. 1981 . The concept of access . Medical Care , 19 ( 2 ) : 127 – 40 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander , S. and Hays , L. 2005 . Prescription opioid dependence and treatment with methadone during pregnancy . J Opioid Manage , 1 : 91 – 7 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoeneberger , M. L. , Leukefeld , C. G. , Hiller , M. L. and Godlaski , T. 2006 . Substance abuse among rural and very rural drug users at treatment entry . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , 32 ( 1 ) : 87 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon , L. M. , Havens , J. R. and Hays , L. 2010 . Examining differences in substance use among rural and urban pregnant women . Am J Addict , 19 ( 6 ) : 467 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shannon , L. M. , Havens , J. R. , Oser , C. , Crosby , R. and Leukefeld , C. 2011 . Examining gender differences in substance use and age of first use among rural Appalachian drug users in Kentucky . Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse , 37 ( 2 ) : 98 – 104 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Small , J. , Curran , G. M. and Booth , B. 2010 . Barriers and facilitators for alcohol treatment for women: Are there more or less for rural women? . J Subst Abuse Treat , 39 ( 1 ) : 1 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman , E. 2010 . Women and addiction: The importance of gender issues in substance abuse research . J Addict Dis , 29 ( 2 ) : 127 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar